CC BY
43
UDC 618.19-002:616.98 https://doi.org/10.15407/biotech10.04.053
BIOMARKERS OF SUBCLINICAL MASTITIS IN THE MAMMARY GLAND OF COWS
V. R. Mazurenko1 2 ^'Institute of Biology and Medicine" NSC
O. V. Manchulyak3 of Taras Shevchenko Kyiv National University, Ukraine
2"Center for Veterinary Diagnostics"LLC, Kyiv 3"Krasnosilske" DE, "Nadiya" ALLC, "Milkiland Agro"LLC, Ukraine, Chernihiv region
E-mail: [email protected]
Received 23.04.2017
The aim of the study was to create an algorithm for controlling subclinical forms of mastitis of cows on the basis of determining the activity of lactate dehydrogenase and the number of somatic cells in milk. Milk samples were taken from conditionally positive cows according to the results of the California test; the activity of lactate dehydrogenase was determined and compared with the content of somatic cells in milk.
According to the results of the analyzes, 2 out of 20 milk samples had low values of lactate dehydrogenase activity, an increased number of somatic cells (more than 250 000 in 1 ml) and negative results of bacteriological examination, which may indicate on the absence of intra-infection and a physiological increase in the number of secreted somatic cells. With increased lactate dehydrogenase activity and a somatic cell level of no more than 250 000 in 1 ml, Streptococcus agalactiae or Staphylococcus aureus bacteria were isolated, indicating on a mono-infection. At the level of somatic cells from 250 000 to 500 000 in 1 ml (4 of 20 milk samples) bacteria Streptococcus agalactiae and Staphylococcus aureus were isolated, indicative on of mix infections.
Thus, the determination of lactate dehydrogenase activity makes it possible to more accurately determine the presence of inflammatory processes in the udder, since the number of somatic cells can also increase with physiological changes (e. g., stress, etc.). The results obtained can be used to determine the subclinical forms of mastitis in the infected herd. Recommendations developed on the basis of this study were implemented in practice in the economy of the Chernihiv region.
Key words: subclinical mastitis, lactate dehydroginase, the mammary gland of cows.
The lowered breast resistance and penetration of pathogenic microorganisms into the parenchyma of the organ is the trigger mechanism in the mastitis development. Mastitis is a multifactorial disease, which causes a number of interrelated issues relevant not only to the animal welfare, but also to the food safety. Economic damage caused by mastitis is the reduction in milk yields, deterioration in the quality of milk leading to its rejection, as well as the costs of animal treatment [1]. Milk contamination by pathogenic bacteria from infected cows can cause a wide range of human diseases (tuberculosis, streptococcosis, staphylococcosis, brucellosis, leptospirosis, bacterial food poisoning, etc.) [2, 3].
In most herds, subclinical mastitis is more common than clinical, so that it is difficult to diagnose due to the lack of visual signs [4]. The inflammation of the mammary
gland lobes is characterized by the increased content of somatic cells in its secretion, among which leukocytes (neutrophils, macrophages, lymphocytes) account for 75%, red blood cells and epithelial cells — for 25%. Inflammatory processes are also accompanied by the release of a number of enzymes, including lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) into the milk [5, 6].
Some authors admit that the content of somatic cells up to 150,000 in 1 ml is normal [7-8]. Somatic cells (SC) in milk are one of the infection status determinants, since blood monocytes enter the milk as macrophages. During the lactation and dead period in cows, the percentage of macrophages in milk is the highest up to 68%, and up to 21% in the postpartum period.
Similar to neutrophils, somatic cells perform nonspecific functions such asphagolysisof bacteria and their destruction
by proteases and reactive oxygen species (ROS) [5, 9]. Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) absorb and lyses bacteria; however in cows the phagocytic activity of polymorphonuclear lymphocytes (PMNLs) in milk can be inhibited by dairy fat globules and casein that leads to decay. Mastitis with a high content of somatic cells in milk is characterized by the increased proteolytic activity of enzymes [10, 11].
Bacterial toxins, enzymes, cell wall components directly affect the functions of epithelial cells, and stimulate the production of multiple inflammatory mediators. Epithelial cells of the mammary gland can produce various inflammatory mediators: cytokines, chemokines, protective peptides and arachidonic acid metabolites, which play a protective role in the infectious process prevention, enhancing the absorption and digestion of phagocytised microbes [12]. Normally, mammary epithelial cells regenerate, but during the infectious process, their number in milk will increase significantly due to the release of neutrophils into the mammary secretion [13].
