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19Лггература
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ОЦЕНКА КОЛЛЕКЦИОННЫХ ОБРАЗЦОВ ЯЧМЕНЯ НА ЗАСУХОУСТОЙЧИВОСТЬ
Носкова Е.Н.
Федеральный Аграрный Научный Центр Северо-Востока
Киров, Российская Федерация Щенникова И.Н.
Федеральный Аграрный Научный Центр Северо-Востока
Киров, Российская Федерация Лисицын Е.М.
Федеральный Аграрный Научный Центр Северо-Востока
Киров, Российская Федерация
ASSESSMENT OF BARLEY COLLECTION'S SAMPLES ON DROUGHT RESISTANCE
Noskova E.
Federal Agricultural Research Center of the North-East
Kirov, Russian Federation Shchennikova I.
Federal Agricultural Research Center of the North-East
Kirov, Russian Federation Lisitsyn E.
Federal Agricultural Research Center of the North-East
Kirov, Russian Federation
АННОТАЦИЯ
Лабораторный метод проращивания семян ячменя на растворе сахарозы позволяет дать косвенную оценку устойчивости образцов к ранневесенней засухе. Для оценки засухоустойчивости проростков целесообразно использовать показатель RSR (root-to-shoot ratio), который показывает относительное перераспределение потоков пластических веществ между корневыми и надземными органами. Данный показатель позволил более подробно разделить изучаемые сорта по группам устойчивости к засухе и выделить сорт Симфония (RSR=89,7%). Остальные сорта можно разделить на три группы по устойчивости к засухе: к высокоустойчивым сортам можно отнести Саншайн - 67,5%, Одесский 22 - 64,0%, Персей - 70,4% и Sebastian (69,0%). Сорт Malz с относительным RSR = 55,4% входит к группу слабоустойчивых, а сорта TB Flavour и Patricia - в группу неустойчивых (47,7 и 48,6%).
ABSTRACT
The laboratory method of germination of barley seed on sucrose solution allows to give an indirect assessment of sample resistance to an early-spring drought. For assessment of drought resistance of seedlings it is reasonable to use an indicator of RSR (root-to-shoot ratio) which shows relative redistribution of flows of plastic substances between root and aboveground organs. This indicator allowed to divide the studied cultivars on groups of drought resistance in more detail and to select cv. Symphony (RSR = 89.7%). Other cultivars were divided into three groups on drought resistance: high-resistant cultivars Sunshine (67.5%), Odessky 22 (64.0%), Persey (70.4%) and Sebastian (69.0%). Cv. Malz having relative RSR = 55.4% enters into weak-resistant group, and cv. TB Flavour and Patricia - into sensitive group (47.7 and 48.6%).
Ключевые слова: сорт, осмотик, сухая масса корней.
Keywords: cultivar, osmotic, root dry mass.
Introduction. Level of productivity of crops is genetically determined sign; however potential ability of a cultivar to make a real harvest depends on edaphic-and-climatic conditions of growing season of plants
and cultivar level of resistance to stressful ecological factors of the environment [1]. Drought is the one of the factors limiting growth, development and productivity of spring barley. According to forecasts of experts, in
connection with global climate change along with growth of average air temperature, amplitude of temperature fluctuations will increase and the number of extremely cold and hot (droughty) years will increase too. Even in the Kirov region (Non-Chernozem zone) which enters the area of sufficient moistening the significant fluctuation of temperatures and precipitation during a growing season is observed [2]. Besides, under influence of an anti-cyclone there can be a drought. Deviations of an amount of precipitation from average annual norm reach 3-5-fold [3]. Besides, in the conditions of edaphic stresses of sod-podzolic soils of the Kirov region [4] the reliable link of resistance levels of culti-vars of cereal crops to aluminum ions and to drought is noted [5].
Barley is less exacting to water and spends it more economically than wheat, oats and a rye. It is the most drought-resistant crop among early spring cereals. However because of poor development of a root system barley suffers a spring drought worse therefore it needs optimum moistening during the entire period of vegetation. Seed germination practically stops at humidity level lower than 30% of full moisture capacity. Also if humidity is lower than this level, the process of protein hydrolysis proceeds in seeds. As a result, the intermediate substances and ammonia are collected causing violation of functional processes in seed cells. It slows down cell division and has an adverse effect on seed germination [6].
