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DOI https://doi.org/10.18551/rjoas.2017-11.38
ANALYSIS OF BRAND TRUST, BRAND IMAGE, AND BRAND SATISFACTION ON BRAND LOYALTY AND REPURCHASE INTENTION
Susetyo Hendri Rahman*, Ronny
STIE Perbanas Surabaya, Indonesia *E-mail: hendri.rahmans@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
This research aimed to examine the influence of brand trust, brand image, and brand satisfaction on brand loyalty and repurchase intention of Jawa Pos newspaper in Surabaya City. According to literature review, the hypothesis of this research stated that brand trust, brand image, and brand satisfaction influenced brand loyalty. In addition, the results of the literature review showed that brand loyalty influenced repurchase intention. The data of this research were collected by using questionnaires from respondents consisting of 210 customers of Jawa Pos newspaper in Surabaya City. Hypothesis testing technique was performed by using structure equation model (SEM) analysis with SmartPLS statistic application. The results of this research indicated that brand trust, brand image, and brand satisfaction had a positive influence on brand loyalty and brand loyalty had positive influence on repurchase intention. Specifically, this research showed that loyal customers will continuously have repurchase intention.
KEY WORDS
Image, trust, satisfaction, loyalty, brand, repurchase intention.
Nowadays, modern life is indirectly formed by the new information and communication technologies. As a key driver of this modern-era transformation, digitalization and interconnection network have created services such as mobile networks and the Internet (Kilian et al., 2012). In recent years, the internet has become a major source in searching for the information and news in which it threatens the future of newspapers around the world. In addition, the distribution of newspapers is also influenced by the availability of information from online news, websites, and social media that finally influences the number of newspaper sales (Alotaibi, 2015).
Readers, in some developed countries, through digital platform, have exceeded the number of readers compared to print media. The World Press Trends analysis estimated that at least 40 percent of global internet users used the Internet to read online newspapers (Henriksson, 2016). A survey of the World Association of Newspapers and News Publishers (WAN-IFRA), conducted in 2013, showed the variations in newspaper distribution. The survey compared newspaper distribution in 2012 and over the last five years. The results of the survey showed that there was a global downturn in newspaper distribution over the past few years of 0.9 percent; the downturn in the last five years had reached 2.2 percent (Kilman, 2013). Meanwhile, a follow-up survey, conducted by WAN-IFRA in 2015, found that the total global newspaper revenue decreased 1.2 percent from a year earlier and decreased 4.3 percent over the past five years (Henriksson, 2016).
The statistics chart showed the heartbreaking result in the development of today's newspaper business. The problem faced was the fact that the decrease of print media revenue for ads in newspapers is slowing down or even has been falling down for years (Gigaom, 2014). Research conducted by Roy Morgan in 2016 to 22 cities in Indonesia, resulted that the Internet penetration was 54 percent and newspapers was 38 percent. At the provincial level of East Java, internet penetration was only 43 percent and newspaper was 39 percent.
The statistics chart showed the heartbreaking result in the development of today's newspaper business. The problem faced was the fact that the decrease of print media revenue for ads in newspapers is slowing down or even has been falling down for years
(Gigaom, 2014). From the results of a survey, it was revealed that the market share of the newspaper was eroded deep enough, so that its total consumers now were only 39.3 percent. In addition, strong indications of the decrease of consumer/public interest in newspapers can also be seen from the lower number of newspaper customers; it was 15.1 percent, or went down about 2 percent compared to last year of 17.7 percent (Siswanto, 2017).
There are many dilemmas felt by newspaper publishers at the moment, such as reader aging, declining revenue and disappearing reader. In addition to this dilemma, another reason for the problems and threats in this business is internet technology that controls most of the young population. The challenges faced by the newspaper industry force them to rethink the idea about business practices, presentations and how to reach customer targets (Frooghi et al., 2015).
