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УДК 372.11
Botirova N.
Kodirova G.
Khozhamberdiev M.
Vakhobov B.
Andijan State Medical Institute Uzbekistan, Andijan city CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS: MECHANISMS, DIAGNOSIS,
TREATMENT
Abstract: Cardiac arrhythmia is any disturbance of the heart rhythm characterized by a change in the frequency, regularity, and sequence of cardiac contractions as a result of the violation of the cardiac functions of the heart: automatism, excitability and conduction.
Key words: arrhythmia, heart, diagnosis, treatment
Ботирова Н.
Кодирова Г.
Хожамбердиев М.
Вахобов Б.
Андижанский государственный медицинский институт
Узбекистан, г. Андижан
Аннотация: Аритмия сердца - это любые нарушения сердечного ритма, характеризующиеся изменением частоты, регулярности и последовательности сердечных сокращений в результате нарушения основных функций сердца: автоматизма, возбудимости и проводимости.
Ключевые слова: аритмия, сердца, диагностика, лечение
Cardiac arrhythmia is any disturbance of the heart rhythm characterized by a change in the frequency, regularity, and sequence of cardiac contractions as a result of the violation of the cardiac functions of the heart: automatism, excitability and conduction.
Arrhythmias are detected with an organic lesion of the heart: myocardial infarction, heart defects, etc., when the function of the autonomic nervous system is disturbed, the water-salt balance changes, intoxications. Arrhythmias can be observed even in completely healthy people against the background of severe fatigue, cold, after drinking alcoholic beverages. Many cardiac arrhythmias may not be felt by the patient and do not lead to any consequences (sinus tachycardia, atrial extrasystole), and more often testify to any non-cardiac pathology (for
example, increased function of the thyroid gland). The most dangerous are ventricular tachycardia, which can be the immediate cause of sudden cardiac death (in 83% of cases). No less dangerous for life can be bradycardia, especially, AV blockade, accompanied by sudden short-term loss of consciousness. According to statistics, they cause sudden cardiac death in 17% of cases
A normal rhythm is provided by the cardiac conduction system. This is a consistent network of "power stations" (assemblies) - accumulations of highly specialized cells capable of creating and conducting electrical impulses along certain bundles and fibers, which in turn cause excitation and contraction of the heart muscle (myocardium). Although all elements of the conductive system are capable of generating electrical pulses, the main power plant is the sinus node located at the top of the right atrium. He sets the necessary frequency of the heart (at a state of rest 60-80 beats per minute, with physical exertion - more, during sleep - less). The impulses, "born" in the sinus node, spread out in all directions, like the sun's rays. Part of the pulses causes excitation and contraction of the atria, and the other - through the special pathways of the conducting system - is directed to the atrioventricular node (more often to the AV node) - the next "power station". In the AV node, the movement of the pulse slows down (the atria must be shortened and the blood transferred to the ventricles). Further, the pulses propagate to the bundle of the Gis, which, in turn, is divided into two legs. The right leg of the beam with the help of Purkinje fibers conducts impulses to the right ventricle of the heart, left, respectively, to the left ventricle, causing their excitation and contraction. This is how the rhythmic work of our heart is ensured. In the work of the conduction system of the heart, two problems can arise: 1. impairment of the formation of an impulse in one of the "power stations". 2. violation of the impulse in one of the sections of the described system. In both cases, the function of the main pacemaker is taken over by the chain "power station". However, the heart rate is less. Thus, the conduction system of the heart has multilevel protection against sudden cardiac arrest. But violations in her work - are possible. They lead to arrhythmia.
Arrhythmias are violations of the heart rhythm, which are accompanied by: 1. a decrease (less than 60 beats per minute). 2. Increase (more than 100 per minute). 3. Or irregular heartbeat. 4. Note: Decrease in the rhythm of the heart is called bradycardia (bradi - rare), frequent - tachycardia (tahi - frequent). Dozens of types of arrhythmias. Here, we will give you an idea of the mechanisms of the most typical and common ones. These include: 1. the main types of bradycardia: o Syndrome of weakness of the sinus node. o Atrioventricular blockade (often referred to as AV blockade). 2. irregular rhythm: o extracorporeal. 3. The main types of tachycardia: o Supraventricular (supraventricular) tachycardia. o Atrial fibrillation (atrial fibrillation). o Ventricular tachycardia. Depending on the location of the "focus," tachycardia is divided into supraventricular, or supraventricular (with its localization in the atria or the area of the AV node), and ventricular. Depending on the duration, tachycardia is divided into paroxysmal and persistent. Paroxysmal tachycardia is a sudden sharp increase in the heart rate,
lasting from a few seconds to several days, which also stops suddenly, as it begins (often without outside interference). Permanent tachycardia - a prolonged (more than 6 months) frequency of heart rhythm, resistant to drug and electrotherapy (electrical cardioversion). Syndrome of weakness of the sinus node is caused by impairment of the formation of a pulse in the sinus node or impaired conduction of the pulse "at the output" from the sinus node upon contact with the atrial tissue. This pathology can be accompanied by a stable bradycardia or recurrent pauses in the work of the heart, caused by the so-called sinoatrial blockade. Note.
