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12AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES
HUMUS CONDITION OF CLEAR-GRAY FOREST SOIL IN DOUBLE FIELD SHORT-ROTARY CULTIVATION OF POLISSIA DEPENDING ON THE SATURATION OF CULTIVARIANCE OF
POTATOES AND FERTILIZERS
Klymenko T.
Candidate of Agricultural Sciences Omelchuk A. Master Petruk V.
Master Risich M.
Master Kukhta V. Master
Polissia National University, Ukraine
ABSTRACT
The connection between potato saturation, crop fertilization and the balance of humus of light gray forest soil in short-rotation crop rotations in Polissya is considered. It is proved that at saturation of crop rotations with 50% of potatoes for deficit-free balance of humus it is expedient to apply, as an alternative fertilizer, straw + greens + manure + N45P50K60.
Keywords: potatoes, fertilizers, humus, deficit-free balance, crop rotation.
Formulation of the problem.
In the soils of Ukraine over the last 20 years, the loss of humus is more than 10% of its total content and to achieve a deficit-free balance should be applied annually to 1 hectare of arable land in Polissia, depending on soil type, 13 - 18 tons of organic fertilizers [2].
As a rule, organic fertilizers are applied under row crops, where one of such crops in Polissia is potatoes. It is used as a food, technical and fodder crop. Today, about 98% of its cultivation is concentrated in the private sector and only 2% is in the public. In the private sector, potatoes are grown mainly as a constant crop, which leads to a violation of the ecological balance in the agrophytocenosis and to the degradation of the soil cover, reducing its humus content [3].
Due to the economic crisis, in which currently agricultural production is, significantly reduced the application of traditional organic fertilizers for potatoes -manure, compost, which leads to a corresponding decrease in its yield and imbalance in the soil. Therefore, it is necessary to find non-traditional means and technologies of potato fertilization, alternative sources of organic matter in the soil. This is, first of all, the grinding and introduction into the soil of by-products of cereals - straw, as a source of replenishment of organic matter and as a biological nitrogen-fixing system; growing an intermediate crop of green manure, which through the use of agro-climatic resources of the growing season enriches the soil with organic matter, as well as the introduction of mineral fertilizers in moderation [5].
Analysis of recent research and publications.
As practice shows, at present and in the near future in agricultural enterprises the introduction of multifield (7-9 fields) static crop rotations is impossible. Economic and ecological - energy circumstances require
the use of more dynamic crop rotations, narrowing specialization and reducing their rotation to 2-4 years [4].
Therefore, there is a need to determine the balance of humus in the soil in short-rotation crop rotations depending on the degree of saturation of potatoes (the main row crop in Polissia) and crop fertilizer, which includes by-products of cereals - straw and greens, organic and mineral fertilizers.
Research objectives.
To determine the balance of humus in short - rotation crop rotations of Polissia depending on the saturation of crop rotations with potatoes and fertilizers on light - gray forest soil.
Objects and methodology of research. The objects of research were the indicators of humus in the light-gray forest soil.
The research was conducted in the research field of Polissia National University.
Soil - light-gray forest sandy loam on loess. The arable 0-28 cm layer was characterized by the following agrochemical parameters: humus content 1.221.33%, reaction of medium acid soil solution (pHm 4,8- 4,9), the amount of absorbed bases and the degree of saturation of soil bases are low and amounted to, respectively, 1.80 - 2.07 mg - eq./100 g of soil and 46.5 -53.2%, the content of mobile forms of nitrogen and phosphorus is medium, potassium - low.
The alternation of crops in crop rotation is the next: double field crop rotation with 50% potato saturation: 1) winter rye, 2) potatoes.
As fertilizer for potatoes, use straw of winter rye (3 t / hectare), greens - oil radish (10 t / hectare), manure (at the rate of 10 t / hectare of crop rotation area), and mineral fertilizers, according to the research scheme.
