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8UCnS UUP^f^Uü
« ЦшпшL[шpnLßJШúú шп[úßbp L»LLLILÚ qnLjjÇ llLÜLi[LpÚLÚ Цшp¿nLßJШÚ UjbïÇ лЬЦШ!Ш1, LÚLbuLqfiLnLpjLú qnLïnp, ujpnfibunp
QPhQàP mmahüäUü
« QUU 0. 0nßШÚJШú| шúi[шú лúлbuшq|лnLßJШú lúuLfiLnLLl hLjgnpq
UUP^nô SüSbUUMUü UÜUSnh^nKUübnü nnäbU crn-M^u^uü
SüSbUn^Uü uü^nruueunbn
<шШ/и, !ú¿ujbu LéopjLjnL ú, Ljúajbu ti úLuúLqbLúbpfi 2p?LúnLÚ «Цши)!лш-i!qú»> LÚLbuLQLpqi púnpn2[nLÚ t nptybu2nLliLjLLiLú шqшл лúлbunLßJnLÚ: <шл-Llú2lLilú t, np LüLúÓúLLybu hbLhLÚLjúL[LpLliLú bpLpúbpnLú, Ljq pi[nLÚ úшL
^LJLuLLÚfi LÚpLUjbLnLpjnLÚnLÚ, Шфф qnpóLóLllLÚ t Гш,'pÓbl bpÏpnpr LpïL-hшJлnLßJnLÚß: Ujr hLúqLÚLúj[ LLLjúLÚL[np[Ló t úLpqQLúg q|лш|gnLßJnLÚnLÚ Llllp[ló ШJÚ фnфn//nLßJШúp, hшúшâшJÚ npÇ шqшл hLpLpbpnL-
ßJnLÚúbp| hlújnLÚ lLÚL[np qnpÓÁÚ|bpnLßJnLÚú t Цшú Lnqúbp! шqшлnLßJШÚ Çpш-[nLÚji: Uju LbuLúQjnLÚlg2nLliLjLLiLú шqшл лúлbunLßJnLÚ[ ЦшúnLgi[nLÚ t !ú¿ujbu lúñll! (úLprnL), Ljúujbu ti lúl»ulLilú LqLLnLpjnLÚúbp! фш: UhL ßb lú¿nL Ú2i[LóÚbpÚ LJÚ bpÏnL LÚljnLÚLJLpbpÚ bÚ, npnÚg [pL hbÚ[nLÚ bú 2nLlLJLlLÚ lúu-ïÇïnLLúbpú nL újnLu LpdbjLjIú hLÚLliLpqbp[: b[ hbúg Ljq LúljnLÚLjLpbpl Цш-jnLÚLgÚLÚ LuLl¿LÚn[ bÚ UjLJÚLÚLi[npi[Ló LÚpnq2 ßnL LiLJLLiLÚ ЛÚЛbunLßJШÚ LLLJLgLónLpjnLÚl L rpL hLpnqnLpjnLÚÚbpÚ nL ábéjpbpnLÚÚbpi, Ljr pi[nLÚ, шошр! hbppfiú, pÚLll¿nLpjLÚ IbÚuLÚLLlLprLllli:
U"LprpiL (LÚÑLLLLLLÚ) L LÚL»ULLILÚ LqLLnLpjnLÚúbp! gnLgLúfaúbp! Щ-pLéúLúp rlLLplínLÚ bú !ú¿ujbu LjquiluÇ LqLïnLßjnLúúbp[, Ljúujbu ti qpLúg фnфn/unLßJnLÚ[l, qúLhLL[nLÚt Ljq bpLnLjpúbp! hLúiúrrhLúnLp фШЦц:
<nr}i[LónLÚ pbp[Ló bú tunphpi/LjIÚ U'|nLßJШÚ ÚL/lllÚ bplpÚbpnLÚ ÚLpr/nL LqLLnLpjLÚ L LÚLbuLllLÚ LqLLnLpjLÚ hLÚLpi[bp[, npnúj hLÚbÚLLi[bi bÚ Ш2-/LphÇ bplpúbpl //úpLi[npnL úúbp! gnLgLúl2Úbpl hbï, ñlúllllllu/lú bqpL-LlLgnLpjnLÚÚbp nL LéLÇLpLnLßjnLÚÚbp bÚ ÏLïLp[bi «-nLÚ rpLÚg pLpbiLi[ÚLÚ nLqqnLßJШÚp:
