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1БИОЛОГИЧЕСКАЯ АКТИВНОСТЬ ЭФИРНЫХ МАСЕЛ СЕМЕЙСТВА LAMIACEAE
И ДРУГИХ РАСТЕНИЙ
Гулнора Мухаммадхан кизи Умарходжаева
EMU University, Ташкент АНРУз Институт химии растительных веществ Зафар Исомиддинович Саноев АНРУз Институт химии растительных веществ Ташкентский государственный стоматологический институт
В этой статье представлена информация об экстракции, составе, свойствах, биологической активности масел семейства Lamiaceae и других растительных масел на основе обзора отечественной и зарубежной литературы, их значении в медицине и народном хозяйстве, а также их применении в медицине при различных заболеваниях.
Ключевые слова: семейство Lamiaceae, масло, терпеноид, алкалоид, полифенол, биологическая активность
BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF ESSENTIAL OILS OF THE LAMIACEAE FAMILY AND
OTHER PLANTS
This article provides information on the extraction, composition, properties, and biological activity of Lamiaceae family oils and other vegetable oils based on a review of domestic and foreign literature, their importance in medicine and the national economy, as well as their use in medicine for various diseases.
Keywords: Lamiaceae family, oil, terpenoids, alkaloids, polyphenol, biological activity
LAMIACEAE OILASI VA BOSHQA O'SIMLIKLAR EFIR MOYLARINING BIOLOGIK
FAOLLIGI
Ushbu maqolada mahalliy va xorijiy adabiyotlar sharxi asosida Lamiaceae oilasi va boshqa o'simliklardan olinadigan moylarning ajratib olinishi, tarkibi, xossalari, biologik faolliklari, tibbiyot va xalq xo'jaligidagi ahamiyati hamda tibbiyotda turli kasalliklarda qo'llanilishi to'g'risida ma'lumotlar keltirilgan.
Kalit so'zlar: Lamiaceae oilasi, moy, terpenoid, alkaloid, polifenol, biologik faolligi
Dolzarbligi. Xushbo'y va dorivor o'simliklar biofaol molekulalarning qimmatli zahiralari turli xil tabiiy moddalarni ishlab chiqarishga qodir [1]. Aslida, aromatik va dorivor o'simliklarni ajratib turadigan ikkita alohida metabolizm mavjud. Oqsillar, uglevodlar va lipidlar birlamchi metabolizm natijasida, terpenoidlar, alkaloidlar va polifenollar ikkilamchi metabolizm natijasida hosil bo'ladi. Terpenoidlar, alkaloidlar va polifenollar farmatsevtika, kosmetika, qishloq xo'jaligi va oziq-ovqat sanoatida ayniqsa muhimdir [2]. Efir moylari yoki o'simlik moylari terpenoidlar tarkibiga kiradi va ularning kimyoviy tarkibi ancha murakkab. Bu turli molekulalarning, xususan, terpenlar (aromatik bo'lmagan uglevodorodlar) va kislorodli birikmalar (spirt, aldegid, keton va efir) aralashmasidir [3].
Material va metodlar. Lamiaceae oilasi o'simliklaridan ajratib olinadigan efir moylari biologik faolliklarini mahalliy va xorijiy adabiyotlar manbaalari asosida ma'lumotlar umumlashtirildi.