The effective marker for the destruction of secretory tissues in the udder is the LDH concentration in milk, which determines the infectious process in the mammary gland. LDG is a glycolytic enzyme involved in the last stage of glycolysis process — the pyruvic acid conversionto lactic acid. The enzyme consists of four subunits of two different types H and M, respectively; therefore there are five LDH isoenzymes. The LDH concentration is interrelated with the level of somatic cells in milk, which depends on the effects of such conditions as stress, nutrition, lactation stage, etc. [14].
The enzyme presence in the milk of cows with mastitis is associated with an increased number of leukocytes and epithelial cells in the udder. Studies suggest that LDH activity often rises earlier than the content of somatic cells, which makes it an excellent biomarker for early detection of intra-venous infection [15]. Measurements of LDH activity using modern
automated milk systems (e.g.:Delavale, etc.) are included in the breast health monitoring program and used as an early indicator of mastitis [16,17].
The purpose of study was to create the subclinical mastitis monitoring algorithm to determine the activity of lactate dehydrogenase and the content of somatic cells in the milk of cows.
For this purpose, it was necessary to collect milk samples from conditionally- positive animals based on the California test results, and determine the ratios of lactate dehydrogenase activity and somatic cell content in milk.
Materials and Methods
The subjects of the study were milk samples taken from cows suspected of subclinical mastitis based on the California test. 22 cow milk samples collected at the Ukrainian farm in 2017 were examined.
Milk samples to be studied were taken to sterile bottles of 30 ml and stored at +8 °C for no longer than 8 hours. [17] Containers with samples selected for testing were marked with the date of sampling. Before the study, milk samples were heated up to +20 °C and mixed until a uniform consistency was obtained.
The lactate dehydrogenase activity in milk was determined using the UdderChecktm kit (PortaChektm, USA). The test strip was extracted with tweezers and lowered into a pre-selectedsample (from one quarter of the udder) for 10 s. Then the strip was removed, and the milk remainder was shaken off, after 2 min, it was compared with the colour scale on the manufacturer's jar.
The test strip pad contains an immobilized substrate — L-lactate. After a series of enzymatic reactions, this substrate isoxidized by milk LDH, while the Nitrotetrazolium Blueindicator is converted to violet formazan. The colour intensity of the final formazan is proportional to the lactate dehydrogenase activity in milk. The results were evaluated according to Table 1.
Table 1. Determination of LDH activity level on the basis of visual evaluation of test results UdderChecktm
Result UdderChecktm Probability of infection LDH activity level
- Low <100 U/L
+ Middle 100-200 U/L
++ High 200-500 U/L
+++ Very high > 500 U/L
The number of somatic cells was determined using the PortaSCC Quick Testtm kit (PortaChektm, USA). Milk drops were added to the test strip hole, without touching the strip with the pipette tip. After the milk was absorbed, 4 drops (150 pl) of the activating solution were added to the same hole. In 5-6 min, the number of somatic cells was evaluated by comparing the strip with the colour scale.
This method is based on the principle of enzymatic reaction of esterase. Enzymes located on the white blood cell wall have esterolytic activity. White blood cells in milk samples are retained in a special reagent layer on a test strip, which also contains a substrate represented by an immobilized dye. Enzyme esterase from white blood cells catalyses the reaction of substrate staining to blue, the intensity of which is proportional to SC in the sample (for more details visit www.portacheck.com).
The result is considered negative or zero if the substrate colour has not changed (< 100,000). If a light blue colour is observed, the result was considered as "one plus" (200,000 in 1 ml). If the test area is coloured sea-green, the result was considered as "two pluses" (200,000-500,000 in 1 ml). The blue colour of test strip was counted as "three pluses" (1,000,000 cells/ml, respectively). Any change in the colour of test strip, corresponding to a cell count above 250,000 per ml, is considered positive.
