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14INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL VOLUME 1 ISSUE 6 UIF-2022: 8.2 | ISSN: 2181-3337
DISORDER OF HEART RHYTHM. ATRIAL FIBRILLATION Makhmudov Alisher Khakimovych
Republican Specialized Scientific and Practical Medical Center of Cardiology, Samarkand
branch
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7197077
Abstract. Typical heartbeat. A heart arrhythmia (uh-RITH-me-uh) is an irregular heartbeat. Heart rhythm problems (heart arrhythmias) occur when the electrical signals that coordinate the heart's beats don't work properly. The faulty signaling causes the heart to beat too fast (tachycardia), too slow (bradycardia) or irregularly.
Keywords: heart arrhythmias, life-threatening, heartbeats.
НАРУШЕНИЕ СЕРДЕЧНОГО РИТМА. МЕРЦАТЕЛЬНАЯ АРИТМИЯ
Аннотация. Типичное сердцебиение. Сердечная аритмия (uh-RITH-me-uh) — это нерегулярное сердцебиение. Проблемы с сердечным ритмом (сердечные аритмии) возникают, когда электрические сигналы, координирующие сердечные сокращения, не работают должным образом. Неправильная передача сигналов заставляет сердце биться слишком быстро (тахикардия), слишком медленно (брадикардия) или нерегулярно.
Ключевые слова: сердечные аритмии, опасные для жизни, сердечные сокращения.
INTRODUCTION
Heart arrhythmias may feel like a fluttering or racing heart and may be harmless. However, some heart arrhythmias may cause bothersome — sometimes even life-threatening — signs and symptoms.
However, sometimes it's normal for a person to have a fast or slow heart rate. For example, the heart rate may increase with exercise or slow down during sleep.
Heart arrhythmia treatment may include medications, catheter procedures, implanted devices or surgery to control or eliminate fast, slow or irregular heartbeats. A heart-healthy lifestyle can help prevent heart damage that can trigger certain heart arrhythmias.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Types. In general, heart arrhythmias are grouped by the speed of the heart rate. For example:
Tachycardia (tak-ih-KAHR-dee-uh) is a fast heart. The resting heart rate is greater than 100 beats a minute.Bradycardia (brad-e-KAHR-dee-uh) is a slow heartbeat. The resting heart rate is less than 60 beats a minute.
Fast heartbeat (tachycardia)
Types of tachycardias include:
Atrial fibrillation (A-fib). Chaotic heart signaling causes a rapid, uncoordinated heart rate. The condition may be temporary, but some A-fib episodes may not stop unless treated. A-fib is associated with serious complications such as stroke.
Atrial flutter. Atrial flutter is similar to A-fib, but heartbeats are more organized. Atrial flutter is also linked to stroke.
Supraventricular tachycardia. Supraventricular tachycardia is a broad term that includes arrhythmias that start above the lower heart chambers (ventricles). Supraventricular tachycardia causes episodes of a pounding heartbeat (palpitations) that begin and end abruptly.
INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL VOLUME 1 ISSUE 6 UIF-2022: 8.2 | ISSN: 2181-3337
Ventricular fibrillation. This type of arrhythmia occurs when rapid, chaotic electrical signals cause the lower heart chambers (ventricles) to quiver instead of contacting in a coordinated way that pumps blood to the rest of the body. This serious problem can lead to death if a normal heart rhythm isn't restored within minutes. Most people who have ventricular fibrillation have an underlying heart disease or have experienced serious trauma.
Ventricular tachycardia. This rapid, regular heart rate starts with faulty electrical signals in the lower heart chambers (ventricles). The rapid heart rate doesn't allow the ventricles to properly fill with blood. As a result, the heart can't pump enough blood to the body. Ventricular tachycardia may not cause serious problems in people with an otherwise healthy heart. In those with heart disease, ventricular tachycardia can be a medical emergency that requires immediate medical treatment.
Atrial fibrillation (A-fib) is an irregular and often very rapid heart rhythm (arrhythmia) that can lead to blood clots in the heart. A-fib increases the risk of stroke, heart failure and other heart-related complications.
During atrial fibrillation, the heart's upper chambers (the atria) beat chaotically and irregularly — out of sync with the lower chambers (the ventricles) of the heart. For many people, A-fib may have no symptoms. However, A-fib may cause a fast, pounding heartbeat (palpitations), shortness of breath or weakness. RESULTS
Episodes of atrial fibrillation may come and go, or they may be persistent. Although A-fib itself usually isn't life-threatening, it's a serious medical condition that requires proper treatment to prevent stroke.
Treatment for atrial fibrillation may include medications, therapy to reset the heart rhythm and catheter procedures to block faulty heart signals.
A person with atrial fibrillation may also have a related heart rhythm problem called atrial flutter. Although atrial flutter is a different arrhythmia, the treatment is quite similar to atrial fibrillation.