If consumers of print newspapers switch to reading newspapers online, newspapers are under great pressure and start thinking to earn money from their own online portals. The struggle of the newspaper industry is still very tough to keep a profit when disruptive technologies bother them; this is a long tradition of the established media industries that are not ready to be adapted and adapted to the new technology (Kueng & Picard, 2010). Liu et al. (2011) stated that brand trust is an important mediator factor influencing consumer behavior before and after product purchase, it will result in long-term loyalty and strengthen the relationship between both parties.
Having the basis in Surabaya, Jawa Pos is one of the largest newspapers network in Indonesia that has 167 newspapers, 21 magazines/tabloids, 23 local TV stations and 20 news sites and more. Jawa Pos claims itself to be the "National News Publication from Surabaya" because on July 1, 1949 Jawa Pos was born with the name of Djawa Post in Surabaya, East Java. Based on a survey conducted by Roy Morgan at Single Source Indonesia in 2016, it was found that Jawa Pos newspaper was one of the most dominant print media in Surabaya, where its readers reached 1,622,000 people. This is of course very surprising, in the middle of the onslaught of online media which are increasingly developed at this time.
The newspaper, which was born in Surabaya, still dominates even though newspapers and other print media began to surrender competing in this business field. The image of the Jawa Pos newspaper that has been firmly rooted to people of Surabaya has given a positive support for Jawa Pos to continue being survive and leaving its competitors. Yet, is the brand image of Jawa Pos newspaper that is well known by the people of Surabaya can make a satisfaction of the people when they become the readers of Java Post newspaper? In addition, how about the repurchase intention of Jawa Pos readers when news search is now easier with the internet? Will the Jawa Pos newspaper still be accepted by the people of Surabaya or abandoned like a newspaper that had been aged because it was not strong enough to face the competition in digital era?
Online media is originally an alternative to traditional media; now it has become an irreplaceable media and begins to change our communication patterns. Therefore, brand trust and image of Jawa Pos newspaper is at stake in facing the global competition in this business field, in the middle of the loss of print media from year to year. Various ways are performed by the company to keep developing the company and create a better future; one of which is by creating customer loyalty. Based on the results of research from Nielsen in Indonesia in 2014 and Roy Morgan in 2016, that have been described above, the researcher wants to know whether there is influence between brand trust, brand image, brand satisfaction on brand loyalty and repurchase intention of Jawa Pos newspaper on the people of Surabaya in the middle of the internet development today.
METHODS OF RESEARCH
The type of the research is explanatory research; a research to explain the relationship between dependent variable and independent variable. In addition, this study is included into one-shot research, according to Sugiyono (2013), one-shot research is a research whose
process of data collection is only performed once. In this research, the data collection was only performed once. After distributing the questionnaires to the customers of Jawa Pos newspaper in Surabaya, the data that had been collected will then be processed by the researcher.
Based on the aim and the object of the research, the population of the research was all customer of Jawa Post newspaper in Surabaya city. Moreover, the sample was part of the overall population which is chosen carefully to represent the population (Sugiyono, 2012). The criteria for determining the sample in this study are as follows: 1) being the customer of Jawa Pos newspaper, at least, has been subscribed for 6 months, 2) aged at least 19 years, 3) domiciled in Surabaya City of East Java
Hair et, al. (2010) stated that a research performing factor analysis, at least have the number of the sample member respondents as many as five times of the number of indicators under research. Actually, a better number of respondents are suggested more than ten times the number of variables. It is also supported by Sugiyono's opinion (2013) which stated that the appropriate sample size used in a study is a number of 30 to 500 samples. The number of samples used in a research is as many as 10 x 21 questions of the indicator = 210 respondents. The research instrument used by the researcher was questionnaire which was developed from the modification of pre-existing measurement indicators; the questions of the questionnaire were arranged by closed question types so that the answers of the respondents were not wider than the questions.
