CC BY
15APPLICATION ELECTRON ENCYCLOPEDIA
Ibodullayev Sardor Nasriddin o'g'li Maxammadjonov Maxammadjon Alisher o'g'l
i
Uzbekistan, Tashkent, Tashkent University of Informational Technologies, student
Abstract. An encyclopedia or encyclopaedia (also spelled encyclopœdia, see spelling differences) is a type ofreference work or compendium holding a comprehensive summary of information from either all branches of knowledge or a particular branch of knowledge. Encyclopedias are divided into articles or entries, which are usually accessed alphabetically by article name. Encyclopedia entries are longer and more detailed than those in most dictionaries. Generally speaking, unlike dictionary entries, which focus onlinguistic information about words, encyclopedia articles focus on factual information concerning the subject for which the article is named. Encyclopedias have existed for around 2,000 years; the oldest still in existence, Naturalis Historia, was written starting in ca. AD 77 by Pliny the Elder and was not fully revised at the time of his death in AD 79. The modern encyclopedia evolved out of dictionaries around the 17 th century. Historically, some encyclopedias were contained in one volume, whereas others, such as the Encyclopœdia Britannica, theEnciclopedia Italiana (62 volumes, 56,000 pages) or the world's largest, Enciclopedia universal ilustrada europeo-americana (118 volumes, 105,000 pages), became huge multi-volume works. Some modern encyclopedias, such as Wikipedia, are electronic and often ^ freely available.
Keywords: encyclopedia, history, application, programming, C++, electron, mobile.
Encyclopedias have progressed from the beginning of history in written form, through medieval and modern times in print, and most recently, displayed on computer and distributed via computer networks. The word encyclopedia comes from the Koine Greek enkyklios paideia, meaning "general education" from enkyklios, meaning "circular, recurrent, required regularly, general" and paideia, meaning "education, rearing of a child"; it was reduced to a single word due to an error by copyists of Latin manuscripts. Together, the phrase literally translates as "complete instruction" or "complete knowledge".
Indeed, the purpose of an encyclopedia is to collect knowledge disseminated around the globe; to set forth its general system to the men with whom we live, and transmit it to those who will come after us, so that the work of preceding centuries will not become useless to the centuries to come; and so that our offspring, becoming better instructed, will at the same time become more virtuous and happy, and that we should not die without having rendered a service to the human race in the future years to come.
Copyists of Latin manuscripts took this phrase to be a single Greek word, enkyklopaidia, with the same meaning, and this spurious Greek word became the New Latin word "encyclopaedia", which in turn came into English. Though the notion of a compendium of knowledge dates back thousands of years, the term was first used in the title of a book in 1517 by Johannes Aventinus: "Encyclopedia orbisque doctrinarum, hoc est omnium artium, scientiarum, ipsius philosophiae index ac divisio, and in 1538 by Joachimus Fortius Ringelbergius, Lucubrationes vel potius absolutissima kyklopaideia" (Basel, 1538).
The word encyclopedia was first used as a noun in the title of his book by the Croatian encyclopedist Pavao Skalic in his Encyclopaedia "seu orbis disciplinarum tam sacrarum quam prophanarum epistemon" (Encyclopaedia, or Knowledge of the World of Disciplines, Basel, 1559). One of the oldest vernacular uses was by François Rabelais in his Pantagruelin 1532. Several encyclopedias have names that include the suffix -p(a)edia, e.g., Banglapedia (on matters relevant for Bengal).
In British usage, the spellings encyclopedia and encyclopaedia are both current. In American usage, only the former is commonly used. The spelling encyclopœdia—with the œ ligature—was frequently used in the 19th century and is increasingly rare, although it is retained in product titles such as Encyclopœdia Britannica and others. The Oxford English Dictionary (1989) records encyclopœdia and encyclopaedia as equal alternatives (in that order), and notes theœ would be obsolete except that it is preserved in works that have Latin titles. Webster's Third New International Dictionary (1997-2002) features encyclopedia as the main headword and encyclopaedia as a minor
variant. In addition, cyclopedia and cyclopaedia are now rarely used shortened forms of the word originating in the 17th century.
