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УДК: 81'42
О.А. Артемова
БЕЛОРУССКИЕ И АНГЛИЙСКИЕ ДЕЙКТИЧЕСКИЕ МАРКЕРЫ И ИХ РОЛЬ В РЕАЛИЗАЦИИ КОММУНИКАТИВНЫХ ТАКТИК И СТРАТЕГИЙ1
Минский государственный лингвистический университет
Минск, Республика Беларусь, artimosha2008@rambler.ru
Аннотация. В статье рассматриваются белорусские и английские дейкти-ческие маркеры, которые наряду с осуществлением указания на место, время и участников речевой интеракции, реализуют их стратегии и тактики.
Ключевые слова: дейксис; макроинтенция; коммуникативная тактика и стратегия; речевой акт; максимы.
Поступила: 14.02.2018 Принята к печати: 17.04.2018
O.A. Artsiomava Belarusian and English deictic markers and their role
in the implementation of communicative tactics and strategies
Minsk state linguistic university Minsk, the Republic of Belarus, artimosha2008@rambler.ru
Abstract. The article deals with Belarusian and English deictic markers which not only indicate place, time and interlocutors of communication but also participate in the implementation of their strategies and tactics in speech interaction.
Keywords: deixis; macrointention; communicative tactics and strategies; speech act; maxims.
Received: 14.02.2018 Accepted: 17.04.2018
1 © О.А. Артемова, 2018
The current stage of linguistic research focuses on the study of speech interaction. The communicative approach to language in the works on analytical philosophy (L. Wittgenstein [Витгенштейн, 1985], B. Russell [Сёрль, 2004]), developed the speech theory of J. Austin [Brown, Levinson, 1978] and J. Searle [Худнщкая, 2017], the logic of verbal communication of G.P. Grice [Грайс, 1985] and rhetorical pragmatics of G. Leech [Lewis, 1969] and built the conceptual basis of modern pragmalinguistics as a theory of speech influence for achieving communicators' goals, which according to D.K. Lewis can be divided into ideological (the exchange of ideas and propositions), textual (the creation of coherent texts from these thoughts and propositions) and interpersonal (the representation of the speaker's values and purposes) motives [State of the... - эл. ресурс].
Being a universal lingua-pragmatic category, deixis not only forms the propositional frame of an utterance with the indication to the place, time and communicators, but also marks their goals in communication as a strategic process aimed at achieving participants' aims (macrointentions). The strategy is implemented through one or a number of tactics, which possess a dynamic character and make the strategy flexible. Speech tactics are predetermined by local aims (microintentions), and represent one of the tasks carried out consistently within a certain strategic line. The strategic plan defines the sequence of tactics implemented through conversational moves.
It should be noted that communicative linguistics does not possess a complete classification of speech strategies due to the variety of communicative situations and the problem of optimal criteria for their stratification. In our research we use the traditional division of the strategies into cooperative and confrontational. The cooperative speech behavior is characterized by the tactics of integration and solidarity aimed at raising the status of the communicative partner and creating positive atmosphere in verbal interaction. The confrontational verbal behavior is represented by the tactics aimed at increasing the addresser's dominance and lowering the addressee's communicative status with establishing the destructive tone of communication. The strategy of negative politeness is a set of conventional tactics that minimize the direct impact on the addressee and promote social distancing between interlocutors.
In our research, we analyzed the Belarusian and English dialogi-cal contexts with deictic markers selected by continuous sampling from
Belarusian and English subcorpora of the National Russian Corpus (NRC) [НКРЯ - эл. ресурс] and the Internet resources [Вшшаванш бюкупа ... - эл. ресурс; Калi жонка кажа - эл. ресурс; Наваградак... - эл. ресурс; Leech, 1983; Zupnik, 1994] in line with:
1) participants' macrointentions;
2) G. Leech's communication maxims of tact, generosity, approbation, modesty, agreement, and sympathy [Lewis, 1969];
3) the theory of speech acts (SA) with G. Pocheptsov's classification including Constative (approval), Promissive (offer-promise), Menasive (threat), Performative (congratulation, gratitude, apology, guarantee, appointment), Directives of two types - Injunctive (proposal-order) and Requistive (suggestion-request), Questisive (interrogative sentence) [Почепцов, 1986] and Vocative (address).
According to the confrontational strategy, communicants demonstrate their intention to achieve their own goals through ignoring the addressee's communicative aims and provoking his negative response.