Table 1 - Respondent's Profiles
Respondent's Profiles Category Frequency Percentage
Gender Male 115 54.8
Female 95 45.2
Total 210 100
Age <20 years 6 2.9
21-30 years 46 21.9
31-40 years 49 23.3
41-50 years 63 30
51-60 years 36 17.1
>61 years 10 4.8
Total 210 100
Education High School 30 14.3
Diploma 55 26.2
Bachelor 83 39.5
Magister 14 6.7
Others 28 13.3
Total 210 100
Occupation Entrepreneur 44 21
Private 78 37.1
Civil servant/SOE 54 25.7
Student 29 13.8
Other 5 2.4
Total 210 100
Subscription Duration 6 - 12 months 53 25.2
13 - 24 months 50 23.8
25 - 36 months 53 25.2
37 - 48 months 35 16.7
> 48 months 19 9
Total 210 100
Residence North Surabaya 42 25
East Surabaya 42 25
South Surabaya 42 25
West Surabaya 42 25
Central Surabaya 42 25
Total 210 100
Based on the results of data collection that had been done before, it was obtained the data on respondent's identity to complete the research information. The questionnaire was distributed in 5 administrative regions of Surabaya city: North Surabaya, East Surabaya, South Surabaya, West Surabaya and Central Surabaya; 42 questionnaires for each region. The data of the respondents being identified were based on gender, age, education, residence, occupation, and duration of Jawa Pos newspaper subscription.
Based on gender, the respondents were dominated by female by 115 people or 54.8% and the rest were male respondents by 95 persons or 45.2%. For age profile, the respondents were dominated by customers aged 41-50 years by 63 people with a percentage of 30%. Respondents aged <20 years were 6 people or 2.9%, respondents aged between 21-30 years were 46 people or 21.9%, respondents aged between 31-40 years were 49 people or 23.3%, respondents aged between 51-60 years were 36 people or 17.1% and respondents aged over 61 years were 10 people or 4.8%.
In addition, the results of data collection based on the level of education, the respondents were dominated by Bachelor's degree customers by 83 people or 39.5% percentage, followed by respondents who have Diploma education by 55 people or 26.2%. In addition, respondents of high-school education were 30 people or 14.3% while the respondents who educated Masters as many as 14 people or 6.7% and the rest were respondents whose education were other than high school, Bachelor, Diploma and Master by 28 people or 13.3%. For the data of respondents' occupation, the respondents were dominated by private employees by 78 people or 37.1%, the respondents who worked as civil servants/SOEs were 54 people or 25.7%, the respondents of entrepreneur were 44 people or 21% and the respondents who work other than entrepreneur, private and civil servants/SOEs as were 29 people or 13.8% and the respondents of students were 5 people or 2.4%.
Based on the subscription duration, the respondents were dominated by customers who had subscribed to Jawa Pos newspaper for 6-12 months and 25-36 months by 53 people or 25.2%, the respondents who had subscribed for 13-24 months were 50 people or 23.8%, the respondents who had subscribed for 37-48 months were 35 people or 16.7% and the respondents who had subscribed for more than 48 months were 19 people or 9%. According to the location of residence, the customers live in west Surabaya, central Surabaya, south Surabaya, east Surabaya and north Surabaya, each were 42 people with the percentage of 20%.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Testing Results of Convergent Validity. The first evaluation of the measurement model was convergent validity. To see the testing results of convergent validity, it was performed by looking at the results of the measurement instruments (questionnaires) in the output of combined and cross loadings. The assessment of the convergent validity itself was based on the feasibility of the model whether the model was valid and met the convergent validity. In addition, the feasibility of a model could also be seen from the value of t-statistics in which the t-statistics must be greater than t-count of 1.96 at the significance level of 0.05. In addition, the testing result of convergent validity from the measurement instrument (questionnaire) in this research could be seen in the following table:
Table 2 - Testing Results of Convergent Validity of Brand Trust
Questions Original Sample (O) Standard Error (STERR) T-Statistics (|O/STERR|)