The beginnings of the modern idea of the general-purpose, widely distributed printed encyclopedia precede the 18th century encyclopedists. However, Chambers' Cyclopaedia, or Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences (1728), and the Encyclopédie of Denis Diderot and Jean le Rond d'Alembert (1751 onwards), as well as Encyclopedia Britannica and the Conversations-Lexikon, were the first to realize the form we would recognize today, with a comprehensive scope of topics, discussed in depth and organized in an accessible, systematic method. Chambers, in 1728, followed the earlier lead of John Harris's Lexicon Technicum of 1704 and later editions (see also below); this work was by its title and content "A Universal English Dictionary of Arts and Sciences: Explaining not only the Terms of Art, but the Arts Themselves".
During the 19th and early 20th century, many smaller or less developed languages saw their first encyclopedias, using French, German, and English role models. While encyclopedias in larger languages, having large markets that could support a large editorial staff, churned out new 20-volume works in a few years and new editions with brief intervals, such publication plans often spanned a decade or more in smaller languages.
The modern encyclopedia was developed from the dictionary in the 18th century. Historically, both encyclopedias and dictionaries have been researched and written by well-educated, well-informed content experts, but they are significantly different in structure. A dictionary is a linguistic work which primarily focuses on alphabetical listing of word sand their definitions. Synonymous words and those related by the subject matter are to be found scattered around the dictionary, giving no obvious place for in-depth treatment. Thus, a dictionary typically provides limited information, analysis or background for the word defined. While it may offer a definition, it may leave the reader lacking in understanding the meaning, significance or limitations of a term, and how the term relates to a broader field of knowledge. An encyclopedia is, allegedly, not written in order to convince, although one of its goals is indeed to convince its reader about its own veracity. In the terms of Aristotle's Modes of persuasion, a dictionary should persuade the reader through logos (conveying only appropriate emotions); it will be expected to have a lack of pathos (it should not stir up irrelevant emotions), and to have little ethos except that of the dictionary itself.
To address those needs, an encyclopedia article is typically not limited to simple definitions, and is not limited to defining an individual word, but provides a more extensive meaning for a subject or discipline. In addition to defining and listing synonymous terms for the topic, the article is able to treat the topic's more extensive meaning in more depth and convey the most relevant accumulated knowledge on that subject. An encyclopedia article also often includes many maps and illustrations, as well as bibliography and statistics.
Four major elements define an encyclopedia: its subject matter, its scope, its method of organization, and its method of production:
• Encyclopedias can be general, containing articles on topics in every field (the English-language Encyclopedia Britannica and German Brockhaus are well-known examples). General encyclopedias often contain guides on how to do a variety of things, as well as embedded dictionaries and gazetteers. There are also encyclopedias that cover a wide variety of topics but from a particular cultural, ethnic, or national perspective, such as the Great Soviet Encyclopedia or Encyclopaedia Judaica.
• Works of encyclopedic scope aim to convey the important accumulated knowledge for their subject domain, such as an encyclopedia of medicine, philosophy, or law. Works vary in the breadth of material and the depth of discussion, depending on the target audience. (For example, the Medical encyclopedia produced by A.D.A.M., Inc. for the U.S. National Institutes of Health.)
• Some systematic method of organization is essential to making an encyclopedia usable as a work of reference. There have historically been two main methods of organizing printed encyclopedias: the alphabetical method (consisting of a number of separate articles, organized in alphabetical order), or organization by hierarchical categories. The former method is today the most common by far, especially for general works. The fluidity of electronic media, however, allows new possibilities for multiple methods of organization of the same content. Further, electronic media offer previously unimaginable capabilities for search, indexing and cross reference. The epigraph from Horace on the title page of the 18th century Encyclopédie suggests the importance of the structure of
an encyclopedia: "What grace may be added to commonplace matters by the power of order and connection."
