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ultimately increases the yield and facilitates the provision of end products. In the process of mechano-activation processing, the size of the coal particles is reduced from 500 ^m to 5 ^m, while the Pro also comes opening previously not available to contact the micropores from which to retrieve additional active humic substances capable of reacting with sodium hydroxide, thereby increasing yield water soluble sodium salts of humic acids.
In addition, the center is working to improve the efficiency of the extraction processing of brown coals and peat by means of their chemical modification by alkylation. The result is alkylation of the organic mass of coal is saturated with hydrogen during pyrolysis or thermal liquefaction yields products with a high content of hydrogen that is important in terms of production of liquid fuel fractions [4,5]. Physico-chemical characteristics obtained from the alkylated coal wax is a high quality product comparable to the various brands of etherification or vegetable (Carnauba) wax. It should be noted that traditionally in the industry esterified waxes obtained by sequential processing of crude mineral wax.
Based on numerous studies confirmed in modern devices, the Kuzbass scientists are working on creating models of "structure - properties". That is, the properties of the original sample pomatostomidae of the material can be the judge of how to get out of it humates and what they have the properties and to make certain predictions regarding their use.
References:
1. Purygin, p. P., Humic acids: their isolation, structure and application in biology, chemistry and medicine. / P. p. Purygin, I. A. Potapova, D. V. Vorob'ev // the Samara state medical University [Electronic resource]. Mode of access: http://www.sworld.com.ua/simpoz3/92.pdf outdoor (accessed 23.03.2014)
2. Perminova, I. V. Humic substances - a challenge to chemists XXI century [Text] / I. V. Perminova // Chemistry and life 2008 no. 1.- P. 50-55.
3. Zherebtsov, S. I. Alkylation of coal and peat by alcohols [Text] / S. I. Zherebtsov, Ismagilov Z. R. // solid fuel Chemistry in 2012.- No. 4. - From 39 to 53.
4. Zherebtsov, S. I. Sorption of copper cations from aqueous solutions of brown coals and humic acids [Text] // Chemistry of solid fuel 2015.- No. 5. With 3-39.
Sapranco D. S.
Dvoeglazova A. A.
Kuzbass State Technical University named after TF Gorbachev
Kemerovo
ANALYSIS OF THE ECOLOGICAL STATE OF SOILS OF RUSSIA
Soil - the loose surface layer of the earth's crust, formed as a result of prolonged exposure on the lithosphere, the atmosphere, water, animals and plants. The soil consists of well - defined layers of soil horizons differing in structure and color. Soil condition, soil is essential for assessing the ecological condition of a particular region, as the soils are triple interest: as the initial link in the food chains as an integral indicator of the ecological state of the environment and as a source
of secondary pollution of the surface layer of the atmosphere, surface water and groundwater [1].
According to some sources it is revealed that the surface of the earth is facing the most significant mass and very dangerous anthropogenic load. If released into the atmosphere less than 1 billion tons of harmful substances (without CO2) and the hydrosphere is about 15 billion tons of pollutants that falls to earth each year, approximately 85 - 90 billion tons of anthropogenic waste. According to some sources, their total volume by the end of the 1990s exceeded 1500 km3, which corresponds to the amount of 600 thousand pyramids of Cheops [2]. Thus, in the period from 2006 to 2014, the volume of educational waste in Russia increased 1.5 times. In 2006 it amounted to 3.52 billion so, in 2011 of 4.30 billion tons, and in 2014 — of 5.17 billion tons [3].
The main sources of anthropogenic pollution of land are:
• solid and liquid waste from extractive, processing and chemical industry, power engineering and transport;
• waste products, primarily solid waste;
• agricultural waste and used in agricultural pesticides;
• atmospheric deposition of toxic substances;
• emergency emissions and discharges of pollutants [2].
The land Fund of Russia according to the state land registration on January 1, 2015 amounted to 1709,9 million ha [4] (excluding the land area of the Republic of Crimea), compared with 1 January 2005 increased by 1%. In terms of zemlianichenko Russia among the top three leading countries [5].
Confiscation of land from productive turnover for all categories of land acquisition, according to the Federal state statistics service, in 2013 was 401 405,0 thousand hectares, which is by 42.9 thousand hectares more than in 2012, and in 2014 increased by 110.7 thousand hectares and amounted to 401 515,7 thousand ha [6].
Analysis of data of state land monitoring and other systems to monitor the state of the environment shows that in almost all Russian regions the tendency to deterioration of the lands. For example, the disturbed area for 2015 is 1116,7 thousand hectares, which is 1.2% more than in 2010, the Largest area of disturbed lands located on the territories of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug (119,0 thousand hectares), Sverdlovsk (63.3 thousand ha) and Kemerovo (62,7 thousand hectares) regions, the Khanty-Mansi (55,6 thousand hectares) and Chukchi (47.6 per thousand ha) Autonomous districts [6]. This is mainly due to the most active sectors of natural resources, such as industry, forestry and agriculture. There are three main factors that determine this dynamics.
First, in areas developed agricultural production have exceeded ecological limits of land use for arable land and grazing, the consequences of this are disturbances of the hydrological regime, the acceleration of soil degradation, reduction of biodiversity and, consequently, reducing the ability of agricultural lands to a partial reproduction (in whole be reproduced only with human involvement).
Secondly, on the environmental condition of the land is significantly affected by chemical pollution, particularly by oil and oil products, salts of heavy metals, products of agrochemicals [8].