^ÇÛbwpURhp. üuipr}riL uiquiinnLpjnLÛ, mûmbuuiL/uiû uiquiinnLpjnLÛ, hiuiHiupL, opbùùti qbpiuLLiujrLpjrLÛ, uiûLmiuûqnLpjuiû gnLgiuûfa, piupbïb-grLpjrLÛ, wqLumLuLjLuû qiuqiui^iupiuËnunLpjnLû
JEL: A13, D6, N3
ül, nL ÔqmnLÛ wqwmnLpjnLû umwûw[ n£ pb ub^iw^wû wqwmnLpjwû, wj[ npUt nLp|ß pwû| hwûwp, rwmw^wpmLwô ^ umpnLÏ [|ûb[nL. ui U[bp-u|u r» SnLLlil û|mpû t (1856 p.)1: SbuwLwûnpbû ßim üwprlL ûbpLwjnLÛ t[ hwûwàwjû bû wju mbuwLbm| hbm. wqwmnLpjnLûp ^bmp t ûwprÏnLpjwû pwpàpwqnLjû û^wmwLp [|û|, np üßrnw^bu ÏpnLÛ t |p ûbç:
|pwLwû LjrnûpnLÛ wûbû |û£ wjrùwû ^wpqnLûwï ¿t: Uqw-mnLpjnLûûbp| Lpw h|ûûLrnô hwuwpwLwpq| (Lwpqbp|) h|ûûnLÛp mwppbp ÔUbpnL ßi^Li^Liö U LwëLwô t wjû pwû|g, pb wprjnp hûwpwLn±p t hw-uwpwïnLpjwû hwûwp w^whnLb[ wj[ gwûLw[| pwp|ùûbp' pwpbïbgnLpjnLû, |û£ûwrpuUnpûwû hûwpwinpnLpjnLû, LwjnLûnLpjnLû, Ëw^wrçnLpjnLû, hnqUnp qwpqwgnLÜ U wj[û: UqwmwLwû qwrçw^wpwËnunLpjnLûp üßrni^bu üpgw^-gnLÜ t pwrçwpwLwû ùjnLu LwgnLpwàUbp| hbm: Op|ûwL' ung|w[|qüp Lwû wqwmwLwû hwuwpwLwpqbp| ûjnLu mwpwmbuwLûbpp üßrni^bu qwjpwL-
^nLpjnLû bû WRWÇigûnLÛ, £wû| np, pLnLÛ t, pb rpiûù WRWÇWpÏnLÛ bû û2Îiô wqwmnLpjnLûûbp|û hwuûb[nL ¿wûw^wph wrcwûg ûbppw2Îb-
[nL qwpqwgûwû wûLwûËwmbub[| U wûLwûnû qnpônrçnLpjnLûûbp| ûbç:
1989 pLwLwû|û pLnLÛ tp' «^wmûnLpjwû wLwpmp» ûnm t. wqwmw-Lwû qwrçw^wpwËnunLpjnLûp hwrçpbg LnûnLû|umwLwû qw^w^wpw^nunL-pjwûp qpbpb pn[np bpLpûbpmû, U wqwmwLwû hwuwpwLwpq| wrcwib[nL-pjnLûûbpp mbuwûb[| U pûrnLûb[| rwpàwû pn[np wrcnLÛûbpnL, U Lwpô|p Lwp, pb wj[pûmpwû£wj|û mbuwLbmûbp wj[Uu wrcwç ¿bû qw: UwLwjû hwjmû| t, np ^wrnûnLpjnLûp bppbp ¿| wLwprnLnLÛ, U ûwËL|û ûwpmwhpwLbpûbpp hw^w^wL| hwppwL bû LbpwrwRûnLÛ nL rwRûnLÛ pwûwLb^bp| wéwpLw: àLum| LwûËwmbub[| tp, np 2008 pLwLwû| hwûw2Ëwphwj|û $|ûwûuw-mûmbuwLwû ¿qûwdwû|g U hwmLw^bu 2016 pLwLwû| Lbpç|û UUü-nLÜ Onûw[r ßpwü^| ûwËwqwh pûmpLb[nLg hbmn wqwmwLwû qwrçw^wpw-ËnunLpjnLûp LpL|û hwjïûLbg unLp pûûwrwrnnLpjnLûûbp| LbûmpnûnLÛ' h|û-ûwLwûnLÛ hbmUjw[ nL^^nLpjnLûûbpni.