For a bacteriological study, the milk sample was aseptically distributed over the burner flame with a bacterial loop on the agar surface. Colombia's CNA agar + 5% sheep blood was used to extractthe pure culture (Biomerieux, France). Then it was incubated in a thermostat at +37 °C for 18-24 hours. After that, the grown colonies were subject to examination using Petri dishes and microscopic examination. After confirming the culture purity, the oxidase and catalase test was carried out, and the haemolysin response in the grown colonies was also evaluated. Colonies suspicious for Staphylococcus aureus were subject to a coagulase test with rabbit plasma. Grampositive coccoid bacteria with negative response to catalase activity were identified by biochemical tests Strepto-test 16 (Lachema, Czech Republic).
Results and Discussion
Cow milk samples were selected based on conditionally positive response in the California test. The results of analysis of 20 milk samples obtained from dairy farms for determination of LDH activity with simultaneous SC detection and the results of bacteriological examination of mammary secretion are presented in the Table 2.
The findings showed that 2 out of 20 milk samples had low values of LDH activity, an increased SC number (250,000 in 1 ml), and negative bacteriological test results, which may indicate the absence of intra-infection and a physiological increase in the SC number in the secretion. With increased LDH activity and a SC level not exceeding 250,000 per ml, Streptococcus agalactiae or Staphylococcus aureus bacteria were extracted, indicating a mono-infection. At a SC level of 250,000 to 500,000 in 1 ml (4 of 20 milk samples), Streptococcus agalactiae and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria were extracted, indicative of mix infections.
Based on the findings, it could be concluded that the enzyme activity is interrelated with the increase in the SM number in the mammary gland secretion. Thus, the tests for LDH activity enables to determine the presence of inflammatory processes in the udder more accurately, since SC can also increase due to physiological changes (stress, etc.). There are no data that the level of LDH activity raises earlier than the SC number.
Based on the conducted studies, the authors propose the following milk analysis algorithm for the detection of subclinical mastitis: the California test, the subsequent analysis of conditionally positive samples (+/-) for LDH activity and the SM number in milk, and, if necessary, bacteriological studies (Figure).
Thus, the control of main markers of the infectious process (the level of LDH activity and the presence of somatic cells in milk) allows for the more precise determination of subclinical mastitis in the infected herd. The analysis is necessary to identify risk groups and to improve the milk quality monitoring, as well as to monitor the effectiveness of preventive measures (vaccination, udder treatment with special preparations before and after milking, etc.)
Test systems for the LDH and SC determination were provided by PortaChektm, USA, free of charge.
Table 2. Results of detection of biomarkers of infection and carrying out microbiological investigation
in secretion of the mammary gland in lactating cows
№ milk samples LDH (U/L) SC (in 1 ml) Bacteriological culture
1 < 100 < 100 000 Negative
2 200-500 250 000 Streptococcus agalactiae
3 100-200 250 000 Negative
4 < 100 < 100 000 Negative
5 200-500 500 000 Streptococcus agalactiae; Staphylococcus aureus
6 200-500 250 000 Staphylococcus aureus
7 < 100 < 100 000 Negative
8 200-500 500 000 Streptococcus agalactiae; Staphylococcus aureus
9 < 100 < 100 000 Negative
10 < 100 < 100 000 Negative
11 < 100 250 000 Negative
12 100-200 250 000 Staphylococcus aureus
13 200-500 250 000 Streptococcus agalactiae
14 200-500 500 000 Streptococcus agalactiae; Staphylococcus aureus
15 500 500 000 Streptococcus agalactiae; Staphylococcus aureus
16 500 250 000 Streptococcus agalactiae; Staphylococcus aureus
17 < 100 250 000 Negative
18 200-500 250 000 Streptococcus agalactiae
19 < 100 < 100 000 Negative
20 200-500 250 000 Streptococcus agalactiae
21 < 100 < 100 000 Negative control
22 > 500 1 000 000 Positive control
Milk analysis algorithm to detect subclinical mastitis: SC — number of somatic cells in a sample of milk from one lobe of the breast; LDH — lactate dehydrogenase activity measured in secretions of milk taken from one lobe of the breast
REFERENCES
1. Sharif A., Muhammad G. Mastitis control in dairy animals. Pakistan Vet. J. 2009, 29 (3), 145-148.
2. Sviridenko G. M. The main criterion for the safety of milk-raw animal health. Sal'monellez. Molochnaya promyshlennost. 2009, V. 2, P. 44-46. (In Russian).
3. ChubenkoN. V.,MalyshevaL.A. Procuring the quality and safety of milk and dairy products. Veterinarnaya patologiya. 2012, 39 (1). (In Russian).