Olingan natijalar va ularning muhokamasi. Efir moyi deb o'simliklardan suv bug'i yordamida haydab olinadigan o'ziga xos hidi va mazasi bor uchuvchan organik moddalar aralashmasiga aytiladi. Efir moyining miqdori o'simliklarda 0,001-20 % bo'lishi mumkin. Bu moyning miqdori va tarkibiy qismi o'simlikning o'sish joyiga, taraqqiyot davriga, yoshiga va
naviga qarab o'zgarib turadi. Turli o'simliklarda efir moyining ko'p miqdorda to'planishi turli vaqtlarga to'g'ri keladi. Odatda, o'simliklar gullash, ba'zilari g'unchalash davrida yoki bundan ham ertaroq efir moylarini maksimal miqdorda to'playdi. Efir moyining o'simlik tarkibida ko'p yoki kam miqdorda to'planishi havo haroratiga va namligiga, tuproq namligiga hamda yerdagi mineral moddalarning ko'p yoki ozligiga bog'liq. Efir moylari o'simliklarda moy ishlab chiqaruvchi va saqlovchi maxsus organlarda to'planadi. Erkin holda uchraydigan efir moylaridan tashqari, glikozidlar tarkibiga kiradigan efir moylari ham mavjud. Ular glikozidlar parchalangandagina erkin holda ajralib chiqadi. Bunday glikozidlar to'qimalarning hujayra shirasida bo'ladi [4]. O'simliklarning efir moylari tibbiyot, parfyumeriya sanoati va farmatsevtika kabi sanoatning turli sohalarida keng qo'llaniladi va terapevtik xususiyatlari tufayli juda yuqori samaradorlikni namoyon qilish xususiyatiga ega. Efir moylari in vitro sharoitida istiqbolli bioaktivligini yuzaga keltirgan bo'lsa-da, ular o'simliklarning ba'zi komponentlari (terpenlar, kislotalar, uglevodorodlar, efirlar) va pH bilan o'zaro ta'sir qilishi mumkin edi, shuning uchun ko'plab mualliflar efir moylarining buzilish va patogen mikroorganizmlarga sezilarli ta'sirga erishish mumkinligini oz miqdorda yog'larni ishlatish orqali in vivo tajribalarda asoslangan. Efir moylarining bioaktivligini baholash uchun turli usullardan foydalanish mumkin. Ushbu tadqiqot efir moylarining foydalari va bu efir moylaridan biologik faolligiga qarab qanday foydalanish mumkinligini ko'rsatadi. Antioksidant, antibakterial va zamburug'larga qarshi biologik faollikka ega bo'lishi, turli o'simliklardan olingan moylardan namoyon bo'lgan [5-7]. Ular turli xil kosmetik qo'shimchalar, tabiiy oziq-ovqat maxsulotlri, farmatsevtik preparatlar va biotibbiy mahsulotlar tarkibida keng qo'llaniladi. Efir moylariga boy bo'lgan tabiiy Lamiaceae oilasi o'simliklari tibbiyot, farmakologiya, kosmetologiya va aromaterapiyada muhim xossalarga ega. An'anaviy tibbiyotda qo'llaniladigan ba'zi Lamiaceae turlari biofaolligi va fitokimyoviy tarkibi efir moylarini tavsiflashda qo'llanilgan [8-9]. Yalpiz -Mentha piperita (L.) - Lamiaceae oilasiga mansub ko'p yillik madaniy o't. Dorivor o'simlik xom-ashyosi - yalpiz barglari - Menthae piperithae Folia. Bargning cheti o'tkir tishli; ikkinchi tartibli venalar asosiy venadan o'tkir burchak ostida chiqib, barg chetiga parallel yoylar shaklida bir-biri bilan anastomozlanadi. Xom ashyoning rangi och yashildan to quyuq yashil ranggacha. Hidi kuchli, xushbo'y, barglari ishqalanganda kuchayadi. Ta'mi kuydiruvchi, achchiq, sovutadigan. Damlamalar tayyorlash uchun dorivor o'simlik xom ashyosi tarkibida kamida 1% efir moyi (mentol 40-70%), mentol, sirka va valeriana kislotalarning efirlari, menton keton, flavonoidlar, terpenlar, ursol va olean kislotalar mavjud. Farmakoterapevtik guruhi. Spazmolitik, sedativ, o't haydovchi, mahalliy qitiqlovchi xususiyati beruvchi. Yalpiz efir moyining asosiy faol moddasi mentoldir. Oshqozon va ichak shilliq qavatining retseptorlarini qitiqlovchi xususiyati