• SûmbuwLwû wqwmnLpjnLûp, np^bu wûhwmwLwû wqwmnLpjwû h|ûûwLwû pw^wrp|¿, rwpÔwL wjr^|u| pûûwrwrnnLpjnLûûbp| wrcw2|û «qnhp»: Ôqûwdwû| wéwçwgûwû 2p2wûnLÛ pwpôpwgwû hwpLbp| rpnLjpw-¿w^bpp, pnL[wgwû $|ûwûuwLwû 2nLÏwûbp| LwpqwLnpûwû [ôwLûbpp, ûbprpLbg|û wqwm rpwûwLwpLwj|û ùw^wpwïwûnLpjnLûûbp, npnûp L|-pwéLbg|û W2Ëwph| mwppbp bpLpûbp| LwéwLwpnLpjnLûûbp| Lnrçû|g: bpb <wûw2Ëwphwj|û mûmbuwLwû wqwmnLpjwû (Economic Freedom of the World) ûwu|û qb^nLjgnLÜ 1980 U 1990-wLwûûbp|û wpÔwûwqpLb[ t mûmb-uwLwû wqwmnLpjwû LwjnLû w^, w^w ¿qûwdwû| pûpwgpnLÛ wjr^|u| w^p rwrwpbg, |uL npn2wï| bpLpûbpnLÛ ûwU mûmbuwLwû wqwmnLpjwû pw-rçwrp|£ûbp| hbmpûpwg mb^| nLûbgwL: Ujr ^wm^wrcnL hwuwpwïnLpjwû
1 Sbu The Human Freedom Index: A Global Measurement of Personal, Civil, and Economic Freedom, Cato Institute, Fraser Institute Friedrich Naumann Stiftung, IEA, VISIO, 2015, t2 3:
^pöfipp rbéUu 2шpnlúшïnlú t hÇúúшïшúnlú pшgшuшïшú bpшúqшЦnpnlú nlúbúшl Ïшщfmшlfqùf U шqшm 2nlÏшjшïшú múmbиnLpjшú hÇúúшrpnljp-úbpf úïшmúшúp:
• Uúhшmшïшú шqшmnlpjnlúúbpÇ fúиmfmnLgfnúшl úшËшщшjùшú-úbpÁ Ùшиúшïfnpbú ^j^jíbgfú (ËшpшpЦbgfú): UqшmnLpjnLÚp ^^qrnjú ÔUnL qшpqшúnlú t шqшmшïшú dn^nЦprшЦшpnlpjшú, opfúшï' рш^шрш-^ú npn2nlùùbpÇ щшJÚшúúbpnLÚ, npnúp йршЦПртй bú ^^^gfúbpfi ^p^qôf ^únúúbpp uшhúшúшrpnlpjшúp ЬРШ2ЁШЦПРЦШ0 шúôúшïшú шqшmnlpjnlúúbpÇ hbm: îшßшЦшpúшú шju únrbip, npp 1990^^úúbpfiú h^úpúrh^úmp тшршбтй umшgшЦ Ш2Ëшphf qpbpb pninp bp|púbprnú, úbp^jmúu úfi 2шрр bp^púbpnlú ЦbpшфnËЦnlú t: ёш h^m^^bu ЦЬрш-pbpnlú t úшËÏhúnlù Énphp^jfú 0Çnlpjшú ^qúf Ùbç úmún^ qpbpb pninp bp|púbpfú, npmbrç 1989 p^^úfg hbmn' шúïшËnlpjшú mшpfúbpfú, úbp-rpLbgÇù U hшиmшmЦbgfú шqшmшïшú fúumfmnLmúbpp, uшïшjú шjr bp|púbpfig 2шmbpú шjuop Цbpшrшßúnlù bú шúÔúf2ËшúnLpjшú (шЦтП^рш-т|ш): üúr npnlù, шjrчfиf qnpápúpшgúbpf dшùшúшï Ùшprïшúg шúôúш-^ú шqшmnlpjnlúúbpÁ qqшlfnpbú uшhùшúшфшïЦnlù bú: hpшïшúnlù, hbmpúpшgf úfmmúúbpú шф^ 2шт шодЦшд bú шúôúшïшú шqшmnlpjnlú-úbpfú, шл n¿ pb dn^nЦprшЦшpnlpjшú ишhùшúшфшïùшúp, ^úfi np ШRÚЦшqú щшhщшúЦnLÙ bú dn^nЦprшЦшpnlpjшú mbишúblf rpuUnpmúúbpp, fiú¿^fiufi£ bú, púmpnLpjnLúúbpp: UfUúnLjú dшùшúшï, шqшmшïшú dn^nЦprшЦшpnlpjшÚÁ púnpn2 Ùjnlu mшppbpp, opfúшï' ùшùnLlf шqшmnl-pjmúp, uшhùшúшфшïЦnlù t: Énphp^jfú 0Çnlpjшú úшËÏfú bp|púbpp, pш-gшßnlpjшùp' 0bpôpшlpjшú bp|púbpf, ^pàbi bú шjrчfиf