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Some people with atrial fibrillation (A-fib) don't notice any symptoms. Those who do have atrial fibrillation symptoms may have signs and symptoms such as: Sensations of a fast, fluttering or pounding heartbeat (palpitations)
Chest pain
Dizziness
Fatigue
Lightheadedness Reduced ability to exercise Shortness of breath Weakness
Atrial fibrillation may be: DISCUSSION
INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL VOLUME 1 ISSUE 6 UIF-2022: 8.2 | ISSN: 2181-3337
Occasional (paroxysmal atrial fibrillation). A-fib symptoms come and go, usually lasting for a few minutes to hours. Sometimes symptoms occur for as long as a week and episodes can happen repeatedly. Symptoms might go away on their own. Some people with occasional A-fib need treatment.Persistent. With this type of atrial fibrillation, the heart rhythm doesn't go back to normal on its own. If a person has A-fib symptoms, cardioversion or treatment with medications may be used to restore and maintain a normal heart rhythm.
Long-standing persistent. This type of atrial fibrillation is continuous and lasts longer than 12 months.
Permanent. In this type of atrial fibrillation, the irregular heart rhythm can't be restored. Medications are needed to control the heart rate and to prevent blood clots.
When to see a doctor
If you have any signs or symptoms of atrial fibrillation, make an appointment with your
doctor.
If you have chest pain, seek immediate medical help. Chest pain could mean that you're having a heart attack.
The typical heart has four chambers — two upper chambers (atria) and two lower chambers (ventricles). Within the upper right chamber of the heart (right atrium) is a group of cells called the sinus node. The sinus node is the heart's natural pacemaker. It produces the signal that starts each heartbeat.
In a regular heart rhythm:
The signal travels from the sinus node through the two upper heart chambers (atria).
The signal passes through a pathway between the upper and lower chambers called the atrioventricular (AV) node.
The movement of the signal causes your heart to squeeze (contract), sending blood to your heart and body.
In atrial fibrillation, the signals in the upper chambers of the heart are chaotic. As a result, the upper chambers shake (quiver). The AV node is then bombarded with signals trying to get through to the lower heart chambers (ventricles). This causes a fast and irregular heart rhythm.
The heart rate in atrial fibrillation may range from 100 to 175 beats a minute. The normal range for a heart rate is 60 to 100 beats a minute.
Causes of atrial fibrillation
Problems with the heart's structure are the most common cause of atrial fibrillation. Possible causes of atrial fibrillation include:
Coronary artery disease
Heart attack
Heart defect that you're born with (congenital heart defect)
Heart valve problems
High blood pressure
Lung diseases
Physical stress due to surgery, pneumonia or other illnesses
Previous heart surgery
Problem with the heart's natural pacemaker (sick sinus syndrome)
Sleep apnea
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Thyroid disease such as an overactive thyroid (hyperthyroidism) and other metabolic imbalances
Use of stimulants, including certain medications, caffeine, tobacco and alcohol Viral infections
Some people who have atrial fibrillation have no known heart problems or heart damage. Risk factors
Things that can increase the risk of atrial fibrillation (A-fib) include: Age. The older a person is, the greater the risk of developing atrial fibrillation. Heart disease. Anyone with heart disease — such as heart valve problems, congenital heart disease, congestive heart failure, coronary artery disease, or a history of heart attack or heart surgery — has an increased risk of atrial fibrillation.
High blood pressure. Having high blood pressure, especially if it's not well controlled with lifestyle changes or medications, can increase the risk of atrial fibrillation.
Thyroid disease. In some people, thyroid problems may trigger heart rhythm problems (arrhythmias), including atrial fibrillation. Other chronic health conditions. People with certain chronic conditions such as diabetes, metabolic syndrome, chronic kidney disease, lung disease or sleep apnea have an increased risk of atrial fibrillation.
Drinking alcohol. For some people, drinking alcohol can trigger an episode of atrial fibrillation. Binge drinking further increases the risk.
Obesity. People who have obesity are at higher risk of developing atrial fibrillation. Family history. An increased risk of atrial fibrillation occurs in some families. Complications
Blood clots are a dangerous complication of atrial fibrillation that can lead to stroke. In atrial fibrillation, the chaotic heart rhythm can cause blood to collect in the heart's upper chambers (atria) and form clots. If a blood clot in the left upper chamber (left atrium) breaks free from the heart area, it can travel to the brain and cause a stroke. CONCLUSIONS
The risk of stroke from atrial fibrillation increases as you grow older. Other health conditions also may increase your risk of a stroke due to A-fib, including: High blood pressure Diabetes Heart failure
Some valvular heart disease
Blood thinners are commonly prescribed to prevent blood clots and strokes in people with atrial fibrillation.
Prevention
Healthy lifestyle choices can reduce the risk of heart disease and may prevent atrial fibrillation. Here are some basic heart-healthy tips: Eat a nutritious diet
Get regular exercise and maintain a healthy weight Don't smoke
Avoid or limit alcohol and caffeine
Manage stress, as intense stress and anger can cause heart rhythm problems
INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL VOLUME 1 ISSUE 6 UIF-2022: 8.2 | ISSN: 2181-3337
REFERENCES
1. Atrial fibrillation - Symptoms and causes - Mayo Clinic https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/atrial-fibrillation/symptoms-causes/syc-203506242
2. Atrial Fibrillation | cdc.gov https://www.cdc.gov/heartdisease/atrial_fibrillation.htm
3. https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/atrial-fibrillation/what-is-atrial-fibrillation-afib-or-af4
4. Atrial Fibrillation (Afib): Causes, Symptoms and Treatment https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/16765-atrial-fibrillation-afib
