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_ALBANIAN LANGUAGE (UDC 811.18)_
DOI: https://doi.org/10.18454/RULB.2020.22.2.19
ЗАИМСТВОВАНИЯ ИЗ РОМАНСКИХ ЯЗЫКОВ В ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОЙ ТЕРМИНОЛОГИИ АЛБАНСКОГО
ЯЗЫКА
Научная статья
Плана Садете1, Плана Едона2 *, Плана Гани3
1 3 Приштинский университет «Хасан Приштина», Приштина, Республика Косово;
2 Юго-восточный европейский университет, Тетово, Республика Северная Македония
* Корреспондирующий автор (eddona.p[at]gmail.com)
Аннотация
При разработке и обработке терминологии одной из самых обсуждаемых проблем является проблема заимствований. Проблема языкового контакта не нова в лингвистике, но есть много вопросов, которые не были должным образом объяснены или их объяснили различными или неуместными способами.
Терминология экономики - это лингвистический материал, на котором основан данный документ. Эта статья направлена на анализ места заимствований в данной терминологии, а также на работу, которая была проделана для их замены терминами албанского происхождения.
Рассматривая характеристики романских заимствований в албанском языке, мы попытались продемонстрировать присутствие и влияние французского и итальянского языков на терминологию экономики. Другие романские языки, такие как испанский, португальский, каталанский и румынский, не оказали существенного влияния на албанский язык.
Ключевые слова: заимствования, романские заимствования, терминология, терминология экономики, управление, финансы.
BORROWINGS FROM ROMANCE LANGUAGES IN THE TERMINOLOGY OF ECONOMICS
Research article
Pllana Sadete1, Pllana Edona2 *, Pllana Gani3
1 3 University of Prishtina "Hasan Prishtina", Prishtina, Republic of Kosovo;
2 South East European University, Tetovo, Republic of Northern Macedonia
* Corresponding author (eddona.p[at]gmail.com)
Abstract
In the development and processing of terminology, one of the most discussed problems is that of borrowings. The problem of language contact is not a new topic in linguistics, but there are many issues that have not been adequately explained or have been explained in different or inappropriate ways.
The terminology of economics is the linguistic material on which this paper is based. This paper aims to analyze the place of borrowings in this terminology, as well as the work that has been done to replace them with terms of Albanian origin.
By addressing the characteristics of Roman borrowings in Albanian, we have tried to demonstrate the presence and influence of French and Italian on the terminology of economics. Other Romance languages, such as Spanish, Portuguese, Catalan, and Romanian, have not had a significant impact on the Albanian language.
Keywords: borrowings, Romance borrowings, terminology, terminology of economics, administration, finance.
Introduction
Romanization has operated for many centuries in all countries of Western Europe and Southeast Europe, and it has been a long, political, historical-cultural, and linguistic process. Romanization in Southeast Europe began with the establishment of Roman rule in the Balkans, Illyria, Greece, Thrace, and Dacia, until the end of the 4th century. This was when the Roman Empire was divided into two parts — the West with the capital of Rome and the East with the capital of Byzantium. Illyria belonged to the Byzantine Empire. However, it maintained ties with Rome, so Latin influence continued even after this division [13, P. 317-320].
About the Roman borrowings in Albanian
Albanian, as an Indo-European language, is among the oldest languages in the Balkans, and it is the daughter of the Illyrian language. This language was spoken by the ancient Illyrians who inhabited the eastern shores of the Adriatic Sea. Throughout history, it has always been in contact with the Latin language of Rome, a language spoken in the provinces of the Roman Empire.
It is well-known that the influence of Latin on Albanian began quite early on and lasted for several centuries. The Latin element in Albanian was studied by many foreign and Albanian scholars [2]. Prof. Eqrem Cabej has stated, "One of the main tasks of Albanian linguistics, in addition to theoretical research, is and remains the enrichment of the language with elements of its own resources and its cleansing from the mass of foreign words that have flooded from abroad and that are flooding even nowadays. " [2, P.103].