1. The tactic of the addressee's elimination from communication for public disapproval and defamation.
Macrointention: the addresser intentionally eliminates the addressee from communication for disapproval and defamation.
Maxim: violation of tact and sympathy maxims.
Typical SA: Directives.
Means of expression:
1) the indication to the addressee by the 3 d person personal pronouns or nouns for the introduction of a fictitious recipient or observer: -
Даражэнькая, я вырашыу болей ткол1 з табой не сварыцца! - Не, вы толью паглядзще на яго!.. Ён вырашыу... А у мяне ты спытау!? [K^ni жонка кажа - эл. ресурс]. - «Mr. Wonka doesn't seem to think so!» cried Mrs. Gloop. «Just look at him! He's laughing his head off!» (Dahl R. Charlie and the Chocolate Factory) [НКРЯ -эл. ресурс].
2. The tactic of the addressor's personal superiority.
Macrointention: the addresser shows his communicative advantage to the addressee.
Maxim: violation of sympathy, modesty and generosity maxims.
Typical RS: Constative.
Means of expression:
1) the demonstrative pronoun here and 3rd person plural form of the verb: Ходзяць тут усякгя з фотаапаратам1... [Наваградак... -эл. ресурс];
2) the 1st person Dative мне in the word combinations ох гэтыя мне in Belarusian and the demonstratives this / these in English: А да тутэйшых пайдз1 - адразу пачастунак i абавязкова гарэлка. Ох, гэты мне звычай! Няшчасце гэта наша! (Шамякш I. Крынщы) [НКРЯ - эл. ресурс]; «These hack artists», Eugene would sigh disconsolately. «There's not much to be made out of them. A pile of straw and a couple of boiled potatoes a day is all they need». Aw, cut it out, «Ma-cHugh would grunt» (Dreiser T. The «Genius») [там же].
3. The tactics for lowering the addressee's communicative
status.
Macrointention: the addresser deliberately lowers the status of the addressee or the subject of speech.
Maxim: violation of tact, harmony and sympathy maxims.
Typical SA: Constative.
Means of expression:
1) the demonstratives гэты, гэта, той, тая, тыя in the function of particles to reduce significantly the referent's status or to show the pejorative alienation: - Андрэйчык Лузан ды гэты, ну гэты самы, чарнявы таю, што кульгае крыху (М. Лынькоу. Апошш зверыядавец) [там же];
2) the possessive pronouns твой, ваш in the word combination ваш брат and your in your lot: - Дрыжаць. - В1брацыя ад матора. -Пасля перапою заусёды такая в1брацыя? Слаба вашага брата ганяе ДА1. Я таю закон увёу бы! Я чытау: у адной кра1не сеу п 'яны за руль - смяротная кара. - Дурны гэта закон (Шамякш I. Вазьму твой боль) [там же]; She's run off with one of your lot [David Cameron speech. - эл. ресурс].
4. The Invective tactic.
Macrointention: the addresser wants to hurt the addressee with the shift to a higher degree of politeness.
Maxim: violation of approbation, generosity and tact maxim.
Typical SA: Invective.
Means of expression:
1) shifting from ты to Вы in Belarusian:
a) to exclude the addressee from the addresser's personal sphere: -Слухай, ты... вы там нармальны Ц не? (Быкау В. Яго батальен)
[НКРЯ - эл. ресурс]; - Не будзь бюракратам! - амаль пагрозлгва папярэдзгу Шыков1ч. Гукана ашаламШ не стольк словы, кольм тон, тое, што «тсака гэты» вось так да яго - на «ты» (Шамякш I. Сэрца на далош) [там же];
b) to render the addresser's emotional shock: Ну, што-ж? Жа-даю вам быць шчасл1вай у замужстве... За каго-ж выходзш, Л1да? Лабанов1ч зварачауся да яе то на «вы», то на «ты» (Ко-лас Я. На ростанях) [Рассел, 1997];
2) the position of you before an invective adjective in English («You bastard», she said, crying. «What am I doing with you? I don't know», he said. «I don't know any more. But the situation can be remedied, Vicky». He pulled away from the curb (King S. Children of the corn) [там же]) and after ты in Belarusian (- Што, я втават? - А хто ж - твая работа! Гад ты! Судзщь цябе! - Судзщь? - вызвер-ваецца ен) (Быкау В. Трэцяя ракета) [там же].
5. The tactic of pejorative alienation.
Macrointention: the addressor retreats from the addressee.