• As modern multimedia and the information age have evolved, they have had an ever-increasing effect on the collection, verification, summation, and presentation of information of all kinds. Projects such as Everything2, Encarta, h2g2, and Wikipedia are examples of new forms of the encyclopedia as information retrieval becomes simpler. The method of production for an encyclopedia historically has been supported in both for-profit and non-profit contexts. The Great Soviet Encyclopedia mentioned above was entirely state sponsored, while the Britannica was supported as a for-profit institution. By comparison, Wikipedia is supported by volunteers contributing in a non-profit environment under the organization of the Wikimedia Foundation.
Some works entitled "dictionaries" are actually similar to encyclopedias, especially those concerned with a particular field (such as the Dictionary of the Middle Ages, the Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships, and Black's Law Dictionary). The Macquarie Dictionary, Australia's national dictionary, became an encyclopedic dictionary after its first edition in recognition of the use of proper nouns in common communication, and the words derived from such proper nouns.
There are some broad differences between encyclopedias and dictionaries. Most noticeably, encyclopedia articles are longer, fuller and more thorough than entries in most general-purpose dictionaries. There are differences in content as well. Generally speaking, dictionaries provide linguistic information about words themselves, while encyclopedias focus more on the thing for which those words stand. Thus, while dictionary entries are inextricably fixed to the word described, encyclopedia articles can be given a different entry name. As such, dictionary entries are not fully translatable into other languages, but encyclopedia articles can be.
In practice, however, the distinction is not concrete, as there is no clear-cut difference between factual, "encyclopedic" information and linguistic information such as appears in dictionaries. Thus encyclopedias may contain material that is also found in dictionaries, and vice versa. In particular, dictionary entries often contain factual information about the thing named by the word.
1913 advertisement for Encyclopedia Britannica, the oldest and one of the largest contemporary English encyclopedias. Popular and affordable encyclopedias such as Harmsworth's Universal Encyclopedia and the Children's Encyclopedia appeared in the early 1920s.
The second half of the 20th century also saw the proliferation of specialized encyclopedias that compiled topics in specific fields. This trend has continued. Encyclopedias of at least one volume in size now exist for most if not allacademic disciplines, including such narrow topics such as bioethics.
By the late 20th century, encyclopedias were being published on CD-ROMs for use with personal computers. Microsoft's Encarta, launched in 1993, was a landmark example as it had no printed equivalent. Articles were supplemented with both video and audio files as well as numerous high-quality images. After sixteen years, Microsoft discontinued the Encarta line of products in 2009.
In 2001, Jimmy Wales and Larry Sanger launched Wikipedia, a collaboratively edited, multilingual, open-source, free Internet encyclopedia supported by the non-profit Wikimedia Foundation. As of 17 February 2016, there are 5,082,129 articles in the English Wikipedia. There are 287 different editions of Wikipedia. As of February 2014, it had 18 billion page views and nearly 500 million unique visitors each month. Wikipedia has more than 25 million accounts, out of which there were over 118,000 active editors globally, as of August 2015. Wikipedia's accuracy was found by a Nature study to be close to that of Encyclopedia Britannica, with Wikipedia being much larger. However, critics argue Wikipedia exhibits systemic bias, and its group dynamics hinder its goals. Many academics, historians, teachers, and journalists reject Wikipedia as a reliable source of information, primarily for being a mixture of truths, half truths, and some falsehoods, and that as a resource about many controversial topics, is notoriously subject to manipulation and spin.
While Wikipedia is by far the largest web-based encyclopedia, it is not the only one in existence. There are several much smaller, usually more specialized, encyclopedias on various themes, sometimes dedicated to a specific geographic region or time period.
Now we show mobile application which named "Encyclopedia". With helping this program you can find terms and meaning of terms. There are more 14000 terms in this mobile application. Program includes ideas in the field of information and communication is important, interesting information.
lissai 11:41
Qo'shimcha
Fig.1. Main form of "Encyclopedia" application
The program compiled for the Windows operating system and Android platforms. The program is based on the C++ programming language. The main purpose of the program create dictionary of technical terms in the field of information and communication. The program is based on more than 14000 technical terms. You can see through them to select or search for the name. More convenient to search for the "Characters" panel, where you can chose different terms. You can copy the meaning of the term "memo" components tab. The program design is user friendly. Easy to read the meaning of the term, and search term placement.