Lyceum of Kor^a
The Lyceum of Korga, the first school of general culture in Albania, opened its doors on October 25, 1917, at the time when the Albanian Republic of Korga was functioning. The language used was French, with the exception of Albanian, which was given as a separate language. In the mid-1920s, German was introduced into the curriculum. The Lyceum of Korga was a
secular high school with a national character where boys and girls studied together regardless of social class or religion. From 1917 to 1943, 1,115 students from Albania and Kosovo attended the National Lyceum of Korga [20].
Terms borrowed from Roman languages in the terminology of economics
According to certain criteria, borrowed terms are of two types:
• foreign international terms
• foreign non-international terms
In terminological dictionaries, the Albanized words are reflected in different ways:
• terms that are given and also used only in Albanian
• Albanian terms that are accompanied by a foreign term, where the Albanian word is given as the norm
• Albanian terms that have been associated with or are given as synonyms alongside the foreign term, Albanized terms partially replacing foreign affixes with Albanian ones
The influence of the cultures of peoples who speak French and Italian is manifested in various forms, including almost all spheres of vocabulary and living environment, of space and time, and also in many areas of economics.
Below, we will present some examples. The first term is in Albanian and is compared with French and Italian in the general lexicon of Albanian, especially displayed as book lexicon, but used in various fields of economics.
Results
Albanian - French
abonim, -i-abonnement ekonommi, -a-économie kredi,-a-crédit
abonohem-s'abonner eksport, -i-exportation kreditim,-i- créditeur
abonoj-abonner eksportim,-i-exportation (action d'exporter) kreditoj-créditer
abonues-i abonné eksportoj -exporter kupon,-i-coupon
aksionar,-e-actionnaire eksportues,-e-exporteur livroj-livrer
aksionar, -i-actionaire eksportues,-i-exporteur magazinë,-a-magasin
aksion-i-action ekspozim, -i-exhibition organizat/ë-a-organisation
ambalazh, -i-emballage ekspozit/ë-a-exposistion organizativ,-e-organisationnel
ambalazhim, -i-emballage ekspozoj-expose organizim,-i-organisation
ambalazhoj -emballer ekuipazh-i-équipage organizoj -organiser
ankand, -i-enchère ekzaminim, -i-examen organizuar (i,e)-organisé
anket/ë-a-enquète ekzaminoj -examiner organizues,-e-organisateur
anomali, -a-anomalie ekzekutim, -i-exécution plasman,-i-pacement
anonimi, -a-anonymat ekzekutiv,-e-exécutif rabat,-i-rabais
anonym, -e-anonyme ekzekutoj -exécuter reklam/ë-a-réclame
anulim, -i-annulation ekzemplar, -i-exemplaire reklamim,-i-réclame
anuloj-anuler ekzistoj-exister reklamues,-e-réclament
aprovim,-i-approbation emisar, -i-émissaire rekompensim, -i-récompense
aprovoj -approuver empirik,-e-empirique rekompensoj- récompenser
arbitrarisht-arbitrairement etiket/ë -a-étiquette rentabël-rentable
arbitraritet,-i-arbitraire etiketim, -i-étiquetage rentabil,-e-rentabile
arbitrazh,-i-arbitrage etiketoj-étiqueter rentabilitet,-i-rentabilité
arbitroj-arbitrer evidenc/ë-a- evidence rentë,-a-rente
asortiment,-i-assortimento furnizim-i-fourniture stabilitet, -i- stabilité
asortiment-assortiment furnizoj-furnir stabilizim, -i-stabilisation
balancim, -i-balancement furnizues-e-fournisseur stabilizoj -stabiliser
balancoj -balancer garanci, -a-garantie stabil-stable
bankë,-a-banque garant,-i-garant stazhist-stagiaire
bankënotë,-a-billet a banque garantim,-i-garantie stazh-stage
bankier,-i-banquier garantoj-garantir tarif/ë-a-tarif
debat,-i-debat intensivisht-intensivement tarifes (i)-tarifaire
debitor/-i-débiteur interes,-i-intérêt tarifoj-tarifer
ekonomik,-e-économique kontabilitet-i-comtabilité trezor,-i-trésor