únlpjшú opf^|úbp, npmbrç pbU ïшqùшïbpщЦnLÙ bú púmpnLpjnLúúbp, иш-^jú ËnuùÇ, gnLjgbpÇ U h^^púbpf шqшmnLpjnLÚp ишhùшúшфшïЦnLÙ t, fiú¿^bu úшU ùшиúшïÇnpbú ¿f щшhщшúЦnLÚ opbúpf qbpшïшjnLpjnLÚp:
• ^^^^ú шúl|ШJnLÚnLpJnLÚp U hшïшùшpmnLpjnLÚúbpp, npnúp úшËnpr mшиúшùjш4úbpnLÙ, ^pbifi t шиbl, rшrшpbl tfú, шjdù |p||ú Ш2-Ëшph| nL2шrpnLpJШú |búmpnúrnú bú: U2Ëшphf úfi 2шpù mшpшáш2p2шú-úbpnLÚ |lbщmn4pшm|4 ^^^pnLpjnLúúbpp Ïшúqúшá bú шùpn^2шm|pш-^ú ùшpmшhpшЦbpúbpf ш^^ hиlшùшïшú qfú^á Ëùpbpf шqrbgnLpjшú тш| qmúín^ bp|púbprnú hшиmшmЦnLÙ bú шhшpbï¿шïшú ébdfúúbp, úfiú¿-rbé шqшmш4шú-dn^nЦprшЦшpш4шú mdbpp ¿bú ^pn^úmú ¿2^p|m npn2bi, pb |ú¿^bu t ^bmp ¿bqn^gúbi úúшú úfmmúúbpp:
• ^bp2|ú mшpfúbpfú Эfúшиmшúp U ùjnLU «múmbишïшú ^qpbpp», npnúg 2шpùnLÚ bú Цfbmúшùp U Upшpшïшú 0|шgjшl tú|pnLpjnLúúbp| bp|púbpÁ (op|úш4' PшhpbJÚp), Ш2Ëшph|ú gnLgшrpnLÙ bú múmbиш4шú
шщшhnЦùшú únp Ùnrbi: Ünp ^^^^ú «шßшищblшpшúnLpjnLÚÁ» ^úrrnú t, np ú^jú |n2m |úùú|2Ëшú (шЦmnp|mшp) ébd|úúbp| щшJÚшúúb-pnLÙ 4шpn^ bú múmbиш4шú U pшpb4bgnLpjшú ßшqùшЦшpnLpjnLÚúbp ÔUшЦnpЦbl, иш4шJÚ шqшmш4шú qш^шфшpшËnиnLpjшÚÁ Ënpp t шjr ^úrmúp: Uju «шßшищblÁ» 4шpn^ t 4шù |pш4шú hш2n^nLpjnLÚúbp| Ëlum шúhшmш4шúшgЦшá Áú4шlùшú, 4шù ti |úùúш4шlúbp|, шqшmш4шúúbp| шúhш2n^nLpjnLÚúbp| шprjnLÚùÁ ilúbi: 0|ú¿rbé ^pbifi t Ùшmúшú2bl |úpú-|2Ëшú ébd|úúbp| |n^ú|g múmbиш4шú шщшhnЦùшú úf^jú ú| ùшú| hш2n^Цшá op|úш4, npnúp pшgшßnLpjnLÚ bú ÁÚrhшúnLp 4шúnúúbp|g: ñ¿
шqшmшïшú hшuшpшïшpqbpnLÙ púшï¿nLpjшú qbpшÏ2énrç Ùшиú шщpnLÙ t ш^ùшmnLpjшú U 4ш2Шßш4bpnLpjшú щшjùшúúbpnLÙ:
ёш t щшm¿ШRp, np шjrùшú ^pUnpLrnú t fpbpf ¿fam pú^inLÚp: 3np фшиmbpÁ ^bmp t h^Li шßúЦbú' hшиmшmblnL hшùшp шjú púprcúnLÚp, np шqшmnLpjnLÚúbpÁ npUt |bp^ pnLji ¿míbgfú h^uúbinL шЦЬ^ 1шЦ hшишpш-|nLpjnLú umbrçôbinL úщшmшïfú:
^bpp ú2^á hшúqшùшúùúbp| Lbph^úmúp Ùшprïшúg шqшmnLpjшú hшùшpф (Human Freedom Index) hш2Цшpïùшú úщшmшïúbpfg úb|ú t, npú шщшhnЦnLÙ t'
• U2ËшphnLÚ шqшmnLpjшú ^шф^шЦ Ùшиfú mb^b^mínLpjnLúp:
шqшmnLpjnLÚÁ |npuínLÚ t шиmf¿шúшpшp, шjr щшm¿ШRnЦ ti ГШ hиmшï ¿f pú^iLmú: UqшmnLpjшú hшùшpfЦp ^pnrç t ¿2^pmbi úbp цшm-4bpшgnLÙúbpÁ шщшшqшmш4шúшgúшú pшùúЦшá qnpápúpшgúbpf Ùшиfú:
• Uúh^múbpfi U hшишpш4nLpjшú hшùшp шqшmnLpjnLÚúbpf rpшÏшú hbmUшúùúbp| Цbpшpbpjшl mb^b^mínLpjnLúp, |ú¿á pnLji t mшlfи hшùbùш-mшïшú íbpinLánLpjnLú fpшïшúшgúbl шqшmnLpjшú U újnLU gшúïшlf ung^-^^ú gnLgшú|2Úbp| ^^шЦ' dn^níp^^pnLpjnLú U pшpbïbgnLpjnLÚ) ùfçU: ёш t щшm¿ШRp, np úbúp ïbúmpnúшúnLÙ búp qnLm шúôúшïшú шqш-mnLpjшú' np^bu щшpmшrpшúù| pшgшïшjnLpjшú фш: U^jú шjи 0П10Ш-ú|2ú t húшpшЦnpnLpjnLÚ mшl|и ùúúшpïblnL шqшmnLpjnLÚp' rpш npn2 úш-Ëшщшjùшúúbpfú hшùшщшmшиËшú: 0búp ^bmp t Ïшpnrçшúшúù hш2ф ш^Ь шjú фшиmшpïp, np npn2 шqшmnLpjnLÚúbp ^pnrç bú hш2nrçnLpJШúp фnËшúgЦbl pßúшm|pш4шú ébdfúúbpfú: Рш0| шjr, úbúp ^pnrç búp nL-иnLÙúши|pbl npn2ш4| шúhшùшщшmшиËшúnLpjnLÚúbp, npnúp шßШ2ШúnLÙ bú шqшmnLpjшú ШRШúÔfú mшppbpf ùfçU ^^шЦ' шúhшmшïшú U рш^ш-^gf^^ú шqшmnLpjnLÚúbp|):
Uju^funL' ùшprnL шqшmnLpjшú gnLgшúf2D ^pnrç t oqúbi' hшиïшúш-inL Ш2ËшphnLÙ шqшmnLpjшú шщшhnЦùшú hbm |шщЦш0 npn2 pшpr hшp-gbp:
0шprnL шqшmnLpJШú hшùшpfЦú púrqp|nLÚ t шúôúшïшú, рш^шрш-g^^ú U múmbишïшú шqшmnLpjшú pшrçшrpf¿úbpp: Freedom House-f |n^úfg hpшщшpшïЦnrç' úшprnL шqшmnLpjшú hшùшpfЦp úbpшßnLÙ t шqш-mnLpjnLúúbpf lшjú mfpnLjp, |u| «шqшmnLpJnLÚúbp» bqpp Ú2ШÚшïnLÙ t npUt umfi^n^^ú (щшpmшrpЦшá) ишhùшúшфшïnLÙúbpf pшgшïшjnLpjnLÚ: <шùшpfЦp h^2^p|ínLÚ t 76 шßшúô|ú gnLgшúf2Úbpf hfùшú фш, npnúp púnLpшqpnLÙ bú шúhшmшïшú U múmbишïшú шqшmnLpjnLÚúbpp hbmUjШl ninpmúbpnLÚ'
opbúpf qbpш4шjnLpjnLÚ, щш2mщшúЦшánLpjnLÚ U шúЦmшúqnLpjnLÚ, Ùшpr4шúg mb^Ш2шpd, |pnú,
ùfшфpnLÙúbpf, h^^púbpfi шqшmnLpjnLÚ U ^^^g^^ú hш-
UШpш|nLpjnLÚ,
Ënuùi U mbrçbïшmфLpjшú шqшmnLpjnLÚ,
hшpшpbpnLpjnLÚúbp,
4шßшЦшpnLpjшú ¿шфbp,