Creation of drought-resistant cultivars and their introducing in production is one of relevant problems of breeding. Success of the solution of this task in many respects depends on the correct selection of initial material and assessment of its resistance level. The world collection of Vavilov's All-Russian institute of plants genetic resources is a source of initial material for breeding. In its structure there are valuable genetic sources in various directions of breeding: productivity, grain quality, duration of a growing season, on resistance to diseases, pests, lodging, adverse abiotic factors, etc. The breeders use the initial material from this
16 mg14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0
So at the cultivars Patricia and TB Flavour the root mass decreased by 53-54% in the presence of a stress in comparison with control. Smaller influence of an os-
collection helping to create new cultivars and to solve complex problems [6]. Involvement of collection samples in crossings is a necessary condition for receiving valuable hybrid material [7]. In this regard studying of collection samples in local conditions is necessary.
The first techniques of assessment of plants' drought resistance were offered more than 40 years ago. Now there are field, laboratory, and greenhouse methods of assessment of drought resistance. The simplest effective method for mass assessment of drought resistance of cultivars is based on determination of quantity of the sprouted seeds and growth of seedlings in solutions of osmotic imitating a lack of moisture.
Assessment of collection cultivars of spring barley on drought resistance and identification of valuable genetic sources for further use in breeding was the purpose of our research.
Material and methods. The assessment of various indicators of resistance to an early soil drought at 8 samples of spring barley from a world collection of All-Russian institute of plants genetic resources was carried out in laboratory conditions.
The assessment of samples was carried out according to the methodical manual [8]. Seeds of samples were processed previously by antiseptic agent solution. Samples of seeds were put in Petri's dishes in 3-fold frequency. Sucrose solution with concentration corresponded to pressure of 12 atmospheres was used as osmotic agent. In control variant the distilled water was used. Calculations of amount of the sprouted grains and roots carried out for the 7th day after. The dry mass of roots, shoots and their ratio were determined. The obtained data processed statistically with use the Excel 2007 Microsoft Office software package.
Results and discussion. It was not established a significant difference between quantity of sprouts in control and test variants. Therefore, all studied collection samples had high ability to germination in the conditions of an osmotic stress. However in the analysis of trait "roots dry mass" essential inter-cultivar distinctions on reaction to a stress are established (Figure 1).
motic stress on growth of a root system is noted at cultivars Symphony (decrease in 14%) and Sunshine (19%).
The analysis of data on dry shoot mass showed a bit different results (Figure 2).
■ control
■ test
V V 4--' <V' V V V o-'
Figure 1. Influence of an osmotic stress on change of roots dry mass at barley samples
Figure 2. Influence of an osmotic stress on change of shoot dry mass at barley samples
In quantitative expression the reaction of above-ground organs (shoots) to stress was much weaker. Those cultivars for which the maximum depression of root dry mass is noted showed only small decrease in shoot mass - 4.3 and 0.7% respectively. At cv. Malz, Sunshine and Odessky 22 stimulation are noted (822%), i.e. biomass of plants in the conditions of stress influence was redistributed in favor of aboveground part. In other words, the significant genotypic variability of reaction of barley to imitation of an early drought is shown on indicators of relative growth of different parts of a plant.
However it is more reasonable to estimate change of an indicator RSR (root-to-shoot ratio) which shows relative redistribution of flows of plastic substances between root and shoots (Figure 3) rather than changes in biomass accumulation by separate parts of plants. The
less this parameter differs from control (i.e. its relative value is closer to unit or 100%), the higher is cultivar's resistance level since under the influence of an ecological stress it reduces or increases the total level of metabolism, keeping ratios of catabolic and anabolic reactions. On this indicator it is possible to select such cultivar as Symphony at which the relative RSR parameter was 89.7%. Four more cultivars (Odessky 22, Persey, Sunshine, and Sebastian) lowered a relative share of root systems by 30-35% of control, other cultivars -more than half. Any of the tested cultivars did not show redistribution of biomass towards root systems - i.e. reaction of different barley genotypes to an early drought is qualitatively the same - in these conditions the primary development is gained by an aboveground part of a plant.
140
>
120 100 80 60 40 20 0
1 1—-—1 H i—. ■—-—1 1-
J LH LJ Li ki E
%
TB Flavour Patricia Malz Sunshine Sebastian Persey Symphony Odessky 22 ■ root dry mass ■ shoot dry mass ■ RSR
Figure 3. Influence of an osmotic stress on change of absolute dry mass of parts of plants and their ratio at barley cultivars
If to follow the recommendations of the methodical manual [8], then the tested set of cultivars can be divided into two groups - high-resistant to a drought (cultivars Sunshine, Symphony, Odessky 22, Persey, and Malz have the level of dry matter accumulation by a seedling in a drought condition at the level of 80100% of control) and resistant to a drought (other cultivars with the level of dry matter accumulation of 60-
80% of control). Use of an indicator of change of RSR allows to carry out division in more detail - on four groups. Only cv. Symphony (89.7% of control) belongs to the first group; in second group, cv. Sebastian (69.0%) will be added to three more cultivars earlier selected as high-resistant group (Sunshine - 67.5%, Odessky 22 - 64.0% and Persey - 70.4%). Cv. Malz with relative RSR = 55.4% transfers to group of weak-
resistant, and cv. TB Flavour and Patricia - to sensitive group (47.7 and 48.6%). As between these two indicators it is observed though high, but statistically insignificant correlation (r = 0.654), it is possible to use them at the same time for more differentiated assessment of resistance level to a stress in a set of cultivars.