4. Balaji Sri N, Saravanan R, Senthilkumar A., Srinivasan G. Effect Of Subclinical Mastitis On Somatic Cell Count And Milk Profile Changes In Dairy Cows. Int. J. Sci, Environm. Technol. 2016, 5 (6), 4427-4431. doi: 10.3168/jds. S0022-0302(97)76118-6.
5. Sharma N., Singh N. K, Bhadwal M. S. Relationship of somatic cell count and mastitis: An overview. As.-Austral. J. Anim. Sci. 2011, 24 (3), 429-438. doi:10.5713/ ajas.2011.10233.
6. Singh M., Ludri R. S. Somatic cell counts in Murrah buffaloes during different stages of lactation, parity and season. As.-Austral. J. Anim. Sci. 2001, 41 (2), 189-192.
7. Schepers A., Lam T., Schukken Y, Wilmink J., Hanekam P. W. Estimation of variance
components for somatic cell counts to determine thresholds for uninfected quarters. J. Dairy Sci. 1997, V. 80, P. 1833-1840.
8. Duarte C. M., Freitas P. P., Bexiga R. Technological advances in bovine mastitis diagnosis: an overview. J. Veterin. Diagnost. Invest. 2015, 27 (6), 665-672. doi: 10.1177/1040638715603087.
9. Bortolami A., Fiore E., Gianesella M., Corrd M., Catania S., Morgante M. Evaluation of the udder health status in subclinical mastitis affected dairy cows through bacteriological culture, somatic cell count and thermographic imaging. Polish J. Veterin. Sci. 2015. 18 (4), 799-805. doi: 10.1515/pjvs-2015-0104.
10. Koop G., Werven van T., Roffel S., Hogeveen H. Short communication: Protease activity measurement in milk as a diagnostic test for clinical mastitis in dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 2015, 98 (7), 4613-4618. doi: 10.3168/ jds.2014-8746.
11. Silanikove N., Merin U., Leithner G. Physiological role of indigenous milk enzymes. Int. Dairy J. 2006, V. 516, P. 533-554. doi: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2005.08.015.
12. Boyso J. O., Alrcon J. J. V., Juarez M. C., Zarzosa A. O., Meza J. E. L., Patino A. B., Aguirre V. M. B. Innate immune response of bovine mammary gland to pathogenic bacteria responsible for mastitis. J. f Infect. 2007, V. 54, P. 399-409. doi:10.1016/j. jinf.2006.06.010.
13. Hiss S., Mueller U., Neu-Zahren A., Sauerwein H. Haptoglobin and lactate dehydrogenase measurements in milk for the identification of subclinically diseased udder quarters. Veterinarni Medicina-Praha. 2007, 52 (6), 245.
14. Larsen T. Determination of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity in milk by a fluorometric assay. J. Dairy Res. 2005, V. 72, P. 209-216. doi: 10.2210/pdb1i10/pdb.
15. Chagunda M. G. G., Larsen T., Bjerring M., Ingvartsen L. K. L-lactate dehydrogenase and N-acetyl-b-D-glucosaminidase activities in bovine milk as indicators of non-specific mastitis. J. Dairy Res. 2006, V. 73, P. 431440. doi:10.1017/S0022029906001956.
16. Mazeris F. DeLaval herd navigator: proactive herd management. Proceedings of First North American Conference on Precision Dairy Management. 2010, 26-27.
17. Hogan, J. S., Gonzalez R. N., Harmon R. J., Nickerson S. C., Oliver S. P., Pankey J. W., Smith K. L. Laboratory Handbook on Bovine Mastitis. Madison, WI: National Mastitis Council. 1999.
Б1ОМАРКЕРИ 1НФЕКЦ1ЙНОГО ПРОЦЕСУ В МОЛОЧН1Й ЗАЛОЗ1 КОР1В
В. Р. Мазуренко1' 2, О. В. Манчуляк3
1ННЦ «1нститут бiологiï та медицини» Киïвського нацiонального унiверситету
iM. Тараса Шевченка, Украша 2ТОВ «Центр ветеринaрноï дiaгностики»'
Киïв, Укра1на 3МТФ «Красносгльська» СТОВ «НадГя», ТОВ Мiлкiленд Агро, Укрaïнa, Чернiгiвськa обл.