|pшЦш4шú hшùш4шpq U иbфшïшúnLpjшú fpшфLÚùúbp,
^n^h üwm^bihnLpjnLü, wpmwghü wßLmph wqwmnLpjnLü,
4wp|w4npüwü, wß^wmwügh L qnpöwpwpnLpjwü |wpqw4npnLÜ2: Uübüwibpjhü hwuwübih mijwiübpp ibpwpbpnLÜ bü 2013 p., npnüg hh-üwü ipm tl 2015 piw|wüh dn^niwömmü hwßiwplib L hpw^wpw|4bi bü 152 bp|pübph hwüwpibpp: Smppbp bp|pübph hwüwp hwüwpibpp hwüb-ümminLÜ bü' u|uwö 2008 piw|wühg. hwiwumh mijwiübph hhüwü ipw hwßimp^ibi t üwp^nL wqwmnLpjwü hwüwphip3:
Uwp^nL wqwmnLpjwü hwüwphip übp|wjwgün^ qb|nLjgnLÜ wpmwgni-iwö t üwp^nL wqwmnLpjnLüp n^2 wß^wphnLÜ: Ow ^wm|bpnLÜ t hbmwqn-mnLpjnLüübph L püüwp|nLÜübph pwqüwüjw öpwqpbph wpnjnLüpübpp, npnüg hpw^wüwgibi bü bipn^wjnLÜ L <jnLuhuwjhü Uübph|wjnLÜ' pwqüwphi bpL|pübph mwppbp ninpmübph üwuüwqbmübph üwuüw|gnLpjwüp: Qb|nLj-gnLÜ oqmwqnpöinLÜ, hwpüwpbgimü L qwpqwginLÜ t wjü übpn^wpwünL-pjnLüp, npp üßwlibi t mwuüwüjw|übp 2wpnLüw| üpbjqbph hüumhmnLmh wß^wmwlhgübph |n^ühg' mümbuw|wü wqwmnLpjnLüp ¿w^binL L «Sümb-uw|wü wqwmnLpjnLüp wß^wphnLÜ» (Economic Freedom of the World) qb-|nLjgnLÜ hpw^wpw|binL hwüwp: Sümbuw|wü wqwmnLpjnLüp ¿w^ibinL hhü-üw^ü^ph inLÖüwüp ü^wmw|wnL^^iwö üw^wqhöp gnLjg t mwihu wj^ gnL-gwühßh hwßiwp^üwü |wpLnpnLpjnLüp, mümbuw|wü wqwmnLpjwü hwjbgw-|wpqh |wpLnpnLpjnLüp L, pü^hwüpw^bu, mümbuw|wü wqwmnLpjwü üßw-üw|nLpjnLüp püw|^nLpjwü pwpb|bgnLpjwü üw|wp^w|h pwpöpwgüwü wrcnL-üni:
Uwp^nL wqwmnLpjwü hwüwpih hwßiwp^üwü L hpw^wpw|üwü hhü-üw|wü ü^wmw|p wß^wphh üw|wp^w|n4 wqwmnLpjwü üwuhü n^wühm ^wm|bp umwüwiü t: Uw|wjü ßwm wibih |wpLnp t üwüpwüwuünpbü nL-unLÜüwuhpbi, pb nppwüni t wq^nLÜ wqwmnLpjwü wj^ gnLgwühßP ^h ßwpp wji' unghwiw|wü L mümbuw|wü bpLnLjpübph ipw, nppwüni bü bp|pnLÜ wqwmnLpjwü üw|wp^w|p L unghwiw|wü nL mümbuw|wü
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2 Sbu The Human Freedom Index: A Global Measurement of Personal, Civil, and Economic Freedom, Cato Institute, Fraser Institute Friedrich Naumann Stiftung, IEA, VISIO, 2015, t2 5:
3 Sbu ünLjü mb^p:
4 Sbu Locke J., 1691/1960, Two Treatises of Government: The Second Treatise: Liberty Fund, at Online Library of Liberty, http://oll.libertyfund.org/ titles/222#Locke_0057_71.
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5 Sb'u George H. Smith, The System of Liberty: Themes in the History of Classical Liberalism (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2013), especially chapter 7 (t2 133-151), "The Idea of Freedom" and Palmer Tom G., Realizing Freedom: Libertarian Theory, History, and Practice (Washington: Cato Institute, 2009) qppnLti:
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Uqpjmpp" The Human Freedom Index: A Global Measurement of Personal, Civil, and Economic Freedom, Cato Institute, Washington, D.C., USA, Fraser Institute, Vancouver BC, Canada, Friedrich Naumann Foundation for Freedom, Berlin, Germany, 2016, ¿p 10-11:
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U^pjnL/Q. l/wqüijbi L hLUßiwpm.bl t DULn' The Human Freedom Index: A Global Measurement of Personal, Civil, and Economic Freedom. CATO Institute, Fraser Institute, Friedrich Naumann Stiftung, IEA, VISIO, 2015 mljwiübpp:
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UqpjnLpp. |wqûlb[ L hw2lwp|lb[ t pum' The Human Freedom Index: A Global Measurement of Personal, Civil, and Economic Freedom. CATO Institute, Fraser Institute, Friedrich Naumann Stiftung, IEA, VISIO, 2015 mljw[ùbpÇ:
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U^pjnLpp. l/wqdijbi W hm2t/mpl/i/b/ t pum' Economic Freedom Ranking 2014, Fraser Institute, https://www.fraserinstitute.org/economic-freedom/dataset7min-year
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UqpjnLpp. 1/ajqihJbj L huJ2ÍuJplíb[ t pum' Economic Freedom Ranking 2014, Fraser Institute, https://www.fraserinstitute.org/economic-freedom/dataset7min-year
Oqmwqnpдlwд •PIIIO^PI^G
1. The Human Freedom Index: A Global Measurement of Personal, Civil, and Economic Freedom, Cato Institute, Fraser Institute Friedrich Naumann Stiftung, IEA, VISIO, 2015.