Maxim: violation of tact and generosity maxims.
Typical SA: Constative.
Means of expression:
1) 1st and 3d person possessive pronouns: - Я вам кажу. I вы лепей не на наш разумны гуматзм навальвайцеся, а на тых, хто труцщь азеры, рэю, лясы, хто не сення-заутра атруцщь аюяны. Мы - усе для унукау, хаця рук у нас часам бываюць у крыт. У тых - усе для кшэм i пуза, а рук чысценьюя (Караткевiч У. Чазешя) [там же]; They [terrorists] seek to impose a heartless system of totalitarian control throughout the Middle East and arm themselves with weapons of mass murder. Their aim is to seize power in Iraq [...]. They have miscalculated: We love our freedom, and we will fight to keep it [Zupnik, 1994].
6. The tactic of criticism.
Macrointention: the addresser expresses his critical attitude to the addressee's personal qualities or actions.
Maxim: violation of harmony and generosity maxims.
Typical RA: Constative.
Means of expression:
1) demonstrative pronouns that, those: - Miranda Priestly! Take that rag off this second. That dress makes you look like a slut! (Weis-berger L. The devil wears Prada) [НКРЯ - эл. ресурс];
2) preposition of you in evaluative statements: «You fool», snarled Shagrat (Tolkien J.R.R. The lord of the rings: The two towers) [НКРЯ - эл. ресурс].
7. The tactics of threat.
Macrointention: the addresser intends to cause harm to the addressee.
Maxim: violation of tact, approval and generosity maxims.
Typical SA: Menasive.
1) verb forms and lexical indicators of the future tense: - Гэля, вазьм1 Лётка, сказала! Лётк, наб'ю! (Быкау В. Сотшкау) [Рассел, 1997]; But I will kill you dead before this day ends (Hemingway E. The old man and the sea) [там же];
2) possessive constructions with Dativus Ethicus to focus attention on the negative consequences for the addressee: Аддзелены шы-рокаю лужынай, Зайкоусю пакуль заставауся недасяжны. - Ну, падла, ты у мяне дачакаесься! Я на цябе абоймы не пашкадую (Быкау В. Жоуты пясочак) [там же];
3) the Dative табе in the function of a particle: Па беразе кульгау прыгорблены Макам Герас1мав1ч Блонак, папросту Блонь-ка, старшы лагерны важаты i баятст, як злосна зыркау на кож-нага, хто наблiжауся да сетю, i адразу мдауся у пагрозлiвы крык: Я табе падплыву! Я табе паднырну! (Някляеу У. Лабух) [там же].
8. The tactics of contrast.
Macrointention: the addresser confronts himself to the addressee.
Maxim: violation of approbation maxim.
Typical SA: Constative.
Means of expression:
1) the Genitive мяне /нас and цябе / вас limit communicators' personal areas and express disagreement based on the semantic opposition my, our - good /your - bad: - Дурняу слухаць - розуму не займець. - Так звычай, - настойвау поп. - Трэба шанаваць. - Тое у вас. У нас дурных не шануюць (Тарасау У. Пагоня на Грунвальд) [там же].
9. The tactics of coercion.
Macrointention: the addressor coerces the addressee to perform acts.
Maxim: violation of generosity and tact maxims.
Typical SA: Directives.
Means of expression:
1) the verbs of movement ¡сц1, валщь, тэпаць and go, get, run with the particles вон, pronoun прэч, the interjection марш and the adverb адсюль for showing the negative attitude of the addressor to the addressee and the desire to get rid of him as the addressee invades the addressor's private space and is perceived as a threat: - Пайшоу адсюль вон! (Няк-ляеу У. Лабух) [НКРЯ - эл. ресурс]; «Get out of here! I want to sleep!» (Vonnegut K. Slaughterhouse-five or the children's crusade) [там же];
2) the replacement of the Dative цябе by the 3rd person verb form with the purpose to decrease the degree of conflict: Спыт каня! Чуеш? Каму кажуць! (Гншамёдау У. Вяртанне) [там же];
3) the double imperative with the 2nd person you to give the statement a negative emotional coloring: «Don't drink that», she said. «Darling, please don't drink that. We have to do everything we can». «You do it», he said. «I'm tired». (Hemingway E. The snows of Kilimanjaro) [там же];
4) modifiers of immediacy (suddenly, immediately) or markers of the current time (now, right now, at present, right this minute): «You tell me right this minute who else you've told ab», <Alex Fineman, you better fucking tell me right now what happened with my best friend» (Weisberger L. The devil wears Prada) [там же];
5) the perfect imperative to increase the level of conflict in Belarusian: Сядзь! - колка блтнуу поз1ркам скрозь акуляры усяго хвтну таму мякк i клапатл1вы Мталай 1ванав1ч (Някляеу У. Лабух) [там же].