Atamaning nomini yozishingiz yoki tanlashingia^wiiiiiiii mumkin
Axborot
Ko'rsatish
Axborot ingl.information 1. Taqdim etilish
shaklidan qat'iy nazar shaxs, predmet, dalil, voqea, hodisa va jarayonlar haqidagi
ma'lumotlar. 2. Dalil, voqea, hodisa, predmet, jarayon kabi obyektlar haqidagi bilim (ma'lumotlar) hamda tushunchalar yoki buyruqlar. 3. Ma'lum xos matnda aniq ma'noga ega bo'lgan tushunchalarni
ichiga oluvchi dalil, voqea, hodisa, predmet, jarayon, taqdimot kabi obyektlar haqidagi bilim (ma'lumotlar). 4. Qiziqish uyg'otishi mumkin bo'lgan va saqlanishi va qayta ishlanishi lozim bo'lgan jami dalil va ma'lumotlar. Kitob matni, ilmiy formulalar, bank hisob raqamidan erkin foydalanish va to'lovlar, dars jadvali, o'lchash majmualarining Yer va fazo stansiyasi o'rtasidagi masofa to'g'risidagi xabarlar va h.k. axborotlar bo'lishi
<1195%! 11:47 I 4rQv 11:48
nini I Atamanina nomini
Atamaning nomini yozishingiz yoki tanlashingia^mwiiiiiii mumkin
Abonent
I |Abonent ingl.: subscriber Xizmat 1 ko'rsatuvchi axborot obyekti (tizim, Itarmoq, majmua) bilan o'zaro ishlash I huquqiga ega qurilma, yuridik yoki jismoniy I I shaxs. Abonentning har qanday I foydalanuvchidan farqi shundaki, u I xizmat ko'rsatuvchi axborot obyekti I foydalanuvchilari ro'yxatiga kiritilgan )'ladi.|
Fig. 2. Form o;f "Technical terms "
There are 6 forms in program. In other menus created for the field of information and communication technologies as well as interesting information.
The development of ICT in the development of information and communication technologies placed in important dates. Years, who invented technologies are briefly described.
tfi lliHi
Atamarang nonrwv yoashmgu yok> t jnlmNnqn^^»* murntan
¿9st| 11:43
ttmM mgl Unit
toHNMh «tcr« «trf<iii UH»H »ywl Who 0>l>4 tM**><
1^411 №)xntnat h« o byMtnMWwbiir ihgfidlh u n/nwn kaiutACfv nUytf qfcyiili toydaJmjKMin rayutiga luMgin
AKT rivojlanishi yillari
uni qurgan. Mexanik kalkulator bug' yordamida harakatga keltirilgan vato'la avtomatik bo'lgan. Mexanik kalkulator Ichiga o'rnatllgan dastur bilan boshqanlgan.
1844-yil
Morze alilbosidan foydalanib telegraf yordamida birinchi xabar yuborilgan.
1866-yil
To'g'ridan-to'g'ri va bir zumda aloqa qilish uchun transatlantik kabel yotqizilgan.
1876-yil
Alexander Graham Bell ilk bor telefon kashf etgan
Aleksandr Steuanovich Podov tomonidan ilk
Fig.3. Finding with "Characters" Fig.4. Form ofICT developing years
In "Domains" menu all types of information about the national popular domains and domains. There are total number of domains in more than 260.
11:42
Bilasizmi?
* Inson tanasidagi tomirlarning umumiy uzunligi - 96 kmga yaqin.
Yana ko'rsatish
Bugun qanday kun?
23.11.15 -
Fig.5. Form of "Domains"
Fig. 6. Form of "Additional
REFERENCES
1. Learning Mobile App Development:
2. Android Programming. Bill Phillips
3. Android 6 for Programmers. Paul Deitel
4. Encyclopedia 2016