Sources of environmental contamination with fluorine compounds are aluminum plants, enterprises for the production of phosphate fertilizers and others. Monitoring of soil pollution by fluoride was held in Irkutsk, Kemerovo, Novosibirsk, Samara and Tomsk regions, over pollution of atmospheric deposition of fluoride in the Irkutsk region. In 2014, the pollution of surface 5-cm layer of soil gross form of fluoride was in the city of Bratsk and its surrounding areas. There is a tendency to the accumulation of gross forms of fluorine in the surface layer of soil. Fixed contamination water soluble forms of fluoride above 1 MPC individual sections of the soils in the area (on site) cities Irkutsk, Kamensk-Ural'skiy, Penza, Saratov, Kostroma and Tolyatti, [6], [7].
One of the biggest environmental problems of Russia - the land pollution with oil and oil products (NP). In the period from 2004 to 2014 were observed over the content of NP in soils and the dynamics of their changes on the territories of Western Siberia, the Republic of Mari El, Republic of Tatarstan, Irkutsk, Nizhny Novgorod and Samara regions. Soil pollution NP is also observed in the town of Arzamas, Nizhny Novgorod region, in Zarechnaya part of Nizhny Novgorod, Samara, Chapaevsk, Samara region. In soils of Samara and Tomsk showed a trend towards increase in the content of the NP. A decreasing trend of soil contamination of NP detected in the territory of Novosibirsk.
According to Rostekhnadzor in 2015 has been 9 accidents at the oil and gas industry and the main pipeline transport, accompanied by spills of oil and oil products, which is 5 accidents less than in 2013, According to Rosprirodnadzor, for the year 2014 in the Russian Federation due to leakage during the transit of oil, gas, products of oil processing was disrupted 604,3 hectares of land, compared with the previous year decreased by 21.5%.
Should pay attention to and contamination of soil residual amount of pesticide properties. The main source of pesticides in the soil is their use in agricultural production. Contaminated soils pesticides are identified on the territory of the Russian Federation annually, and the trend decline in the share of contaminated soils. In accordance with the State catalogue of pesticides and agrochemicals on the territory of the Russian Federation allowed to use more than thousands of means of protection of plants, in which about 300 active substances. In 2013 in the areas covered by the observations conducted by Roshydromet, the most widely used herbicides glyphosate, 2,4-D, acetochlor, MCPA, fenoxaprop-P-ethyl, prometryn, etc. In 2014, as in 2013, there were no exceedances of the standard content in soil of the herbicide 2,4-D (2012 contaminated with 2,4-D in soil was 1.25% of the investigated area, in 2011 - 0,14%; in 2010 and 2009 - by 1.4%). These fluctuations are due to the widespread use of this herbicide in agricultural production [6].
Thirdly, the intensive development erosion, deflation, waterlogging, salinization, desertification, flooding, overgrowing of farmland with bushes and
undergrowth and other processes leading to loss of fertility of agricultural lands and their withdrawal from economic turnover. On January 1, 2014 water erosion is 17.8% of the area of farmland, wind - 8,4%; waterlogged and marshy lands occupy 12.3%, saline and alkaline lands - 20.1% of farmland.
The most vulnerable to erosion are the Volga (50,0%), South (16.0 percent) and Central (13.0 per cent) Federal districts-deflation-threat - Siberian (43,0%) and South (30,0%) Federal districts. The processes of stagnation to the greatest degree developed in the Central (31,0%) and Siberian (23.0 percent) of Federal districts, salinity - South (about 50,0%) and Siberian (about 30.0 per cent) Federal districts [6].
Desertification is currently one of the most intense and widespread process in the arid territories South of the Russian Federation. Desertification in one way or another covered 27 subjects of the Russian Federation on the area more than 100 million hectares, for example, in the Volga region, Ciscaucasia, Dagestan, Voronezh, Orenburg, Omsk regions, Transbaikalia and other regions [8].
The poor state of land in all towns with a population of over 1 million people, ecological trouble here qualifies as "most high" or "very high". More than half of the cities with population from 0.5 to 1 million people, the environmental situation is problematic. "Very dangerous," admits contamination of 0.5% of the settlements (including Norilsk), "dangerous" - 3.7% (including St. Petersburg), "medium risk" is 10 % (including Moscow, Ekaterinburg, Kirov, Komsomolsk-on-Amur, Mednogorsk, N. Tagil, Orsk, Krasnodar, Krasnodar Cherepovets). The main causes of pollution of urban land - landfill, industrial and domestic wastes, motor vehicle emissions and industrial enterprises [8].
Literature:
1. The concept of modern science/ Chapter 11/ principles of ecology/ http://www.gumer.info/bibliotek_Buks/Science/mihail/11.php
2. Akimova T. A., Khaskin V. V. Environment. Man - Economy - Biota -Environment: a textbook for University students. - 3rd ed. Rev. and extra - M.: YUNITI-DANA, 2006. - 495 p. - (Series "Golden Fund of Russian textbooks").
3. News/Supreme ecological Council of the state Duma amending the Federal law "On wastes of production and consumption"/ prowaste.ru/news/2015/12/17/130
4. State (national) report "On the status and use of lands in the Russian Federation in 2014".
5. Glushkova V. G., Makar S. V. Ekonomika of environmental management: a textbook for undergraduates / 2nd ed. Rev. and extra - M.: urait, 2015. - 588 p. -Series: the Bachelor. Basic course.
6. The state reports "On the state and environmental protection of the Russian Federation for 2005 - 2014".
7. Golovanov A. I., Zimin, F. M., Smetanin V. I. Reclamation naru surveyed lands: the textbook - 2 Izd., Rev. and additional - SPb.: Publishing House "DOE", 2015. - 336 S.: ill. - ( Textbooks for universities. Special literature).
8. The state of the environment and protection of nature/ http: //www.novrosen.ru/Russia/nature/condition.htm