Note. Sinus bradycardia can be observed in healthy, well-trained people or be a sign of the development of a pathological condition. For example, hypothyroidism (decreased thyroid function), increased intracranial pressure, some infectious diseases (typhoid fever), general asthenia with prolonged starvation. Atrioventricular blockade is a violation of the "throughput" of the AV node. With AB blockade of the 1st degree, the impulse through the AV node slows down, at the 2nd - only every second or third pulse coming from the sinus node spreads to the ventricles, at the third degree (complete transverse blockade) - conducting through AB The node is completely blocked. In this case, the cardiac arrest does not occur, because, "the case comes in" the bundle of the Guiss or the underlying structures of the conduction system of the heart, but this is accompanied by a rare heart rhythm, approximately 20-40 beats per minute. Extrasystoles are premature contractions of the heart (extra - over). We already know that all the structural links in the conducting system of the heart are able to generate electrical impulses. Normally, the main "power plant" is a sinus node, because it is the one that can generate the pulses with the greatest frequency. However, under the influence of various factors (atherosclerosis, intoxications, etc.), the pathological (increased) activity of one of the structures of the conduction system of the heart can result, which leads to an extraordinary cardiac contraction, after which a compensatory pause may follow. This is one of the most frequent types of arrhythmias. Depending on the place of origin, the extrasystoles are divided into supraventricular (supraventricular) and ventricular. Single extrasystoles (up to 5 per minute) are not life threatening, whereas frequent, paired and group ventriculars are an unfavorable sign. Supraventricular (supraventricular) tachycardia: This type of tachycardia is characterized by an increase in the rhythm to 140-180 beats per minute, due to individual features of the structure of the AV node or pathological (increased) activity of one of the links in the conducting heart system at the level of the atria. This type of tachycardia includes Wolf-Parkinson-White syndrome (WPW syndrome), caused by the presence of an innate additional route of administration.
Arrhythmia is most often a symptom or complication of the underlying disease, so primary prevention is the adequate and timely treatment of existing acute or chronic diseases. Secondary prophylaxis (when a specific type of arrhythmia is established). With bradycardia, secondary prevention is not carried out. As a secondary prophylaxis for tachycardias, a number of antiarrhythmic drugs are used: o Adrenoceptor blockers (Anaprilin, Egilok, Atenolol, Concor); o
Calcium antagonists (Verapamil, Diltiazem); o Cardarone; o Sotaleks; o Allapinin; o Propanorm and others.
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УДК 495
Hudaybergenova U.K.
Karakalpak State University named after Berdakh MORAL AS A FORM OF SPIRITUAL CULTURE
Abstract: This article discusses Moral as a form of spiritual culture. Morality is a special area of culture and it differs from other forms. Morality is a system of norms of behavior ofpeople accepted in society.
Keywords: morality, norm, behavior, society, culture, spirituality
Morality is a special area of culture and it differs from other forms. Morality is a system of norms of behavior of people adopted in society. Morality is a special form of public consciousness and a kind of social relations. Morality embraces moral views and feelings, life orientations and principles, the goals and motives of actions and relationships, drawing a line between good and evil, conscience and dishonesty, honor and dishonor, justice and injustice, norm and abnormality, mercy and cruelty, etc.
The concept of «morality» is extremely multivalued. There are several dozens of certain morals. Most often, morality is understood as one of the main ways of normative regulation of human actions in society, as well as a special form of public consciousness and the type of social relations. The roles of morality in the life of society and the individual are numerous. It is difficult to explain why there is morality, but it is clear why it exists. If for other terrestrial creatures the way of life and destiny are prescribed by nature, then man - a historical being -makes up his destiny himself. For him there is no once and for all written law. What is a person can never be decided definitively, for neither history nor our personal destiny is yet complete. Every hour we become different, we are improving according to a program that is not yet available, which we ourselves write ourselves. It's not a question of coming up with a model of the future and deciding how we are going to live. It is much more important to decide what will