BT1 <- Trust 0.579 0.103 5.595
BT2 <- Trust 0.717 0.068 10.505
BT3 <- Trust 0.422 0.165 2.560
BT4 <- Trust 0.658 0.122 5.393
BT5 <- Trust 0.667 0.086 7.762
Table 3 - Testing Results of Convergent Validity of Brand Image
Questions Original Sample (O) Standard Error (STERR) T-Statistics (|O/STERR|)
BI1 <- Image 0.727 0.135 5.371
BI2 <- Image 0.787 0.082 9.547
BI3 <- Image 0.749 0.159 4.713
Table 4 - Testing Results of Convergent Validity of Brand Satisfaction
Questions Original Sample (O) Standard Error (STERR) T-Statistics (|O/STERR|)
BS1<- Satisfaction 0.746 0.135 5.519
BS2<- Satisfaction 0.746 0.135 5.519
BS3<- Satisfaction 0.443 0.121 3.655
BS4<- Satisfaction 0.433 0.165 2.629
BS5<- Satisfaction 0.790 0.073 10.793
Table 5 - Testing Result of Convergent Validity of Brand Loyalty
Questions Original Sample (O) Standard Error (STERR) T-Statistics (|O/STERR|)
BL1 <- Loyalty 0.599 0.106 5.674
BL2 <- Loyalty 0.714 0.051 13.944
BL3 <- Loyalty 0.475 0.098 4.836
BL4 <- Loyalty 0.652 0.076 8.605
BL5 <- Loyalty 0.727 0.071 10.243
Table 6 - Testing Results of Convergent Validity of Repurchase Intention
Questions Original Sample (O) Standard Error (STERR) T-Statistics (|O/STERR|)
RI1 <- Intention 0.793 0.052 15.334
RI2 <- Intention 0.792 0.052 15.177
RI3 <- Intention 0.652 0.091 7.166
The five indicators of brand trust variable were valid and statistically significant in measuring brand trust variable. It could be seen from the loading value (A) of all indicators; they were more than 0.50 with the T-statistics more than 1.96. Meanwhile, the three indicators of the brand image variable were valid and statistically significant in measuring the brand image variable. It could be seen from the loading value (A) of all its indicators; they were more than 0.50 with T-statistic more than 1.96. For the convergent validity, it could be concluded that the five indicators of the brand satisfaction variable were valid and statistically significant in measuring the brand satisfaction variable. It could be seen from the loading value (A) of all its indicators; they were more than 0.50 with T-statistic more than 1.96. In addition to the testing conclusion of convergent validity of 5 indicators, it could be concluded that the five indicators of brand loyalty variables were valid and statistically significant in measuring brand loyalty variable. It could be seen from the loading value (A) of all its indicators; they were more than 0.50 with T-statistic more than 1.96.
In addition, from the presented test results, the conclusion could be drawn that the three indicators of repurchase intention variable were valid and statistically significant in measuring the repurchase intention variable. It could be seen from the loading value (A) of all its indicators; they were more than 0.50 with T-statistic more than 1.96.
Based on the value of cross loading, it could be seen that all the indicators that make up each variable in this research (the value in bold) had met the discriminant validity because it had the largest value of cross loading; for the variables it formed and not for other variables. Thus, all indicators in each variable of this research had met the discriminant validity.
The Influence of Brand Trust on Brand Loyalty. The influence of brand trust on brand loyalty of Jawa Pos newspaper to the people of Surabaya was tested by using SmartPLS. From the result of data analysis, it was known that path coefficient value at brand trust variable was equal to 0.180 with t-statistic value of 2.124. Due to the result of t-statistic value more than 1.96, H0 was rejected and H1 was accepted.
According to the results of this research, it could be seen that the brand trust has a significant positive influence on brand loyalty, so this hypothesis could be accepted. The results of this research was in line with the research conducted by Upamannyu and Mathur (2013), they showed that brand trust had a positive influence on brand loyalty.
In addition, research conducted by Richard Chinomona (2016), Abdullah Alhaddad (2015), Riyan Hadi Widjaja (2015), Kha, Ching Wee, et al. (2012) also supported and strengthened the results of the research conducted by Upamannyu and Mathur (2013), in which proved that brand trust influenced positively to brand loyalty.
