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12Бюллетень науки и практики /Bulletin of Science and Practice Т. 8. №9. 2022
https://www.bulletennauki.ru https://doi.org/10.33619/2414-2948/82
UDC 94 https://doi.org/10.33619/2414-2948/82/71
BAYSUN IN THE POLITICAL LIFE OF THE MANGIT DYNASTY
©Kabulov E., Dr. habil., Termiz State Pedagogical Institute, Termez, Uzbekistan, [email protected]
БАЙСУН В ПОЛИТИЧЕСКОЙ ЖИЗНИ ДИНАСТИИ МАНГИТОВ
©Кабулов Э. А., д-р истор. наук, Термезский государственный университет, г. Термез, Узбекистан, [email protected]
Abstract. This article analyzes the naming of Baysun property in historical sources, the description of the ruler's fortress in Baysun, and the existing properties in Baysun.
Аннотация. Анализируется именование байсунских владений в исторических источниках, описание крепости правителя в Байсуне, существующих владений в Байсуне.
Keywords: "Kitab al-masolik val-mamolik", "Hudud ul-Alam", "Basand", Baysun-tau and Kohitang, Baysun, Jomchi, Rabat, Darband, Sayrob, Khatak, Zarabag, Pashkhurd, Muzrabod, Kokaidi, N.Maev.
Ключевые слова: «Китаб ал-масолик валь-мамолик», «Худуд уль-Алам», «Басанд», Байсун-тау и Кохитанг, Байсун, Джомчи, Рабат, Дарбанд, Сайроб, Хатак, Зарабаг, Пашхурд, Музрабод, Кокайди, Н.Маев.
During the rule of the Mangits, Baysun was one of the most important strongholds of the Surkhan oasis from a strategic point of view. Baysun city was an economic and cultural center. It is located at the foot of Baysun-tau and is surrounded by high mountains on both sides. If we look at the history of the city, it is recognized that between the 1st century BC and the 1st century AD, there was a strong fortress-city named Poikalon (Poyi kalon) in the place of the current Baysun. In the 6th century — the beginning of the 13th century AD, Basand, one of the cities of Chaganiyan, existed in the place of Baysun. Abu-Ishaq Istakhri's work "Kitab al-masolik val-mamolik" also describes this place as Basand. In "Hudud ul-Alam" it is said that "Basand is a strong place inhabited by a large and warlike population". Basand is located on the trade route from the center of Chaganiyan to Samarkand through the Iron Gate, and according to archaeological sources, life in the city continued from the early Middle Ages until the Mongol invasion. The city, which was destroyed by Genghis Khan's invasion, was later rebuilt and appeared for the first time in the form of Baysun from the 17th century [1, p. 90].
The term "Baysun" contains the compounds "bay" and "sin", sources say that it means "great mountain" or "big mountain" [2, p. 288]. Ancient Turkic peoples also had a habit of worshiping mountains, and mountains were considered sacred. Baysun also means "Bay-shin", i.e. the abode of the rich, as it is a place where rich herders settled. In 1758, Muhammad Rakhim Khan subjugated Baysun and its surrounding mountain villages and added the region to Sherabad Bek. The settlement located on the trade route was not only an important military-strategic center, iron was mined from the Baysun-tau and Kohitang mountains, and marble was produced from Darband.
In the 19th century, Baysun became the center of the richest herdsman-nomadic uzbek country [3, p. 168]. In the summer, they went to the mountains with their flocks and herds, and in
Бюллетень науки и практики /Bulletin of Science and Practice Т. 8. №9. 2022
https://www.bulletennauki.ru https://doi.org/10.33619/2414-2948/82
the fall, they gathered fodder and feed and returned home. That is why they were engaged in crafts and trade in winter. In the second half of the 19th century, the Baysun principality consisted of the following estates: Baysun, Jomchi, Rabat, Darband, Sayrob, Khatak, Zarabag, Pashkhurd, Muzrabod, Kokaidi [4, p. 102].
At the end of the 19th century, who was the emir of Bukhara, Muzaffarkhan, who was the emir of Bukhara marched against Abdulkarimboy, who was the owner of Denau, the noble officials from Baysun surrendered the fortress of Boysun without any resistance. The city citadel was a strong defensive structure and did not have a congregational mosque. Baysun fortress later became a resting place for the bek ( owner of the area) and other officials. The fortress, which fully embodies the architecture of the 19th century, was built in the 70s of the 19th century at a height of 150 meters from Khongaransoy. The total area of the fortress was 3 hectares, the length is 800 meters, the width is 400 meters. It has 10-meter-high watchtowers on its four sides, and was surrounded by a 3-meter-wide, 6-meter-high straw wall [5, p. 57]. Baysun castle was a strong defensive structure, in addition to its high walls, the moat in front helps to protect the front walls. There is a town center around Kurgan, the city is located on both banks of the river called Khojamurodbakhsh [6, p. 169]. Inside the fortress, residential buildings for the bek's court and family were built of baked bricks, and the palace was decorated with ganch and marble. In the construction, all the elements of the 19th century architecture combined with the local architecture give the fortress its originality, new simple, compact towers, semi-circular corners, different colors of wooden columns, etc [7, p. 54].
Baysun was considered one of the coolest and cleanest cities in Central Asia. Including those in Rabat, there were more than 5,000 inhabitants. Surkhan was one of the largest trade and craft centers of the oasis, with 25 water mills. Baysun estate consisted of 4 estates: Baysun estate had 2000 yards, Pashkhurd estate had 700 farms, Darband estate had 2500 farms, Jomchi estate had more than 400 farms [8, p. 402].
