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4
UDK 81-25
Yuldasheva Z.S. teacher school №48 Yakkasaroy region Uzbekistan, Tashkent
BASIS OF TRANSLATION FROM ENGLISH INTO UZBEK
Annotation: The article is devoted features of translations from English into Uzbek and school of translations, role of the English in Uzbek literature.
Key words: English, Uzbek, translation, literature, schools.
The history of the development of the Uzbek school of translation has its own specificity and originality. This originality is characterized by a wide development in the Middle Ages of translations from Eastern languages, mainly from Arabic, the presence of bilingual dictionaries; beginning from the second half of the XIX century translations directly from Western languages, and finally, a rather wide development of translations of artistic and scientific literature from the Russian language, including translations from other world literature languages, through the Russian language.
The role of these translations of Russian literature, or through the Russian language, world literature, was very influential in the development of Uzbek culture in general. In this cultural-literary interchange and interpenetration, the Russian language played the role of a bridge connecting the Uzbek reader with world culture and literature. The Uzbek school of translation of the last century was actually based on translations from Russian in its basic composition and practice.
During this period, research was carried out on the peculiarities of literary translation, such transleologists as G.Salamov, S.Mamadzhanov, G.Hodjaev, N.Vladimirova, K.Juraev, N.Kamilov, S.Meliev, S.Azimov, Sh.Atabaev, S.Achilov, B.Ermatov, H.Ismailov, M. Bakaeva, N.Atajanov, K.Musaev.
It was during this period that hundreds of translations of world literary works by dozens of translators, writers and poets, such as Usman Nasir, Sanjar Siddik, Jumaniyaz Sharipov, Ninel Vladimirova, Mirzakalon Ismaili (more than 200 works of classics of Russian and Western literature), Gulnara Gafurova, Askad Mukhtar, Gafur Gulam (Shekispir, "Othello"), M. Sheikhzade (Shekispir, "Hamlet", "Romeo and Juliet", "King Lear"), Uygun (Shekispir, "Julius Caesar"), Komil Yashen (Shekispir, "Anthony and Cleopatra"), Jamal Kamal (Shekispir, "RichardIII"), Muhammad Ali (Ramayana), Kadir Mirmukhamedov (J.Bokacho, "Decameron"), Erkin Vakhidov (Gyote, "Faust"), Abdulla Aripov (Dante, "The Divine Comedy"), Sh.Shamuhamedov (Firdousi, "Shahname" and Classics Persian literature).
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Today, there are all possibilities for the broad development of the school of translation into and from the Uzbek language, and most importantly, there is no difficulty in acquiring original works of art. At the same time, in Uzbekistan, the activity on the publication of language dictionaries is developing in fast steps, which is a convenient opportunity for transleology. The tradition of direct translations from English into Uzbek begins with the 30s of the last century. Then, in the 80s of the last century, the tradition of direct translations into Uzbek from English was resumed. Thus, the study of the history of translation from English into Uzbek revealed peculiar aspects of the Uzbek national tradition of language translations.
In the same period, works of English poets Robert Burns and Byron, sonnets of Shakespeare, works of Charles Dickens, Jonathan Swift, Theodore Dreiser, John Steinbeck, Ernest Hemingway and other authors were translated into Uzbek. In 1980-1990, the tragedy of Christopher Marlo "Sahibkiran Timur" was translated into Uzbek. In the same period, more than thirty representatives of English and American literature, writers and poets were translated into Uzbek. However, the main feature of these translations was that they were not direct translations from English, but were translations mediated through Russian. During the years of independence (after 1991), significant changes took place in the Uzbek school of translations. The practice of direct translations of world literature has increased. The Russian language began to lose the experienced role of the language of the mediator.
Until the higher education system does not effectively carry out work on the training of specialists aimed at literary and scientific translation, flaws in translations from Uzbek into English and from English to Uzbek will continue to be felt. Therefore, among the urgent tasks of the current period related to the field of transleology, we can point out such problems as targeted education of highly qualified personnel, providing them with translation activities, attracting modern poets and writers to translation activities, organizing special courses of translation skills, material support for creative travel of young professionals to foreign states as part of their specialization, continuous improvement of their qualifications, ensuring legal security. The history of the development of direct translations from English into Uzbek can be divided into the following stages:
1. The stage of the first translations in the period of national enlightenment (the end of the XIX century and the beginning of the XX century). Translations from English during this period are based on the desire to acquaint with progressive and educational ideas, the desire to promote the most famous works of world literature.
2. Mediated and direct translations from English, carried out in the former Soviet period. (1924-1991). During this period, the most famous works of English-language literature were translated. Behind this activity lies the desire, first of all, to familiarize the reader with progressive literature. It was supported and encouraged financially. But this movement did not develop naturally, but was carried out on the basis of the specific intentions of the national policy of the
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Soviet period of the country's development. In most cases, the Russian-language version was first prepared, then it was translated into Uzbek. As a result, the number of direct translations from English is a minority, and in the end, a school of translators capable of direct translations is not created.
3. Translation of works of English literature in the years of independence (1991-2011). A feature of this period is the increased social need for direct translation of works from the English language. But in these translations changes were made in matters of objective preservation of the essence of the original work. At the same time, the question of revising the translations saturated with the ideology of the totalitarian system is an edge, that is, they must be freed from censorship amendments and gross interventions in the text. Step by step, the national school of translation is beginning to recover. Another feature of this period is that in the first years of independence, after the economic and political crisis, transleology as an independent direction of the cultural life of society stops in its development, but then gradually begins to recover. Above, we purposefully used such a term as English-language literature. Because the English-language literature covers literary works of the countries of England, USA, Australia and other countries, including India.
Thus, on the basis of a scientific study of the question of the main features of works translated from English into Uzbek, the creation of the Uzbek school of translations of national character became possible only in the period of independence, through the activities of the national school of translations, an opportunity has been created to free translations from ideological demands, censorship and forming transleology criteria on the basis of modern requirements.
Sources used:
1. Мадрахимов, И. Узбек тилида сузнинг серкирралиги ва уни таснифлаш асослари (=Многозначность слов в узбексом языке и основы их описания) :автореф. дис.канд. филол. наук. Ташкент, 1994.
2. Гулямова Д. Драматургия Шекспира на узбекском языке (Некоторые вопросы истории и теории перевода). АКД. Ташкент, 197I.
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