ekonomik/ë-a- économique kontroll,-i-contrôle valorizim, -i-valorisati
ekonomikisht- économiquement kontrolloj -contrôler
ekonomiqar,-e-économe kontrollor, -i-contrôlleur
ekonomist,-i-économiste kontrollues,-i-contrôlleur
Albanian-Italian
afarist,-e-affariste
afarist,-i-affaristi
afarizem,-i-affarismo
banke,-a-banka
bankrot,-i -bancarotta
debitor,-i-debito
debitor,-i-debitore
dogan/ё, -a-dogana
doganes (i,e)-doganale
doganier,-i-doganale
doganoj -doganare
falimentim-i-fallimento
falimentoj -fallire
fatur/e-a-fattura
faturoj-fatturare
faturues, -i-fatturista
financ/e-a-finanza
financier-i-finanziere
financim-i-finanziamento
financoj -finanziare
gjirant,-i-girante
intensifikim,-i-intensification
intensifikoj -intensificare
intensifikoj -intensifie
intensiv,-e-intensif
intensiv,-e-intensificatione
kambial,-i-cambiale
kapar,-i-caparra
kaparoj -caparrare
kasafort/e-a-casaforte
klient,-i-cliente
konsum, -i-consumatione
konsumator, -i-consumatore
kontabel-comtable
kosto-costo
magazine,-a-magaszzinaggio magazinier, -i-magasinier magazinier, -i-magazziniere portofol, -i-portofoglio rabat,-i-rab/atto (-abasso) reform/e-a-riforma reformoj -rifondare
reformuar (i,e)-reformabile
repart,-i-reparto
revizion, -i-rexisione
revizor,-i-rexisore
rieksportim, -i-rieskortazione
rieksportoj -riesportare
rielaborim, -i-rielaborazione
rielaboroj -rielaborare
sabotim, -i-sabotaggio
sabotoj-sabotare
sabotues,-i-saboter
saldo-ja-saldo
skadim, -i-scadenza
skadon-scadere
skaduar (i,e)-scadente
valut/e-a-valuta
xhiro-giro
Conclusion
Borrowing (as a process) leads to the birth of a wide chain of parallels. These parallels create inter-linguistic dependencies and a relative stability that makes it possible for them to etymologically preserve their origin. In this way, such borrowings gain the status of internationalisms (international words), which are mostly translatable. Compared to the foreign word, the borrowed word is completely integrated into the system of the receiving language. Foreign words should be used in those cases when they bring a new meaning, a new nuance of meaning, etc., which we cannot express with the tools of Albanian itself.
When considering Albania's relations with Italy, relations that also derive from geographical proximity, the linguistic influence that came from Italy continued even after the end of Roman rule. Also, in Albania, there were schools in the French language in Korga and its surrounding areas during the years 1931-1939. At the same time, a number of Albanians graduated from French universities and brought with them many words and terms of the French language.
As economics is a field with a wide scope of practice that you could say is part of people's daily lives, the terminology of economics should help them in communication with specialists to ensure accurate judgments and actions.
In reality, the Albanian language resisted the strong influence of Latin and Romance languages and was not assimilated by them.
Borrowed words from Romance languages in Albanian are adapted from a phonological point of view according to the principles and phonological habits of the Albanian language.
Therefore, work should continue in regards to supplementing and revising dictionaries for specific areas of the economy, to improve the shortcomings carried over so far, and especially to solve the problems of the time in this terminology.
Конфликт интересов Conflict of Interest
Не указан. None declared.
Список литературы / References
1. Bejta, M. Fjalor frengjisht-shqip / Bejta, M. -ETMM, Prishtine, 1985.
2. Cabej, E. Studime gjuhesore IV / Cabej, E. -RILINDJA, Prishtine, 1977, -103 p.
3. Cabre-Castellvi M.T. Theories of Terminology. Their description, prescription and explanation, in Terminology / Cabre-Castellvi M.T. -John Benjamins Publishing Company, 9(2)/2003. -165 p.
