CC BY
11
Section 4. Pedagogy
MSc. Keida Ushtelenca, Department of Social Sciences and Education Faculty of Movement Sciences. Sports University of Tirana
MSc. Genti Pano,
Department of Physical Activity Health and Recreation Research, Sport Sciences Research Institute, Sports University of Tirana, Albania.
MSc. Blerina Mema, Department of Social Sciences and Education Faculty of Movement Sciences. Sports University of Tirana Correspondence: K. Ushtelenca, Department of Social science and Education, Faculty of Movement Sciences, Sport University of Tirana, Albania.
E-mail: [email protected]
ANTHROPOMETRIC CHANGES, OBESITY, COORDINATION AND MOTOR SKILLS IN 7-11 YEARS OLD CHILDREN
Abstract: the phase before puberty 7-11 years are marked by very good learning abilities and are proven to be the best motor learning age in childhood [3], considering this age as a sensitive period [4].
The aim of this study was to review the latest literature with focus on anthropometric changes, obesity, coordination and motor skills in 7-11 years old children. We have searched in PubMed, JabRef, ResearchGate.
Only 10 studies have fulfilled the inclusion criteria's to be part of this review. More longitudinal and randomized studies need to be done in order to investigate periodically anthropometric changes, BMI levels, and coordination and motor skills abilities in this age group. In addition, PA programs need to be more focused in improving these parameters. Keywords: Obesity, anthropometric, coordination, motor abilities, children.
Introduction and in coordination and motor abilities win young children. These
Childhood overweight and obesity have been increasing are the ten researches we are based on, attached in the table below. for the past two decades in developed nations and, to some ex- 1. Graf Ch et al., 2005 [10];
tent, in other parts of the world [1; 2]. The phase before puberty 2. D'Hondt E et al., 2008 [11];
7-11 years are marked by very good learning abilities and are prov- 3. De Toia D et al., 2009 [12];
en to be the best motor learning age in childhood [3], considering 4. D'Hondt E et al., 2009 [13];
this age as a sensitive period [4].Research in sport and physical 5. D'Hondt E et al., 2010 [14];
activity settings has further shown that children who demonstrate 6. Castetbon K. and Andreyeva T., 2012 [15];
athletic competence tend to be more popular with their peers than 7. Khalaj & Amri S.., 2013 [16];
less skilled children [5; 6]. In contrast, children who are poorly 8. Roebers C. M et al., 2013 [17];
skilled often become the target of criticism, ridicule and bullying 9. Gallotta M Ch., 2014 [18];
[7; 8], and exclusion [9; 8]. 10. Burrows E.J et al., 2014 [19].
Objectives Results and discussion based on the studies
The main aim of this study was to review the latest literature Graf Ch et al., 2005 [10] study has examined the effects of in-
with focus on Anthropometric changes, Obesity, Coordination and tervention on the body mass index (BMI) and motor abilities af-Motor skills in 7-11 years old children. ter 20.8 ± 1.0 months in 12 randomly selected primary schools
Methodology. We have searched in: PubMed, JabRef, Re- compared with 5 randomly selected control schools. Overweight searchGate using Key words as: Obesity, anthropometric, coordi- and obese children in both IS and CS produced significantly lower nation, motor abilities, children. scores in coordination and endurance tasks than normal and under-
Results. As we have mentioned we have used these ten re- weight children during both examinations. searches with the main topic in obesity, in anthropometric changes
Table 1.
Author's Name Year of publication Type of study Number of subjects Type of intervention
1. Graf Ch et al. 2005 Children's Health In-terventionalTrial 651 The anthropometric data were assessed, BMI was calculated. Coordination was determined by lateral jumping and endurance performance by a 6-min-ute run.
2. D'Hondt E et al. 2008 Non specified 540 Participants had to perform a peg placing task under different postural constraints. The peg placing task for 9-and 10-year olds from the Movement Assessment Battery for Children (MABC)
3. De Toia D et al. 2009 Randomized control trial 27 kinder garden (Total 1300 children's) The modified Karlsruher Motor Ability Screening. Test was carried out to determine the motor abilities of speed strength, muscular endurance, coordination, flexibility, and speed.
4. D'Hondt E et al. 2009 Randomized control trial 117 children between the age of 5 and 10 years Motor skill was assessed by means of the Movement Assessment Battery for Children (MABC)
5. D'Hondt E et al. 2010 Cross-sectional design 954 Body Coordination Test for Children (Korper coordination's test f u r Kinder [KTK]) to assess gross motor coordination
6. Castetbon K. and Andreyeva T. 2012 Repeated cross-sectional assessments of the national sample from EChLS Birth Cohort 5-6 year-old kindergarteners (n = 4700). Multivariate logistic and linear models estimated the association between obesity and gross and fine motor skills in very young children adjusting for individual, social, and economic characteristics and parental involvement.