Russian tourist in N.Maev's work: "There are 500 households in Darband and they live in two gorges. In addition to the village of Darband, the nomadic herdsmen of Sheroboddaryo were also subject to the Darband estate. This is Dakhparakent, a village of nomadic peoples" [9, p. 151]. The beys of Dakhparakent alternated between the beys of Guzor, Baysun, and Sherabad, depending on their position in front of the emir.
Landlords in charge of Baysun estate and villages subordinate to them [10, p. 376].
1. Baysun property 2. Pashkhurd property 3. Darband property 4. Jomchi property
1 Shayit Sayrob Chambul Bibishirin
2 Gaza Panjob Khapchiray Kuchkak
3 Poygaboshi Xatak Okmachit Bogi-bolo
4 Shursay Laylagon Ispandiyor Chinor
5 Rabot Zarabag Kurgan
6 Inkobod Karabag Kizilkishlak
7 Karabuyin Vandob Bazarsay
8 Kafrun Sherjon Kxushosiyo
9 Pasurkxi Chakob Birga-bir
10 Sariosiyo Pashkxurd Chovdi
11 Avlod Yolgiz-bulak
12 Kuskak
13 Chashmi
14 Kushkak
Бюллетень науки и практики /Bulletin of Science and Practice Т. 8. №9. 2022
https://www.bulletennauki.ru https://doi.org/10.33619/2414-2948/82
1. Baysun property 2. Pashkhurd property 3. Darband property 4. Jomchi property
15 Gurum
16 Sesangi
17 Kunokpoya
18 Toshkxalok
19 Kizilkutan
20 Talli
21 Titov
17,000 people lived in Baysun property during the research period. The settlement of the population was also uneven. The population is densely located mainly along the river and its middle streams, that is, in the mountainous and mid-mountain parts. Baysun is considered a high mountain zone, and the population density is 6.1 people per 1 km2. So, although the territory and population of the property changed due to the political situation, it never lost its place as a center of handicrafts and trade[11].
References:
1. Kabulov, E. (2012). Khozyaistvo Surkhanskogo oazisa. Tashkent.
2. Nafasov, T. T. (1989). Tolkovyi slovar' toponimov Uzbekistana. Tashkent,
3. Maev, N. (1876). Geograficheskii ocherk Gissarskogo kraya i Kulyabskogo bekstva. Izvestiya Imperatorskogo Russkogo geograficheskogo obshchestva, 12(4), 349-363. (in Russian).
4. Logofet, D. N. (1911). Bukharskoe khanstvo pod russkim protektoratom. St. Petersburg. (in Russian).
5. Tursunov, S., & Rashidov, K. (2011). Baisun. Tashkent.
6. Maev, N. A. (1879). Ocherki Bukharskogo khanstva. St. Petersburg. (in Russian).
7. Mezhov, V. I. (1878). Turkestanskii sbornik sochinenii i statei, otnosyashchikhsya do Srednei Azii voobshche i Turkestanskogo kraya v osobennosti, sostavlyaemyi po porucheniyu g. turkestanskogo voennogo general-gubernatora K.P. fon Kaufmana V.I. Mezhovym. St. Petersburg. (in Russian).
8. Sbornik geograficheskikh, topograficheskikh i statisticheskikh materialov po Azii (18821914). St. Petersburg. (in Russian).
9. Karmysheva, B. Kh. (1976). Ocherki etnicheskoi istorii yuzhnykh raionov Tadzhikistana i Uzbekistana. Moscow. (in Russian).
10. Ryzhenkov, M. R. (2018). Sbornik materialov po azii. Trudy Instituta vostokovedeniya RAN, (17), 163-219. (in Russian).
11. Kabulov, E. (2012). Khozyaistvo Surkhanskogo oazisa. Tashkent.
Список литературы:
1. Кабулов Е. Хозяйство Сурханского оазиса. Ташкент, 2012. 90 с.
2. Нафасов Т. Т. Толковый словарь топонимов Узбекистана. Ташкент, 1989.
3. Маев Н. Географический очерк Гиссарского края и Кулябского бекства // Известия Императорского Русского географического общества. 1876. Т. 12. №4. С. 349-363.
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6. Маев Н. А. Очерки Бухарского ханства. СПб., 1879.
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Бюллетень науки и практики / Bulletin of Science and Practice https://www.bulletennauki.ru
Т. 8. №9. 2022 https://doi.org/10.33619/2414-2948/82
туркестанского военного генерал-губернатора К.П. фон Кауфмана В.И. Межовым. СПб., 1878.
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9. Кармышева Б. Х. Очерки этнической истории южных районов Таджикистана и Узбекистана. М.: Наука, 1976. 322 с.
10. Рыженков М. Р. Сборник материалов по азии // Труды Института востоковедения РАН. 2018. №17. С. 163-219.
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Работа поступила в редакцию 17.06.2022 г.
Принята к публикации 21.06.2022 г.
Ссылка для цитирования:
Kabulov E. O. Baysun in the Political Life of the Mangit Dynasty // Бюллетень науки и практики. 2022. Т. 8. №9. С. 635-638. https://doi.org/10.33619/2414-2948/82/71
Cite as (APA):
Kabulov, E. O. (2022). Baysun in the Political Life of the Mangit Dynasty. Bulletin of Science and Practice, 8(9), 635-638. https://doi.org/10.33619/2414-2948/82/71
