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УДК 631.417.2
4.1.2. Селекция, семеноводство и биотехнология растений (биологические науки, сельскохозяйственные науки)
БАЛАНС ГУМУСА И ЭНЕРГЕТИЧЕСКИХ РЕСУРСОВ ПОЧВЫ ПОД ВЛИЯНИЕМ ОБРАБОТКИ И УДОБРЕНИЙ
Новиков Алексей Алексеевич
Доктор сельскохозяйственных наук, профессор
E-mail: al.al.novikov@gmail.com
ORCID: 0000-0001-9013-2629
SPIN-код: 6421-5833
Новочеркасский инженерно-мелиоративный институт имени А. К. Кортунова - филиал федерального государственного бюджетного образовательного учреждения высшего образования «Донской государственный аграрный университет» Россия, Ростовская область, Новочеркасск
В статье представлены результаты исследований различных видов основной обработки почвы и минеральных удобрений по влиянию на баланс гумуса и энергетических ресурсов на почвах каштанового типа в комплексе с солонцами в полевом севообороте в условиях сухостепной зоны Нижнего Дона. Показано, что баланс гумуса в полевом севообороте каштановой почвы в комплексе с солонцами в независимости от различий технологий способа основной обработки почвы без внесения минеральных удобрений имеет отрицательные его значения -1322-1372 кг/га. Внесение азотных и фосфорных минеральных удобрений не обеспечило без дефицитности баланса гумуса, увеличив его до 1474-1558 кг/га
UDC 631.417.2
4.1.2. Plant breeding, seed production and biotechnology (biological sciences, agricultural sciences)
BALANCE OF HUMUS AND SOIL ENERGY RESOURCES UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF TREATMENT AND FERTILIZERS
Novikov Aleksey Alekseyevich Doctor of Agricultural Sciences, Professor E-mail: al.al.novikov@gmail.com ORCID: 0000-0001-9013-2629 RSCI SPIN-code: 6421-5833 Novocherkassk Engineering and Meliorative Institute named after A. K. Kortunov - a branch of the federal government budget Institution of Higher Education «Don State Agrarian University» Russia, Rostov region, Novocherkassk
The article presents the results of studies of various types of basic tillage and mineral fertilizers on the effect on the balance of humus and energy resources on chestnut soils in combination with solonetz in the field crop rotation in the conditions of the dry-steppe zone of the Lower Don. It is shown that the humus balance in the field crop rotation of chestnut soil in combination with solonetz, regardless of the differences in the technologies of the main tillage method without applying mineral fertilizers, has negative values - 1322-1372 kg/ha. The introduction of nitrogen and phosphorous mineral fertilizers did not ensure a deficit-free humus balance, increasing it to 1474-1558 kg / ha.
Ключевые слова: ПЛОДОРОДИЕ, ГУМУС, БАЛАНС, СЕВООБОРОТ, УДОБРЕНИЕ, ОБРАБОТКА ПОЧВЫ, ЭНЕРГЕТИЧЕСКИЕ РЕСУРСЫ
Keywords: FERTILITY, HUMUS, BALANCE, CROP ROTATION, FERTILIZER, TILLAGE, ENERGY RESOURCES
http://dx.doi.org/10.21515/1990-4665-186-010
Introduction. Efficient agricultural production involves ensuring high and sustainable yields while increasing soil fertility [1]. The constantly growing energy saturation of agricultural production and crop yields contribute to the alienation of a significant amount of energy from the soil than it is formed [1].
Therefore, a negative balance of humus and mineral nutrition elements is observed almost everywhere [1].
It should be noted that this problem manifests itself not only on chernozems, which are the main arable fund, but also on chestnut soils.
The basis for the development of our research was the development of methods that prevent degradation processes, which are based on research in the dry steppe zone of the Lower Don.
Conditions and methods. The study area is characterized by a pronounced continentality and low moisture availability. Hydrothermal coefficient - 0.5-0.7.
The soil cover is mainly represented by chestnut soils, where solonetzic spots account for from 5-7 to 40-50%. Of the absorbed bases in horizon A, Ca prevails in horizon B - sodium 15-20 and magnesium - 40-46% of the exchange capacity.
These soils are characterized by a low content of humus - less than 3.5%, depletion in mobile phosphorus, and a heavy granulometric composition. Methods of basic tillage: traditional (control), soil-protective, mid-depth. Nitrogen-phosphorus fertilizers in doses of N220, N340, P120 were applied under the main tillage in the field crop rotation.