Е-mail: [email protected]
Метою дослщження було створення алгоритму контролю субклшГчних форм маститу корiв на пiдстaвi визначення активносм лак-тaтдегiдрогенaзи i кiлькостi соматичних кль тин в молоцi. Зразки молока вщбирали вiд умовно-позитивних корiв за результатами ка-лiфорнiйського тесту, визначали актившсть лaктaтдегiдрогенaзи i порiвнювaли зi вмiстом соматичних клiтин у молоцг
За результатами aнaлiзiв 2 з 20 зразкГв молока мали низьк значення aктивностi лактат-дегiдрогенaзи, пiдвищену кiлькiсть соматичних клгтин (бiльше 250 000 в 1 мл) i негативш результати бактершлопчного дослiдженнЯ' що може свщчити про вiдсутнiсть внутрГш-ньовим'яноï шфекцп i фiзiологiчне збГльшен-ня кглькостГ соматичних клiтин у секретi. За пiдвищеноï aктивностi лaктaтдегiдрогенaзи i рiвня соматичних клiтин не вище 250 000 в 1 мл видГлялися бактерп Streptococcus agalactiae або Staphylococcus aureus, що свщ-чить про моношфекцп. За рiвня соматичних клггин вiд 250 000 до 500 000 в 1 мл (4 з 20 зраз-шв молока) видГлялися бaктерiï Streptococcus agalactiae i Staphylococcus aureus, як свiдчaть про мшс-шфекцп.
Таким чином, визначення активност лaктaтдегiдрогенaзи дозволяе бГльш точно визначити наявшсть запальних процесiв у вимеш, оскГльки кГлькГсть соматичних кль тин може шдвищуватись i в рaзi фГзГологГч-них змш (наприклад, стресу i т. д.). Отримаш результати можуть бути застосоваш для визначення субклшГчних форм маститу в шфь кованому стaдi. Рекомендaцiï, розроблеш на пiдстaвi цього дослiдження, були реaлiзовaнi на прaктицi у господaрствi Чернiгiвськоï об-лaстi.
Ключовi слова: субклшчний мастит, лактат-дегiдрогенaзa, молочна залоза корГв.
БИОМАРКЕРЫ ИНФЕКЦИОННОГО ПРОЦЕССА В МОЛОЧНОЙ ЖЕЛЕЗЕ КОРОВ
В. Р. Мазуренко1' 2, О. В. Манчуляк3
1ННЦ «Институт биологии и медицины»
Киевского национального университета им. Тараса Шевченко, Украина 2ООО «Центр ветеринарной диагностики», Киев, Украина 3МТФ «Красносельская» СООО «Надежда»,ООО «Милкиленд Агро», Украина,Черниговская обл.
Е-mail: [email protected]
Целью исследования было создание алгоритма контроля субклинических форм мастита коров на основании определения активности лактатдегидрогеназы и количества соматических клеток в молоке. Образцы молока отбирали от условно-позитивных коров по результатам калифорнийского теста, определяли активность лактатдегидрогеназы и сравнивали с содержанием соматических клеток в молоке.
По результатам анализов 2 из 20 образцов молока имели низкие значения активности лактатдегидрогеназы, повышенное число соматических клеток (более 250 000 в 1 мл) и негативные результаты бактериологического исследования, что может свидетельствовать об отсутствии внутривыменной инфекции и физиологическом увеличении количества соматических клеток в секрете. При повышенном содержании лактатдегидрогеназы и уровне соматических клеток не выше 250 000 в 1 мл выделялись бактерии Streptococcus agalactiae или Staphylococcus aureus, что свидетельствует о моноинфекции. При уровне соматических клеток от 250 000 до 500 000 в 1 мл (4 из 20 образцов молока) выделялись бактерии Streptococcus agalactiae и Staphylococcus aureus, свидетельствующие о микс-инфекциях.
Таким образом, определение активности лактатдегидрогеназы позволяет более точно определить наличие воспалительных процессов в вымени, поскольку количество соматических клеток может повышаться и при физиологических изменениях (например, стрессе и т. д.). Полученные результаты могут быть применены для определения субклинических форм мастита в инфицированном стаде. Рекомендации, разработанные на основании этого исследования, были реализованы на практике в хозяйстве Черниговской области.
Ключевые слова: субклинический мастит, лак-татдегидрогеназа, молочная железа коров.