7. Khalaj & Amri S. 2013 Randomized control trial 40 (4-6 years) The test of Gross motor development-second edition was used to evaluate gross motor development
8. Roebers C. M et al. 2013 Randomized control trial 169 (4-6 years old) Fine motor skills were assessed by the manual dexterity scale (3 tasks at each assessment) from the Movement Assessment Battery for Children 2
9. Gallotta M Ch. 2014 Randomized control trial 230 (8-11 years old) 5 months PA interventions PA interventions started with 15 min ofwarm-up, followed by 30 min of continuous moderate-to vigorous physical activities (MVPA) and ended with 5 min of cool-down and stretching.
10. Burrows E.J et al. 2014 Research project employed a quasi -experimental design 135 (6-10 years) A skeleton schedule of programming to undertake each week, with a one hour time period for structured activity.
The main purpose of D'Hondt E et al., 2008 [11] study was to investigate fine motor control in obese and overweight children compared to normal-weight peers under different postural constraints. Placing performance of children was evaluated in 2 different postural conditions: sitting and standing in tandem stance on a balance beam. Remarkably, obese participants also produced lower scores in the sitting condition, i. e. when the complexity of postural organization was restricted to a minimum.
De Toia D et al., 2009 [12] study examined the association between motor abilities and weight status in kindergarten children. The modified Karlsruher Motor Ability Screening Test was used to determine the motor abilities of speed strength, muscular endur-
ance, coordination, flexibility, and speed. Obese children did not differ from their normal and underweight counterparts; except for underweight children which fared worse in flexibility.
The purpose of D'Hondt E et al., 2009 [13] study was to investigate gross and fine motor skill in overweight and obese children compared with normal-weight peers.Level of motor skill was assessed using the Movement Assessment Battery for Children (MABC). Scores for balance (p < 0.01) and ball skills (p < 0.05) were significantly better in normal-weight and overweight children as compared with their obese counterparts.
The purpose of D'Hondt E et al., 2010 [14] study was to investigate differences in gross motor coordination in healthy-weight,
overweight, and obese children of different ages. Gross motor coordination was assessed by means of the Körper coordination's test fur Kinder (KTK). Overweight and particularly obesity were found to result in poorer KTK performances.
Castetbon K. and Andreyeva T., 2012 [15] study objective was to estimate the association between obesity and motor skills at 4 years and 5-6 years of age in the USA. Height, weight, and fine and gross motor skills were assessed objectively via direct standardized procedures. The relationship between motor skills and obesity varied across types of skills.
The aim of Gallotta M Ch., 2014 [18] study was to verify the effects of two 5-months physical activity (PA) interventions on motor performance of 53 overweight/obese children of a traditional PA, coordinative PA, or control group (no PA intervention). Results have showed that children who participated in our study improved four of the nine tests proposed after the school PA interventions.
Burrows E.J et al., 2014 [19] aim was to see the potential for after school and physical activity levels.Children were pre- and post-tested for FMS proficiency using the Test of Gross Motor Developments. The sports-based program participants showed no improvement in FMS over the 11 - week study and the games-based program participants significantly improved their proficiency
Conclusions & Recommendation's
Based on the review studies we can conclude that:
Preventive intervention in primary schools offers an effective means to improve motor skills in childhood and to break through the vicious circle of physical inactivity — motor deficits — frustration -increasing inactivity possibly combined with an excess energy intake and weight gain. To prevent overweight and obesity these measures have to be intensified [10].High number of overweight children and motor deficits results suggests that preventive measures should start at this early age [11].
BMI-related differences in gross motor coordination were more pronounced as children belonged to an older age group. Although this outcome needs to be confirmed in future longitudinal research, it emphasizes the need of an early focus on motor skill improvement to encourage overweight and obese children to be physically active
[14].
Motor skills are adversely associated with childhood obesity only for skills most directly related to body weight [15].Better training of after school program leaders on how to teach fundamental movement skills, may be necessary to assist children in acquiring sufficient proficiency in FMS [19].
References:
1. Odgen C. L., Flegal K. M., Carroll M. L., Johnson C. L. Prevalence and trends in overeeight among US children and adolescents, - 19992000. J Am Diet Asso - 2002. - 288. - P. 1728-1732.