Conclusions. Thus, collection samples of spring barley significantly differ on the level of resistance to an early drought. Use of an indicator of redistribution of biomass between underground and aboveground parts of a plant (RSR) allows to divide the studied sets of spring barley cultivars on groups of resistance to an early drought more differentially, than the indicators of germination and relative accumulation of biomass by whole seedling used in practice.
References
1. Batalova G.A. Oats in the Volga-Vyatka region // Kirov: LLC Orma, 2013. 288 p.
2. Shchennikova I.N. Influence of weather conditions on growth and development of barley plants in
the Kirov region // Agrarian science of Euro-NorthEast. 2014. No. 4. P. 9-13.
3. Nettevich E.D. Selected works. Breeding and seed farming of spring grain crops // Moscow: Nemchi-novka: NIISH TSRNZ. 2008. 348 p.
4. Shikhova L.N., Lisitsyn E.M. Seasonal dynamics of acidity of the natural and reclaimed sod-pod-zolic soil // Plodorodie. 2014. No. 6 (81). P. 40-41.
5. Batalova G.A., Lisitsyn E.M. About oats breeding on resistance to an edaphic stress // Selekciya i semenovodstvo. 2002. No. 2. P. 17-19.
6. Rodina N.A. Breeding of barley in the NorthEast of Non-Chernozem Region. Kirov: Zonal NIISH of the North-East. 2006. 488 p.
7. Kokina L.P., Shchennikova I.N. Efficiency of use of collection samples in barley breeding // Methods and technologies in plant breeding. Kirov: NIISH of the Northeast, 2014. P. 117-120.
8. Diagnostics of plant resistance to stressful influences (methodical manual). Leningrad, 1988. 227 p.
РЕСУРСОСБЕРЕГАЮЩИЕ СПОСОБЫ ОБРАБОТКИ ПОЧВЫ ПОД ЗЕРНОФУРАЖНЫЕ
КУЛЬТУРЫ
Носкова Е.Н.
Федеральный Аграрный Научный Центр Северо-Востока
Киров, Российская Федерация
RESOURCE-SAVING WAYS OF SOIL PROCESSING FOR GRAIN-FORAGE CROPS
Noskova E.
Federal Agricultural Research Center of the North-East
Kirov, Russian Federation
АННОТАЦИЯ
В статье рассмотрено влияние различных видов основной и предпосевной обработок почвы в сочетании с внесением биопрепаратов на урожайность ярового ячменя и овса и продуктивность звена севооборота. Отмечено достоверное увеличение урожайности ярового ячменя по вспашке по сравнению с плоскорезной обработкой - на 0,54 т/га (LSD05A=0,13). На урожайность овса в большей степени повлияли изучаемые препараты: при обработке посевов в фазу кущения препаратом на основе штамма Streptomyces higroscopicus А4 отмечена прибавка урожайности на 0,19-0,32 т/га по сравнению другими вариантами.
ABSTRACT
The influence of different types of the main and pre-sowing processings of the soil in combination with introduction of biological products on productivity of spring barley and oats as well as productivity of a chain of a crop rotation is considered in the article. Reliable increase in productivity of spring barley on plowing in comparison with surface processing is noted - on 0.54 t/hectare. The productivity of oats was affected in higher degree by the studied preparations: when crops were processed with preparation on the basis of A4 strain of Streptomyces hygroscopicus at tillering stage, increase in productivity on 0.19-0.32 t/hectare in comparison by other options is noted.
Ключевые слова: урожайность зерна, яровой ячмень, овес, продуктивность, переваримый протеин.
Keywords: grain productivity, spring barley, oats, productivity, digestive protein.
Productivity is an integrating indicator of action of all cultivation conditions on a plant. Due to growth of Earth's population the increase in productivity of crops remains a strategic task of world agriculture [1].
Some of the major factors influencing receiving high productivity of spring grain crops are: high quality of soil processing, both the main, and pre-sowing, rational use of mineral fertilizers, micro- and biofertiliz-
The main and pre-sowing processings of the soil play the leading role in the system of agriculture of the Kirov region. They optimize the modes of growth and development of cultivated plants, affect agro-physical properties of the soil, its microbiological activity, help to fight against weed vegetation, provide seal of plant residues and a condition of a top soil optimum for crops [2, 3, 4].
ers.