Results. The results shown in Table 1 indicate that in the field rotation on the variant without fertilizers, up to 1372 kg/ha of humus is lost annually.
In the fields of crop rotation, depending on the method of the main tillage, the greatest losses of humus without the use of fertilizers were obtained in the fallow field 2000 kg/ha, as well as when sowing winter wheat in fallow - 1790 kg/ha in the variant of soil protection cultivation. A high loss of humus during the cultivation of corn for all types of basic tillage, a maximum of 1530 kg/ha was observed when using mid-depth tillage in crop rotation.
Table 1 - Humus balance in the field crop rotation with different technologies of the main tillage, kg/ha
cultures crop rotation Type of basic tillage
Traditional, control Soil protective Mid-deep
Humus loss (-) Formed humus (+) Balance (±) Humus loss (-) Humus is formed (+) Balance (±) Humus loss (-) Humus is formed (+) Balance (±)
1 2 3 four five 6 7 8 nine 10
Without mineral fertilizers
Clean steam 2000 - -2000 2000 - -2000 2000 - -2000
Winter wheat 2600 840 -1760 2630 840 -1790 2430 800 -1630
Corn for silage 1700 460 -1240 1730 460 -1270 2050 520 -1530
Winter wheat 1220 460 -760 1330 500 -830 1180 450 -730
sudan grass 1450 600 -850 1590 620 -970 1560 630 -930
Per 1 ha of crop rotation area -1322 -1372 -1364
P120
Clean steam 2000 - -2000 2000 - -2000 2000 - -2000
Winter wheat 2970 920 -2050 2800 880 -1920 2670 860 -1810
Corn for silage 2130 540 -1590 2090 530 -1560 1230 560 -1670
Winter wheat 1550 560 -990 1500 550 -950 1410 520 -890
sudan grass 1620 460 -1160 1620 620 -1000 1620 620 -1000
Per 1 ha of crop rotation area -1558 -1486 -1474
N220
Clean steam 2000 - -2000 2000 - -2000 2000 - -2000
Winter wheat Table 1 continu 2910 ed 900 -2010 2790 880 -1910 2670 850 -1820
1 2 3 four five 6 7 8 nine 10
Corn for silage 2110 540 -1570 2120 540 -1580 2230 560 -1670
Winter wheat 1020 400 -620 1610 580 -1030 1440 530 -910
sudan grass 1620 620 -1000 1610 620 -990 1680 640 -1040
Per 1 ha of crop rotation area -1440 -1502 -1488
N340
Clean steam 2000 - -2000 2000 - -2000 2000 - -2000
Winter wheat 2870 900 -1970 2790 888 -1910 2740 870 -1870
Corn for silage 2180 660 -1520 2150 650 -1500 1290 650 -1610
Winter wheat 1560 570 -990 1550 570 -980 1440 530 -910
sudan grass 1740 620 -1120 1620 620 -1000 1730 650 -1080
Per 1 ha of crop rotation area -1520 -1478 -1494
Thus, on average, per hectare of crop rotation area, the smallest loss of humus is when using traditional tillage technology, the largest in the variant of the soil protection system of tillage.
Mineral fertilizers to some extent help to compensate for the removal of nitrogen by agricultural crops in the crop rotation, but does not solve the problem of a deficit-free balance of humus, and in some cases increase it.
When P210 was applied, the humus balance deficit increased compared to the control, its loss ranged from 1474 kg/ha when using the mid-depth method of the main tillage to 1558 kg/ha with the traditional one.
Against the background of various doses of nitrogen fertilizers, the loss of humus also turned out to be somewhat greater when applying N220 - 1440-1502 kg/ha, against the background of N340 - 1478-1520.
Conclusion. Thus, the results obtained on the calculation of the humus balance in the field crop rotation of chestnut soil in combination with solonetzes, regardless of differences in the technology of the main tillage method, show its negative values.
The introduction of nitrogen and phosphorus mineral fertilizers did not provide a deficit-free balance of humus.
Bibliography
1. Babushkin, V.M. Scientific problems of melioration and rational use of agricultural land on the Don / V.M. Babushkin, O.A. Tkacheva, A.D. Brik, E.G. Meshchaninova, A.A. Novikov // Novocherkassk: Lik, 2016, 274 p.