2. Rolland-Cachera M. F., Castetbon K., Arnault N., Bellisle F., Romano M. C., Lehingue Y., Frelut M. L., Hercberg S. Body mass index in 7-9-y-old French children: frequency of obesity, overweight and thinness. IntJ Obes Relat Metab Disord. - 2002. - Dec 26 (12). - P. 1610-6.
3. Meinel K. Bewegungslehre. Berlin, German: Volk und Wissen Vokseigener Verla - 1960.
4. Hirtz P., &Starosta W. Sensitive and critical periods of movement coordination development and its connection with motor learning. In Fidal (Ed.), Motor Coordination in sport and exercise - 2002. - P. 159-170.
5. Rose B., Larkin D., &Berger B. G. Coordination and gender influences on the perceived competence of children. Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly, - 1997. - 14. - P. 210-221.
6. Weiss M. R., & Duncan S. C. The relationship between physical competence and peer acceptance in the contence of children's sport participation. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, - 1992. - 14. - P. 177-191.
7. Fitzpatrick D. A., & Watkinson E. The lived experience ofphysical awkwardness: Adults' retrospective views. Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly, - 2003. - 20. - P. 279-297.
8. Mandich A. D., Polatajko H. J., Rodger S. Rites of passage: understanding participation of children with developmental coordination disorder. Hum Mov Sci. - 2003. - No. 22 (4-5). - P. 583-95.
9. Evans J., & Roberts G. C. Physical compentence and the development of children's peer relation. Quest, - 1987. - 39. - P. 23-35.
10. Graf Ch., Koch B., Falkowski G., Jouck S., Christ H., Stauenmaier K., Bjarnason-Wehrens B., Tokarski W., Dordel S. and Predel H. G. Effects OfA School-Based Intervention On Bmi And Motor Abilities In Childhood. Received: 13 April - 2005 /Accepted: 18 July - 2005 / Published (online): 01 September - 2005. ©Journal of Sports Science and Medicine - 2005. - 4. - P. 291-299. URL: http://www. jssm.org
11. D'Hondt E., Deforche B., Bourdeaudhuij I. D., Lenoir M. Childhood obesity affects fine motor skill performance under different postural constraints. Neuroscience Letters - 440. - 2008. - P. 72-75.
12. De Toia D., Kleina D., Webera S., Wesselya N., Kocha B., Tokarskib W., Dordelc S., Strudera H., Grafa Ch. Relationship between Anthropometry and Motor Abilities at Pre-School Age. Obes Facts - 2009. - 2. - P. 221-225. Published online: July 23, - 2009. DOI: 10.1159/000228155.
13. D'Hondt E., Deforche B., Bourdeaudhuij I. D., and Lenoir M. Relationship Between Motor Skill and Body Mass Index in 5-to 10-Year-Old Children. Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly, - 2009. - 26. - P. 21-37. © 2009 Human Kinetics, Inc.
14. D'Hondt E., Deforche B., Vayens R., Vandorpe B., Vandendriesssche J. Pion J. Philippaerts R., Bourdeaudhuij I. D., and Lenoir M. Gross motor coordination in relation to weight status and age in 5-to 12-year-old boys and girls: A cross-sectional study. International Journal of Pediatric Obesity, - 2010. Early Online, P. 1-9.
15. Castetbon K. and Andreyeva T. Obesity and motor skills among 4 to 6-year-old children in the united states: nationallyrepresentative surveys. Castetbon and Andreyeva BMC Pediatrics - 2012. - 12. - P. 28. URL: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2431/12/28.
16. Khalaj N., Amri S. Mastery of gross motor skills among preschool obese children. Science, Movement and Health, Vol. XIII, ISSUE 2 supplement, - 2013. September - 2013. - 13 (2). - P. 656-661.
17. Roebers C. M., et al. The relation between cognitive and motor performance and their relevance for children's transition to school: A latent variable approach. Human Movement Science - 2013. URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016Zj.humov.2013.08.011
18. Gallotta M.Ch, Emerenziani G. P., Lazzoni S., Meucci M., Guidetti L., Baldari C. Could Overweight and Obese Children Improve Their Motor Performance With A Qualitative hysical Activity Approach? 610 X Indian Journal of Applied Research. - Volume 4. - Issue: 5. - May. - 2014. ISSN 2249-555X.
19. Burrows E. J., Melanie R. Keats and Angela M. Kolen. Contributions of After School Programs to the Development of Fundamental Movement Skills in Children. International Journal of Exercise Science - 2014. - 7 (3). - P. 236-249.