10. The tactic of rejection.
Macrointention: the addressor responds negatively to the request of the addressee.
Maxim: violation of tact maxim.
Typical SA: Constative.
Means of expression:
1) phraseological construction with the 3d person pronoun in такен, яна, янъп: - Так я на мне прауду i скажа (Рабiновiч У. Жыдзянё) [Рабiновiч - эл. ресурс].
11. The tactics of opposition to the opinion of the addressee.
Macrointention: the addressor does not agree with the addressee's position.
Maxim: violation of tact and approval maxims.
Typical SA: Constative.
Means of expression:
1) possessive construction у цябе / вас and pronouns with the semantics of universality увесь, кожны, заусёды: - У цябе усе то лярвы, то хлюндры (Шэляговiч В. У адным кроку ад цуда) [Austin, 1962].
12. The tactic of manipulation.
Macrointention: the addressor controls the consciousness of the addressee.
Maxim: violation of tact maxim.
Typical SA: Constative.
Means of expression:
1) the 1st person plural мы, we with its blurry semantics, the ability to group identification [Zupnik, 1994, p. 340] and the lack of clear deictic reference [там же] provide the basis for the determination of verbal techniques used to manipulate the addressee's consciousness: -Кожны народ мае свой гонар. Англ1чант перад yciM светам горда вызначае: я - англiчанiн! Тое самае скажа француз, немец, аустрыец, расеец i тшыя прадстаунк дрyгiх нацый. А мы, беларусы, не адважваемся прызнацца тым, што мы - беларусы (Колас Я. У палескай глушы) [НКРЯ - эл. ресурс]; I love our get-up-and-go; that whenever we're down, we're never out (David Cameron speech at Tory conference) [Fairclough - эл. ресурс].
Negative politeness is a set of conventional tactics aimed at the demonstration of the addressor's independence to the addressee, personal autonomy and minimization of the direct impact. The main objective of these strategies is social distancing [David Cameron speech... -эл. ресурс, p. 129].
1. The tactic of distancing and depersonalization.
Macrointention: the addressor minimizes the degree of interference in his affairs.
Typical SA: Constative, Indirect speech act.
Means of expression:
1) the tense shift:
- the future tense (Future Simple) instead of the present tense (Present Simple): I'll have to ask you to stop [ReversoContext -эл. ресурс];
- the past tense (Past Simple) instead of the present tense (Present Simple): We dine nearly always alone here together on Sunday
evening, so I thought it would be nice if you came just to be alone with us (Dreiser Th. An American tragedy) [НКРЯ - эл. ресурс];
- the Continuous aspect instead of the Common Aspect: «We're all looking forward to meeting your new boyfriend», she said, looking around. «Where is he?» (Fielding H. Bridget Jones's Diary). I was wondering if I could talk to you Andy our wife for a few minutes (Connelly M. City of bones) [там же].
Cooperation strategy is aimed at creating in the addressee's mind the sense of integrity, intimacy and unanimity with the addressor.
1. The tactic of integration.
Macrointention: the addressor identifies himself with the addressee.
Maxim: maxim of tact, modesty and sympathy.
Typical SA: Questisive, Vocative.
Means of expression:
1) pluralis sociativus мы, we instead of the 2nd person you, ты: -Як мы адчуваем сябе? - Добра, - нясмела адказала яна i усе яшчэ закрывала грудзi i хавала пад табурэт свае босыя ногi (Шамякш I. Сэрца на далош) [там же]; «And how are we feeling today?» Doctor Radcliffe asked Jason (Ball D.L. Twisted road home) [там же];
2) possessive pronouns мой, my and наш, our to establish contact: Мае шаноуныя сябры, Сказаць я мушу пры спаткант, Што мне выключна камары Душу парадаваць у стане (Гурыновiч Х. Смаката) [там же]; My dear viewers, I think I may just have had a near-death experience [ReversoContext- эл. ресурс];
3) the omission of the 2nd person pronoun ты, вы in introductive constructions with mental verbs ведаць, разумець for concentrating the addressee's attention on the subject of speech: - А ты? - Ведаеш, тут, можа, лёс таю. Можа, якая выпадковасць (Быкау В. Пакахай мяне, салдащк) [НКРЯ - эл. ресурс].