Table 7 - Discriminant Validity Test
Variable Image Intention Trust Satisfaction Loyalty
BI1 0.727 0.272 0.208 0.063 0.180
BI2 0.787 0.187 0.232 0.147 0.219
BI3 0.749 0.162 0.195 0.177 0.164
BT1 0.076 0.030 0.579 0.172 0.144
BT2 0.370 0.198 0.717 0.262 0.222
BT3 0.062 0.026 0.422 0.039 0.104
BT4 0.097 0.228 0.658 0.100 0.205
BT5 0.144 0.180 0.667 0.143 0.230
BS1 0.112 0.093 0.141 0.746 0.171
BS1 0.112 0.093 0.141 0.746 0.171
BS3 0.126 0.123 0.069 0.443 0.180
BS4 0.100 0.003 0.061 0.433 -0.006
BS5 0.127 0.233 0.269 0.790 0.425
RI1 0.214 0.793 0.259 0.117 0.391
RI2 0.192 0.792 0.143 0.227 0.334
RI3 0.218 0.652 0.099 0.165 0.231
BL1 0.094 0.280 0.103 0.420 0.599
BL2 0.125 0.297 0.229 0.348 0.714
BL3 0.107 0.157 0.259 0.109 0.475
BL4 0.214 0.227 0.103 0.147 0.652
BL5 0.264 0.382 0.284 0.156 0.727
BI1 0.727 0.272 0.208 0.063 0.180
BI2 0.787 0.187 0.232 0.147 0.219
BI3 0.749 0.162 0.195 0.177 0.164
BT1 0.076 0.030 0.579 0.172 0.144
BT2 0.370 0.198 0.717 0.262 0.222
BT3 0.062 0.026 0.422 0.039 0.104
BT4 0.097 0.228 0.658 0.100 0.205
BT5 0.144 0.180 0.667 0.143 0.230
BS1 0.112 0.093 0.141 0.746 0.171
BS2 0.112 0.093 0.141 0.746 0.171
BS3 0.126 0.123 0.069 0.443 0.180
BS4 0.100 0.003 0.061 0.433 -0.006
BS5 0.127 0.233 0.269 0.790 0.425
RI1 0.214 0.793 0.259 0.117 0.391
RI2 0.192 0.792 0.143 0.227 0.334
RI3 0.218 0.652 0.099 0.165 0.231
BL1 0.094 0.280 0.103 0.420 0.599
BL2 0.125 0.297 0.229 0.348 0.714
BL3 0.107 0.157 0.259 0.109 0.475
BL4 0.214 0.227 0.103 0.147 0.652
BL5 0.264 0.382 0.284 0.156 0.727
Table 8 - Test the Influence of Brand Trust on Brand Loyalty
Variable Original Sample (O) Standard Error (STERR) T-Statistics (|O/STERR|)
Brand Trust -> Brand Loyalty 0.180 0.085 2.124
The Influence of Brand Image on Brand Loyalty. The influence of brand image on brand loyalty of Jawa Pos newspaper to the people of society was tested by using
SmartPLS. The value of path coefficient on the brand image variable was 0.146 with the t-statistic value of 2.173. Due to the result of t-statistic value more than 1.96 then H0 was rejected and H1 was accepted. From these results, it could be concluded that brand image had a significant positive influence on brand loyalty; so this hypothesis could be accepted. According to the results of this research, it could be seen that brand image had a significant positive influence on brand loyalty, so this hypothesis could be accepted. The results of this research was in line with the result of the research conducted by Upamannyu and Mathur (2013), they indicated that brand image had a positive influence on brand loyalty.
In addition, a research conducted by Habib & Aslam (2014) and Alhaddad (2015) also supported and strengthened the results of research conducted by Upamannyu and Mathur (2013) which proved that brand image had a positive influence on brand loyalty.