4. Deanovic, M.; Jernej, J. Talijansko hrvatski ili srpski rjecnik (Vocabulario Italiano Croato o Serbo) / Deanovic, M.; Jernej, J. -IRO "Skolska knjiga", Zagreb, 1989.
5. Felber, H. Terminologie als angewandte Sprachwissenschaft (Gedenlschrift für Univ.-Prof. Dr. Eugen Wüster) / Felber, H.; Lang, F., Wersig, G. -K^G^Saur München, New York, London, Parsi, 1979. -16 p.
6. Fjalor i gjuhes se sotme shqipe A-M, - RLINDJA, Prishtine, 1981.
7. Fjalor i termave te bankes 32 (shqip-anghsht-frengjisht-italisht-rusisht), -ASHRSH, Tirane, 2014.
8. Gorani, H. Problemet kuptimore ne terminologjine ekonomike / Gorani, H. -GJENDJA DHE ZGVILLIMI I TERMINOLOGJ^ SHQIPE PROBLEM DHE DETYRA, ASHSH ASHAK, Tirane. 2009.
9. Kokona, V. Fjalor shqip-frengjisht / Kokona, V. -RILINDJA, Prishtine, 1989.
10. Kostallari, A. Gjuha letrare kombetare shqipe dhe epoka jone / Kostallari, A. - "Sf", nr. 4, Tirane, 1984.
11. Leka, F. Aspekte te zhvillimit te terminologjise tekniko-shkencore pas Qlirimit, - "Sf', 1970/1, IGJL, Tirane, 1970.
12. Luboteni, G., Menaxhmenti bankar / Luboteni, G., Prishtine, 2015.
13. Mansaku, S. Studime per historine e gjuhes shqipe Vellimi I, -AST IGJL, Tirane, 2018. -317p; -315 p.
14. Marza N. E., The specialised lexicographical aproach a step further in dictionary-making, -Peter Lang, 2009. -83 p.
15. Ndreca, M. Fjalor fjalesh e shprehjesh te huaja / Ndreca, M. -RILINDJA, Prishtine, 1986.
16. Nuhiu, V. Ndikimet ndergjuhesore / Nuhiu, V. -RILINDJA, Prishtine, 1990.
17. Pasho, H. Terminologjia shqipe-probleme dhe detyra/ Pasho, H.; Duro, A. -"GJENDJA DHE ZHVILLIMI I TERMINOLOGJISË SHQIPE PROBLEME DHE DETYRA" KONFERENCË SHKENCORE, ASHSH dhe ASHAK, Tirane, 2009.
18. Pllana, G. Termat e huazuar nga italishtja dhe frengjishtja ne terminologjine e mekanikes ne gjuhen shqipe / Pllana. G. -KËRKIME GJUHËSORE III Konference shkencore nderkombetare (11 korrik 2014), Tirane, 2015.
19. Xhuvani, A. Pastertia e gjuhes, Vepra 1 / Xhuvani, A. -ASHRSH, Tirane, 1980, -110 p.
20. Liceu Francez, historia e shkolles se famshme dhe fati i ish-nxenesve [Electronic resource]. - URL: http://www.panorama.com.al/liceu-francez-historia-e-shkolles-se-famshme-dhe-fati-i-ish-nxenesve/ (accessed: 05.06.2020)
Список литературы на английском / References in English
1. Bejta, M. Fjalor frengjisht-shqip [French-Albanian dictionary] / Bejta, M. -ETMM, Prishtine, 1985.
2. Cabej, E. Studime gjuhesore IV [Linguistic Studies IV] / Cabej, E. -RILINDJA, Prishtine, 1977, -103 p. [In Albanian]
3. Cabre-Castellvi M.T. Theories of Terminology. Their description, prescription and explanation, in Terminology / Cabre-Castellvi M.T. -John Benjamins Publishing Company, 9(2)/2003. -165 p.
