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ASSESSMENT OF CHEMICAL SOIL POLLUTION BY BIOTESTING
Gerasimova L.
Candidate of biological sciences, Docent of the Department of life safety, Reshetnev Siberian State University of Science and Technology Eremina I.
Candidate of biological sciences, Docent of the Department of Breeding, Genetics, Biology and Aquatic
Bioresources, Krasnoyarsk state agricultural university
Kuklina A.
Senior lecturer of the Department of Foreign Languages for Technical Specialties, Reshetnev Siberian State
University of Science and Technology
Abstract
Technogenic soil pollution with various chemicals negatively affects the environment. The paper describes methods for assessing chemical soil pollution of the territory after the disbandment of a military unit located on it. The phytotoxicity of the territory was assessed using biotesting methods. Conclusions about industrial pollution of soils are drawn. They are based on the analysis of the test object reaction. Watercress was chosen as a test object.
Keywords: technogenic pollution, reclamation, titrimetric method, complexometric titration, germination.
The life of mankind has always been inextricably connected with the natural environment, namely, water, air and soil. Only this triad can provide plants with necessary conditions for existence, and plants can give
people food, animal feed, and raw materials for industry. This greatest natural wealth has been created for centuries and millennia, and one should use it wisely.
In modern life, there are various kinds of environmental impacts that do not always affect the organisms
living in the area in a positive way. For example, during the exploitation of a land plot allocated to the Ministry of Defense, there occurred technogenic pollution of the soil with various chemicals, presumably oil products and rocket fuel components. The land plot is a prime example of polluted soil. Destroyed buildings that had been used for various purposes and visible contamination remained on the territory of the plot. After the military unit has been reduced, the object is subject to reclamation with further use of land for forest planting. Soil has the ability to accumulate harmful substances and therefore it can be called an indicator of environmental pollution. The question of the composition and danger of such technogenic pollution as well as that of the possibility of further use of these lands remain open, which determines the relevance of this scientific work.
The object of the research is the territory of the former military unit (Technical missile base), which was located 11 km to the south-west of the village of 13 Fighters memory of the Emelyanovsky district of the Krasnoyarsk Krai on the Central Siberian Plateau. The relief is hilly and lumpy with a wide valley of the Kacha River. The hydrographic network is represented by the Gladkaya Kacha river from the west and Krutaya Ka-cha from the east of the studied area. According to the chemical composition, river waters belong to the hydrocarbonate class with a predominance of calcium. The degree of mineralization is negligible.
The depth of soil freezing (average for the winter period) is 175 cm. The surface horizon of the soil is occupied by carbonate chernozems (weakly eroded and eroded). The adjoining area is represented by the following soil types: leached chernozem - 17.7%, ordinary chernozem - 16.1%, forest gray - 12.8%, meadow chernozem - 10.8%, floodplain - 6.3%, marsh - 2 , 3%, non-surveyed -34%.
Technical missile base was built in 1966 and was intended for the operation of missile systems. Buildings and structures for storage and maintenance of military equipment and administrative purposes were situated on the territory of the object. There was also a railway line for goods transportation. The area of the object is 2 ha. In June 2004, the military unit was reduced; the object should be reclaimed with further use of land for forest planting. There remained destroyed structures for various purposes and visible strains of fuel oil on the territory of the object.
The subject of the research: soil on the territory of the disbanded military unit.
Soil is one of the main environmental objects, the central connecting link between the biotic and abiotic components of the biosphere. To evaluate soils and soil cover, understanding and application of the whole set of analytical and theoretical methods available in the arsenal of soil science is required.
At the moment, there are various methods for controlling environmental pollution. One of the promising methods of environmental research is biotesting, which allows establishing the fact of environmental toxicity, i.e. studies the response of living organisms to pollutants. The essence of this method is to determine the effect of toxicants on specially selected organisms under standard conditions with registration on behavioral,
physiological or biochemical parameters. Biotesting is aimed at assessing the total toxic effect of the entire complex of pollutants using test objects.
Objectives of the research:
Determination of soil contamination on the territory of a former military unit and the possibility of use of this soil in the future.
Research Methods:
The titrimetric method for determining the aqueous extract hardness is a quantitative analysis method based on accurate measurement of the amount of reagent required to complete the reaction with a given amount of the analyte.
The total hardness is easier to determine by com-plexometric titration.
Complexometric titration is a titrimetric analysis method based on the interaction of the detected metal ions with complexons. Most often, the disodium salt of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (other names: Trilon B, EDTA) acts as a complexing agent, which in most cases forms complexes with metal cations in a 1: 1 molar ratio, which simplifies the calculation of the concentrations of the determined elements.
The majority of metals form stable complexes with EDTA in an alkaline medium; for this, ammonia buffer is added to the solution with the analyzed sample, but some elements, for example, iron (Fe III), can also be titrated in an acidic medium.
Complexometric titration methods are especially important in determining Ca and Mg in the analysis of water for hardness (GOST 52407-2005, GOST 415172, PND F 14.1: 2.98-97 and other methods). These indicators determine its purpose and suitability for domestic and technological use.
The total hardness of the water is due to the presence of Ca+2 and Mg+2 ions in it, which come with the wastewater of metallurgical, forge-and-press and thermal shops. Their amount depends on the type of production, equipment, its depreciation, type of technological processes used.
The content of calcium and magnesium ions was studied because they are structural elements of the soil and determine its normal state. Calcium and magnesium ions are parts of the soil absorbing complex, which is the main reactive component. These elements have the property of precipitating harmful substances that enter the soil from the atmosphere, and if the degree of saturation of the soil with calcium and magnesium ions is small, then secondary pollution points arise, which affect the environment very adversely. Thus, a reduced content of calcium and magnesium ions will be an indicator of anthropogenic pressure on the soil.