Potato fertilizer options:
1. Without fertilizers (control);
2. Straw + N10 for 1 ton of straw + greens;
3. Mineral fertilizers N30-50 P35-50 K40-60;
4. Straw + N10 + greens + N30-50 P35-50 K40-60;
5. Straw + N10+greens+ manure + N30-50 P35-50 K40-
60;
Oat fertilizer with clover sowing - P30K30; oats mixed with a diaper - no fertilizers were applied; winter rye - N45P45K45; to clover crops no fertilizers were applied.
The main tillage was based on tillage without rotating the chips - heavy disc harrows BDT-3 to a depth of 14-16 cm.
Agricultural cultivation techniques are generally accepted for the Polissia zone.
Calculations of humus balance in crop rotation were carried out according to the method [2].
Statistical processing of the experimental material was performed according to the method [1] using the program MS Excel.
Research results.
As a result of research it was established that during saturation of short-rotation crop with potatoes intensive mineralization of soil organic matter was observed (Table 1).
Thus, in double field crop rotation at its 50% saturation with potatoes, the humus mineralization in the control variant (variant 1) was 2.9 t / hectare per rotation, and the humus formation due to the root residues of winter rye and potatoes was only 1.1 t / hectare , that it, the shortage of humus reached 1.8 t / hectare.
Table 1.
Humus balance for rotation in double field crop rotation with saturation of crop rotation with potatoes 50%, t /
hectare
Crop rotation Alternation cultures Fertilizer options Humus mineralization New humus formation due to root residues and fertilizers Humus balance, +, -
Double field Winter wheat-Potatoes V -1 2,9 1,1 -1,8
V -2 2,9 1,6 -1,3
V -3 2,9 1,1 -1,8
V -4 2,9 1,9 -1,0
V -5 2,9 3,0 + 0,1
The use for potatoes, as organic fertilizers, non-commodity products of the predecessor - straw of winter rye and greens, did not provide replenishment of humus and its deficit was 1.3 t / hectare per rotation (option 2). Even the application of moderate rates of mineral fertilizers N45P50K60 on the background of straw and greens (option 4) did not reduce the deficit of humus, where it was within 1.0 t / hectare. This indicates for significant degradation processes that take place in the soil during its intensive using. This confirms the well-known position that especially high mineralization of humus occurs in the cultivation of row crops.
When using only mineral fertilizers (option 3), the deficit of humus in crop rotation was maximum and was at the level of the control variant and was also 1.8 t/ hectare
A pluses balance of humus (+ 1.0 t / hectare) was obtained only with the combined application of straw, greens, manure (20 t / hectare) and moderate rates of mineral fertilizers N45P50K60 (option 5).
Thus, in double field crop rotation with its saturation of potatoes 50% with crop rotation: 1) winter rye, 2) potatoes, to maintain a deficit-free balance of humus in the soil it is necessary to make a large amount of organic matter.
Conclusion.
In short-rotation crops of Polissia for deficit-free balance of humus of light-gray forest soil at their saturation with potatoes of 50%, as an alternative fertilizer, it is necessary to bring straw + greens + manure 20 t / hectare + moderate norms of mineral fertilizers N45P50K60. In further research it is necessary to study the qualitative composition of humus, that formed by the use of straw, greens, manure and their combination.
References
1. Dospekhov B.S. Methodology of field experience. - M: Higher school, 1985. - 351 p.
2. Melnichuk D., Melnikov M., Hoffman J. etc. Soil quality and modern fertilization strategies. - K.: Aristei, 2004.- P.277; 308-314.
3. Green fertilizer is an important measure of increasing soil fertility and crop yields in the conditions of biologization of agriculture / M.S. Chernilevskyi, A.S. Malynovskyi, N. Ya. Kryvich and other. - Zhyto-myr. - 2003. 124 p.
4. Strelchenko VP, Galich MA, Drebot OV Agroe-cological grouping of soils of Polissya of Zhytomyr region. // Ecology: problems of adaptive-landscape agriculture. - Zhytomyr: DAU, 2005. - P.12-16.
5. V.M. Polozhenets. Technology of potato growing in Zhytomyr region. - Zhytomyr. - 2004. - 71 p.