4. Deanovic, M.; Jernej, J. Talijansko hrvatski ili srpski rjecnik (Vocabulario Italiano Croato o Serbo) / Deanovic, M.; Jernej, J. -IRO "Skolska knjiga", Zagreb, 1989.
5. Felber, H. Terminologie als angewandte Sprachwissenschaft (Gedenlschrift für Univ.-Prof. Dr. Eugen Wüster) / Felber, H.; Lang, F., Wersig, G. -K^G^Saur München, New York, London, Parsi, 1979. -16 p.
6. Fjalor i gjuhes se sotme shqipe A-M [Today's Albanian Language Dictionary], - RLINDJA, Prishtine, 1981. [In Albanian]
7. Fjalor i termave te bankes 32 (shqip-anglisht-frengjisht-italisht-rusisht) [Banking terminology/Scientific and technical terminology 32 [Albanian-English-French-Italian-Russian] ]- AKADEMIA OF SCIENCES OF THE REPUBLIC OF ALBANIA, Tirana, 2014. [In Albanian]
8. Gorani, H., Problemet kuptimore ne terminologjine ekonomike [Semantic problems in economic terminology] / Gorani, H. - [Situation and development of Albanian terminology, problems and tasks] Scientific Conference, AKADEMIA OF SCIENCES OF THE REPUBLIC OF ALBANIA & AKADEMIA OF SCIENCES AND ARTS OF KOSOVA, Tirane, 2009. [In Albanian]
9. Kokona, V. Fjalor shqip-frengjisht [Albanian-French dictionary] / Kokona, V. -RILINDJA, Prishtine, 1989. [In Albanian]
10. Kostallari, A. Gjuha letrare kombetare shqipe dhe epoka jone [Albanian national literary language and our era]/ Kostallari, A. - "Sf", nr. 4, Tirane, 1984. [In Albanian]
11. Leka, F. Aspekte te zhvillimit te terminologjise tekniko-shkencore pas Clirimit, - "Sf', 1970/1, IGJL, Tirane, 1970. [In Albanian]
12. Luboteni, G. Menaxhmenti bankar [Banking Management] / Luboteni, G., Prishtine, 2015. [In Albanian]
13. Mansaku, S. Studime per historine e gjuhes shqipe Vellimi I [Studies on the history of the Albanian language Volume I] / Mansaku, S. -ASA IGJL, Tirane, 2018. -317p; -315 p. [In Albanian]
14. Marza N. E., The specialised lexicographical aproach a step further in dictionary-making, -Peter Lang, 2009. -83 p.
15. Ndreca, M. Fjalor fjalesh e shprehjesh te huaja [Dictionary of foreign words and expressions] / Ndreca, M. -RILINDJA, Prishtine, 1986. [In Albanian]
16. Nuhiu, V. Ndikimet ndergjuhesore [Interlingual influences] / Nuhiu, V. -RILINDJA, Prishtine, 1990. [In Albanian]
17. Pasho, H. Terminologjia shqipe-probleme dhe detyra [Albanian terminology-problems and tasks] / Pasho, H.; Duro, A. - Scientific Conference, AKADEMIA OF SCIENCES OF THE REPUBLIC OF ALBANIA & AKADEMIA OF SCIENCES AND ARTS OF KOSOVA, Tirane, 2009. [In Albanian]
18. Pllana, G., Termat e huazuar nga italishtja dhe frengjishtja ne terminologjine e mekanikes ne gjuhen shqipe [Borrowed terms from Italian and French in the terminology of mechanics in the Albanian language] / Pllana, G. -Linguistic Research III International Scientific Conference (July 11, 2014), Tirana, 2015. [In Albanian]
19. Xhuvani, A. Pastertia e gjuhes, Vepra 1, Tirane, 1980, -110 p. [In Albanian]
20. Liceu Francez, historia e shkolles se famshme dhe fati i ish-nxenesve [French Lyceum, the history of the famous school and the fate of former students] [Electronic resource]. - URL: http://www.panorama.com.al/liceu-francez-historia-e-shkolles-se-famshme-dhe-fati-i-ish-nxenesve/ (accessed: 05.06.2020) [In Albanian]