Table 9 - Test of Brand Image Effect on Brand Loyalty
Variable Original Sample (O) Standard Error (STERR) T-Statistics (|O/STERR|)
Brand Trust -> Brand Loyalty 0.146 0.067 2.173
The Influence of Brand Satisfaction on Brand Loyalty. The influence of brand satisfaction on brand loyalty of Jawa Pos newspaper to the people of Surabaya was tested by using SmartPLS. The value of path coefficient on brand satisfaction variable was 0.321 with a t-statistic value of 4.619. Due to the result of t-statistic value more than 1.96, then H0 was rejected and H1 was accepted. From these results, it could be concluded that brand satisfaction had a significant positive influence on brand loyalty, so this hypothesis could be accepted. The result of this research was in line the result of the research conducted by Marist et al. (2014), they indicated that brand satisfaction had a positive influence on brand loyalty. In addition, research conducted by Widjaja (2015) also supported and strengthened the results of this research, in which it proved that brand satisfaction positively influenced brand loyalty.
Table 10 - The Test of the Influence of Brand Satisfaction on Brand Loyalty
Variable Original Sample (O) Standard Error (STERR) T-Statistics (|O/STERR|)
Brand Satisfaction -> Brand Loyalty 0.321 0.070 4.619
Brand Satisfaction on Brand Trust of Jawa Pos Newspaper to the People of Surabaya. The influence of brand satisfaction on brand trust of Jawa Pos newspaper to the people of Surabaya was tested by using SmartPLS. The value of path coefficient on brand satisfaction variable was 0.259 with a t-statistic value of 4.208. Due to the result of t-statistic value more than 1.96, then H0 was rejected and H1 was accepted. From these results, it could be concluded that brand satisfaction had a significant positive influence on brand loyalty, so this hypothesis could be accepted. The results of this research was in line with the result of the research conducted by Marist et al. (2014), they showed that brand satisfaction had a positive influence on brand loyalty.
Table 11 - The Test of the Influence of Brand Satisfaction on Brand Trust
Variable Original Sample (O) Standard Error (STERR) T-Statistics (|O/STERR|)
Brand Satisfaction -> Brand Trust 0.259 0.061 4.208
Table 12 - The Test of Influence of Brand Loyalty on Repurchase Intention
Variable Original Sample (O) Standard Error (STERR) T-Statistics (|O/STERR|)
Brand Loyalty -> Repurchase Intention 0.438 0.058 7.539
Brand Loyalty on Repurchase Intention. The influence of brand loyalty to the repurchase intention of Jawa Pos newspaper to the people of Surabaya was tested by using SmartPLS. The value of path coefficient on brand loyalty variable was 0,438 with t-statistic
value equal to 7,539. Due to the result of t-statistic value more than 1.96, then H0 was rejected and H1 was accepted.
From these results, it could be concluded that brand loyalty had a significant positive influence on repurchase intention, so this hypothesis could be accepted. The results of this research was in line with the result of the research conducted by Habib and Aslam (2014), they indicated that brand loyalty had a positive influence on repurchase intention. In addition, research conducted by Feng and Yanru (2013) and Kha et al (2012) also supported and strengthened the results of the research conducted by S Habib and Aslam (2014), in which proved that brand loyalty had a positive influence on repurchase intention.
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS
Based on the results of the research and discussion that had been described, it could be concluded that brand trust, brand image, and brand satisfaction had a positive influence on brand loyalty; brand loyalty have a positive influence on repurchase intention. Based on these result, it is suggested that the next researcher develop this research by examining other factors that could influence customer's loyalty and repurchase intention of the newspapers. Moreover, the addition of the number of samples is also necessary to be taken into account considering the large number of Jawa Pos newspaper customers in Surabaya City. The research area is also necessarily to get more attention so that the research can be conducted to the smallest scope in Surabaya City; for instance, the scope of the village, with the aim that the results obtained will represent all customers of Surabaya City. The future researcher can further consider other methods of examining customer's loyalty, for example, by using in-depth interviews with the customers, so that the information can be more varied rather than using the questionnaire as the research instrument; in which the answers are available in the sheet.
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