2. Locke J., 1691/1960, Two Treatises of Government: The Second Treatise: Liberty Fund, at Online Library of Liberty, http://oll.libertyfund.org/titles/222#Locke_0057_71.
3. George H. Smith, The System of Liberty: Themes in the History of Classical Liberalism. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2013.
4. Palmer Tom G., Realizing Freedom: Libertarian Theory, History, and Practice (Washington: Cato Institute, 2009).
АШОТ МАРКОСЯН
Заместитель начальника Управления по управлению государственным имуществом при Правительстве РА, доктор экономических наук, профессор
ГРИГОР КУРГИНЯН
Соискатель Института экономики им. М.Котаняна Национальной Академии наук РА
Человеческая свобода и экономическая свобода как фундамент рыночной экономикиПонятие "капитализм" как в обыденной жизни, так и среди экономистов часто отождествляется со свободной рыночной экономикой, и не случайно в постсоветских странах, в том числе в РА, используется в основном второе определение. Это связано с укоренившимся в сознании людей восприятием того, что в основе свободных рыночных взаимодействий лежат добровольные партнерские отношения или право сторон на свободное сотрудничество. С этой точки зрения можно сказать, что свободная рыночная экономика строится как на свободе личности (человека), так и экономической свободе. По этой причине личная и экономическая свобода считается краеугольным камнем (фундаментом), на котором зиждятся рыночные институты и система экономических ценностей рынка. Именно устойчивостью такого фундамента и определяется совершенность всей рыночной экономики, а также успешность рынка, и в первую очередь -обеспечение высокого уровня жизни населения.
С помощью показателей личной (человеческой) и экономической свободы измеряются как положение дел в обеспечении этой свободы за определённый период времени, так и изменения, происходящие в разных странах из года в год. Индекс человеческой свободы и индекс экономической свободы позволяют оценивать положение дел во всех странах мира.
В статье представлены индексы человеческой и экономической свободы в странах бывшего Советского Союза, проведен также сравнительный анализ показателей этих стран с показателями стран, сгруппированных по различным признакам: принадлежности к экономическим союзам, уровню развития, географической близости. Авторами даны предложения по улучшению позиций Республики Армения в мировом рейтинге стран по индексам человеческой и экономической свободы.
Ключевые слова: человеческая свобода, экономическая свобода, индекс, верховенство закона, индекс безопасности, благосостояние, либеральная идеология иЕ1_: А13, 06, N3
ASHOT MARKOSYAN
Deputy Head of State Property Management Department at the Government of the RA, Doctor of Economics, Professor
GRIGOR KURGHINYAN
Researcher at the Institute of Economics after M.Kotanyan, NAS RA
Human Freedom and Economic Freedom as the Cornerstones of the Market Economy.- The definition of "capitalism" in everyday life and among economists is often identified with a free market economy, and it isn ' t by chance that the second definition is used in the Post-Soviet countries, including the Republic of Armenia. This is due to the perception in the minds of people that free market partnerships are based on voluntary partnerships or the right of parties to free cooperation. From this point of view, it can be said that a free market economy is built on both - personal (human) freedom and economic freedom. For this reason, personal freedom and economic freedom are considered the cornerstones (base) on which market institutions and the system of economic values of the market are based. It is the stability of such a foundation that determines the perfection of the entire market economy, as well as the success of the market, and, first of all, in ensuring high living standards for the population.
With the help of indicators of human freedom and economic freedom, the state of affairs in ensuring these freedoms over a certain period of time, as well as changes occurring in different countries from year to year, are measured. The index of human freedom and the index of economic freedom make it possible to assess the state of affairs in all countries of the world.
The article presents indexes of human and economic freedom in the countries of the former Soviet Union and compares the indicators of these countries with those of countries grouped according to different criteria - attachment to the certain economic unions, level of development, geographic proximity. The authors have made suggestions on improving the position of the Republic of Armenia in the world ranking of countries on the indexes of human freedom and economic freedom.
Key words: human freedom, economic freedom, index, rule of law, security index, welfare, liberal ideology. JEL: A13, D6, N3