Using titration, the alkalinity and chlorine content were determined.
Soil sampling
Sampling at the research stage was carried out during one growing season. Samples were taken in accordance with GOST 17.4.4.02-84. At the studied object, 13 test sites with a size of 2x2 meters were selected. A control sample (designated "K") was taken 10 km from the object of study in the forest. Point samples were taken at test sites from a 0-20 cm layer using the envelope
method. Combined samples were made by mixing 5 point samples taken at the same test site.
For chemical analysis, an aqueous extract was prepared from all soil samples.
In addition, at the beginning of the chemical study, biotesting of the collected soil samples was carried out. Biotesting is an effective method of assessing the potential hazards of chemical, physical or biological effects on the soil. It is carried out experimentally using, as a rule, standardized laboratory test systems, by recording changes in biologically important indicators (test reactions) under the influence of the studied samples, followed by an assessment of their condition in accordance with the selected toxicity criteria. The test system is a spatially limited set of sensitive biological elements (sensors) and the studied environment in which they are located. Biotesting is used as a research method in environmental toxicology for soil analysis. Using biotesting the 5th hazard class of soils, obtained by calculation, is confirmed.
Biotesting. Watercress was chosen as a test object.
Watercress (Lepidiumsativum L.) is an annual vegetable plant that is highly sensitive to soil pollution
by heavy metals, as well as to air pollution from gaseous emissions of vehicles. This bioindicator is characterized by rapid seed germination and almost one hundred percent germinating ability, which is noticeably reduced in the presence of pollutants.
In addition, the shoots and roots of this plant under the influence of pollutants undergo noticeable morphological changes (growth retardation and curvature of shoots, decrease in the length and mass of the roots, as well as the number and weight of seeds). [6-8]
In the course of the work, the average length of sprouts of watercress for several days was estimated and the change (increase in average length) is considered as an indicator of the growth rate.
Sprouts of seeds planted in the soil were measured every day, starting from the second day after planting and up to and including the sixth day.
Research results. Within 6 days, seed germination was observed. The moisture content of the substrates was maintained at approximately the same level (Fig. 1.)
Figure 1 - Sprouts of watercress in the first soil sample
The number of germinated seeds was counted and the length of the seedlings was measured.
Compared to the control sample, deviations in the composition of the soil were revealed: this is an excess or deficiency in the content of such elements as: calcium, magnesium, chlorine. Anomalies in the general alkalinity of the medium, salinity, acidity and electrical conductivity were also identified.
The following trends were identified:
1. If there is an overabundance or lack of calcium and magnesium (ions) in the soil, then the germination in the soil is low, or it is close to average in numerical value.
2. If the soil contains low chlorine content, the seed germination is above average, the sprouts are long and strong, but even without chlorine, the plants cannot grow at all. If there is an overabundance of this element in the soil, then germination is also close to the average value.
3. When we observe high alkalinity in the soil, seed germination is lower than in soil with low alkalinity.
4. On soil samples in which we observed high acidity, electrical conductivity and low salinity, there was a higher germination rate and a germination coefficient. It can also be noted that in soil samples where high acidity was observed, the sprouts were the longest.
In the soil where there was low electrical conductivity, dry roots were found on the watercress.
5. The lower the alkalinity of the medium is, the better the rate of seed germination is.
6. The lower the content of chlorine ion is, the higher the rate of germination is. And vice versa: the higher the content is, the faster the germination rate and lower the germination rate are.
7. The higher the content of Ca 2 + and Mg 2+is, the lower the germination coefficient, as well as the rate of germination of seeds are, and the lower the content of these ions is, the closer germination is to the average value. If the content of Ca ions is higher than normal, then the coefficient and rate of germination is lower than usual.
The territory of the former military unit needs large-scale measures for its cleaning before further use for forest planting. The proposed land reclamation in case of such serious technogenic pollution is not enough. The territory cannot be used as agricultural land, and the adjacent territories should be investigated additionally.
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ПОТЕНЦИАЛЬНЫЕ РЕСУРСЫ ЛЕСНЫХ ЯГОД В ВОЛОГОДСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ
Грязькин А.В.
Санкт-Петербургский государственный лесотехнический университет, доктор биологических
наук, профессор кафедры «Лесоводство»
Корчагов С.А.
Вологодская государственная молочнохозяйственная академия
имени Н.В. Верещагина
доктор сельскохозяйственных наук, профессор кафедры «Лесное хозяйство»
Грибов С.Е.
Вологодская государственная молочнохозяйственная академия
имени Н.В. Верещагина
кандидат сельскохозяйственных наук, доцент кафедры «Лесное хозяйство»
Гуталь М.М. Университет Восточное Сараево. Кандидат биологических наук, доцент.
Чан Чунг Тхань
Санкт-Петербургский государственный лесотехнический университет, Аспирант кафедры «Лесоводство»,
POTENTIAL RESOURCES OF FOREST BERRIES IN VOLOGDA REGION
Gryazkin A.
Saint-Petersburg state forest technical university, doctor of biological Sciences, Professor of the Department «Forestry»
Korchagov S. Vologda state dairy Academy name of N.V. Vereshchagin doctor of agricultural Sciences, Professor of the Department of Forestry
Gribov S.
Vologda state dairy Academy name of N.V. Vereshchagin candidate of agricultural Sciences, associate Professor of the Department of Forestry» Gutal M.
сandidate of biological Sciences, associate Professor. University of East Sarajevo, Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Thanh Tran Trung
Saint-Petersburg state forest technical university, Postgraduate student of the Department «Forestry»