beruvchi mentol peristaltikani va ovqat hazm qilish bezlarining sekretsiyasi kuchaytiradi. Yalpiz moyi bug'lari mikroblarga qarshi xususiyatlarga ega, ayniqsa Staphylococcus aureus va bir qator spora hosil qiluvchi bakteriyalarga qarshi. Yalpiz moyining azulenlari yallig'lanishga qarshi va kapillyarlarni mustahkamlovchi ta'sirga ega. Yalpiz barglaridan tayyorlangan preparatlar o't haydovchi xususiyatga ega, bu polifenol birikmalar bilan bog'liq. Yalpiz preparatlari sedativ va spazmolitik samaraga ega. Nafas olish paytida yalpiz preparatlarining o'tkir hidi bronxospazmni, nafas olish buzilishlarini to'xtaguncha qo'zg'atishi mumkin. Yalpiz preparatlarini ortiqcha iste'mol qilish bilan yurak mintaqasida og'riq paydo bo'lishi mumkin. Yalpiz va mentol preparatlari 1 yoshgacha bo'lgan bolalarda qarshi ko'rsatma, chunki nafas olishning reflektor to'xtatilishi mumkin (ayniqsa, mentol tomchilari) hamda allergik reaktsiyalar berishi mumkin. Uning efir moyi asab tizimining giperstimulyatsiyasini keltirib chiqarishi mumkin. Farmatsevtika sanoati yalpiz efir moyini o'z ichiga olgan quyidagi dorilarni ishlab chiqaradi: Korvalol, Valokordin, Milokordin. Yalpiz efir moyidan ajratilgan mentol ko'plab kombinatsiyalangan dorilarning bir qismidir: Pektusin, Menovazin, Boromentol va boshqalar [10]. Salvia japonica Thunbdan olingan efir moyi amaliyotda keng qo'llanilgan, uning biologik faolligi haqida ma'lumotlar yetarli emas. O'simlik efir moylari turli xil kimyoviy tarkibiy qismlardan foydalangan holda turli yo'llar bilan harakat qilish orqali
o'zlarining turli xil biologik faolligini amalga oshiradilar. Lamiaceae o'simliklaridan olingan efir moylarining tarkibi va bioafaolligi ko'plab tadqiqotlarda tahlil qilingan, ammo ularning yallig'lanishga qarshi, antioksidant, o'smaga qarshi va artritga qarshi faolligini ko'p jihatlardan experimental tajribalarda muntazam ravishda o'rganish zarurligini ko'rsatadi [11-17]. Alpinia galanga gulining efir moyining antioksidant, antibakterial, ferment ingibitori va saratonga qarshi faollik namoyon qilganligini bir guruh olimlar tajribalar asosida isbotlashgan [18]. Aromatik o'simlikning bir nechta efir moylari spazmolitik, parazitlarga qarshi, yallig'lanishga qarshi, mikroblarga qarshi, antigelmint va insektitsid xususiyatlari uchun ishlatiladi [19]. Aromatik xushbo'y o'tlar dorivor o'simliklar qatoriga kirib, biologik faol moddalar sifatida qishloq xo'jaligi va tibbiyotda ishlatilishi mumkin [20]. Uchuvchan molekulali efir moylari o'simliklardan olinadi va antibakterial ta'sirga ega va zamburug'ga qarshi faollikni [21-24] namoyon qiladi. Quyidagi kasalliklarga qarshi dori-darmonlar tarkibiga efir moylari turli xil faolliklari bo'yicha hujjatlashtirilgan, jumladan aterosklerotik blyashka hosil bo'lishining oldini oluvchi [25], apoptoz [26, 27], herpes simplex virusi (III tip) [2B], markaziy asab tizimiga ta'siri [29], menopozning buzilishi, xolesterinning pasayishi va yuqori zichlikdagi lipoprotein darajasini oshirish bilan birga triglitseridlar koronar yurak kasalligi bo'lgan bemorlarda [З0] qo'llanilib kelinmoqda. Efir moylari bir xil o'simlikning turli qismlaridan olinadigan bo'lsa, butunlay boshqacha hid va fazilatlarga ega bo'lishi mumkin. Masalan, Geranium ham gullardan, ham barglardan moy ishlab chiqaradi va bu ikki turdagi moylarning tarkibi, xushbo'yligi va boshqa fazilatlari juda farq qiladi [З0, З1]. Bundan tashqari, efir moylari bakteriyalar va zamburug'larning hayotiy faoliyatini bostirishga olib kelishi mumkin bo'lgan