2. The tactic of sympathy.
Macrointention: The addresser shows his ability to understand and share the addressee's negative emotions.
Maxim: maxims of tact and generosity.
Typical SA: Directives.
Means of expression:
1) there to comfort the addressee: «There, there, close friend», Kevin said, and patted one of her hands (Snicket L. The carnivorous carnival) [там же].
3. The tactic of the addressor's self-neglecting.
Macrointention: the addressor deliberately lowers his communicative status in favor of the addressee.
Maxim: maxims of tact and modesty.
Typical SA: Constative.
Means of expression:
1) the 1st person мы, we, our, наш, ours: У дадзеным даследавант мы ставiм наступную мэту: асэнсаваць i усвядомщь, ятя канатацъи набыла <тртуальная культурная пра-стора» у сучасным разуменн (А.В. Худнщкая) [Шэляговiч, 2013]; That is, we still need a way of analyzing representation processually (Fairclough N. Critical discourse analysis: The critical study of language) [Leech, 1983].
3. The tactic of praise.
Macrointention: the addressor shows a positive opinion about the addressee.
Maxim: maxims of tact and approbation.
Typical SA: Vocative.
Means of expression:
1) the 1st person possessive pronouns мой, my in combination with evaluative adjective or proper name: - А гэта што? - спытау я, торкаючы вiдэльцам у нешта цемнае на талерцы. - Каханенью. ты мой, гэта ластыя губы у падсалоджаным воцаце (Караткевiч У. Дзшае паляванне караля Стаха) [НКРЯ - эл. ресурс]; You must promise me, one and all, even you, my beloved husband, that should the time come, you will kill me (Stoker B. Dracula) [там же];
2) pronominal inversion in vocatives: - Пазваленне есць гэтак позна прыходзщь? - Ёсць, есць, мая ты сакатушка, шчабятушка! Кажы тольт хутчэй, галубка мая бяскрылая: тата твой дома ц не? (Купала Я. Паулшка) [там же].
4. The tactic of wish.
Macrointention: the addressor shows hopes for the addressee's welfare.
Maxim: maxims of generosity and tact.
Typical SA: Performative.
Means of behavior:
1) 1st person possessive pronouns: Дарагiя браты i сёстры, мае самыя шчырыя пажадант: жадаю Вам моцнай веры, нязлом-най надзеi i братняй любовi [Вшшаванш бюкупа ... - эл. ресурс];
Please accept our heartiest congratulations on the marriage of your son [ReversoContext - эл. ресурс].
5. The tactic of request.
Macrointention: the addressor politely encourages the addressee to do a favour for the addressor.
Maxim: maxim of tact.
Typical SA: Requestive.
Means of expression.
1) the combination of the 2nd person pronoun with the imperative for making requests intimate: - Ты пачакай, калi задумаеш рас-казаць пра усё гэта (Караткевiч У. Чорны замак Альшансю) [НКРЯ - эл. ресурс]. In English, requests are expressed in the form of a question with the elimination of the addressee (negative politeness strategy): Can I ask for help?
6. The tactic of persuasion:
Macrointention: the addressor assures the addressee with his point of view.
Maxim: maxim of tact.
Typical SA: Constative.
Means of expression:
1) the combination of the 2nd person singular ты with the particles to demonstrate the predominance of the emotional aspect over the rational one with a weak position of the addresser: - Ты ж мяне каха-еш. Я ведаю (Ткачоу В. Так i жывем, брат) [там же].
7. The tactic of apology.
Macrointention: the addressor admits his mistake and wants to restore harmonious relationships.
Maxim: maxims of tact and generosity.
Typical SA: Performative.
Means of expression:
1) 1st person pronouns and performative verbs in the present tense: - Так, 1ван Карнеевiч, - нечакана гучна сказау Забаусю. -1я прашу прабачэння. Не падумау (I. Шамякш. Вазьму твой боль); - I apologize for his presence (Miller W.M. Jr. A canticle for Leibowitz) [там же].
Thus, the Belarusian and English deictic elements in addition to the indications to the participants, place and time of communication are involved in the implementation of the strategies of confrontation, negative politeness and cooperation.
Список литературы
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