samarali birikmalarni ajratib olish qobiliyati tufayli ko'plab bakteriyalar turlariga qarshi samarali ekanligini ko'rsatdi [2З, ЗЗ-З8]. Masalan, ba'zi achchiq o'simliklardan ajratilgan chinnigullar, kekik va dolchin listeriolizin O ishlab chiqarishni kamaytirish orqali listeria monocytogenesga qarshi yaxshi ingibirlovchi ta'sir ko'rsatdi [ЗЗ]. Artemisia avlodi Asterasealar oilasi turlaridan biri bo'lib, ko'plab ikkilamchi metabolitlar va efir moylariga ega [З9]. Ko'pgina tadqiqotchilar artemisia avlodiga mansub o'simliklar terpenoidlar, sesquiterpenlar, flavonoidlar va kumarinlarga boy ekanligini ko'rsatdi [39]. Iordaniyada qo'y nomi bilan ham tanilgan eng mashhur dorivor o'simliklardan biri artemisia herba-alba ((AHA) mintaqaviy xalq tabiblari tomonidan bir qator kasalliklarni davolash uchun tavsiya etiladi [40]. Bu o'simlik antioksidant [41], antibakterial [42], o'smaga qarshi [43], yallig'lanishga qarshi [44], zamburug'ga qarshi [42] va diabetga qarshi [45] kabi bir qator terapevtik xususiyatlarga ega. Jazoir rozmarini efir moylari E. coli va Staphylococcus aureusga qarshi faolligi va Aspergillus, Alternaria, Candida, Fusarium, Penicillium va Saccharomyces avlodlariga mansub o'nta bakteria shtammlari uchun baholandi. Natijalar o 'rtacha mikroblarga qarshi faollikni ko'rsatdi [46]. Efir moylarning farmakologik xususiyatlari an'anaviy tibbiyotda qadim zamonlardan beri yaxshi ma'lum. Hozirgi vaqtda ushbu moylarning ba'zi kimyoviy tiplari JSST ro'yxatiga kiritilgan eng xavfli 10 ta kasallikka qarshi kurashda samarali ekanligini ko'rsatdi. Ammo bu efir moylarini noto'g'ri ishlatish qisman efir moylarining sifatini aniqlashga imkon beradigan ishonchli va sodda tahlil strategiyasining yo'qligi bilan bog'liq [47].
Adabiyotlar sharxi shuni ko'rsatdiki, efir moylari tabiat tomonidan yuborilgan tabiiy moylar, tabiat ruhi va o'rmon ruhi. Ularning xushbo'yligi moyning tarkibiga bog'liq, bu esa o'z navbatida o'simliklarning fermentativ tarkibiga bog'liq. Ushbu fermentativ kompleksga tirik organizmga qarab biotik yoki molekulalar, iqlim va geografiyaga qarab abiotik bo'lishi mumkin bo'lgan tashqi omillar ta'sir qilishi mumkin. Ushbu o'rmon ruhining farmakologik salohiyati shubhasizdir. Ammo bu haqiqatning ilmiy isboti noto'g'ri talqin qilinishi mumkin. Ehtimol, shuning uchun efir moyini har qanday kasallik uchun rasmiy dori sifatida tavsiya etish qiyin. Darhaqiqat, o'simlikning kimyoviy tarkibiga emas, balki efir moyini olish jarayoniga ta'sir qilishi mumkin bo'lgan ko'plab farqlar mavjud, ular o'simliklarni yig'ish vaqtidan boshlab analitik usul va ma'lumotlarni talqin qilishgacha. Bundan tashqari, ushbu tabiiy hidlarni o'z ichiga olgan aromatik o'simliklar asosan
dunyoning tropik qismida joylashgan va bu tropik mamlakatlarning aksariyati rivojlanayotgan mamlakatlardir va shuning uchun ular ushbu efir moylarining barcha samaradorligini sinab ko'rish va isbotlash uchun ishonchli texnologik uskunalarga ega emaslar, "tabiat ruhi". Ushbu kichik, ammo muhim muammolarni hal qilish uchun olimlar nafaqat bir nechta mahalliy farmakopeyalarda, balki butun dunyo bo'ylab barcha efir moylarini standartlashtirish uchun ishonchli analitik vositani va o'rim-yig'imdan keyingi ishlov berish va ekstraktsiya protokollarini ishlab chiqishlari kerak. Barcha qoidalarga amal qilgan holda o'simliklar asosida olinadigan efir moylari yuqori biologik faollikni namoyon qilishini va amaliy tibbiyotda keng qo'llanilish imkonini beradi.
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