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9URAL MATHEMATICAL JOURNAL, Vol. 2, No. 2, 2016
AN APPLICATION OF MOTION CORRECTION METHODS TO THE ALIGNMENT PROBLEM IN NAVIGATION1
Boris I. Ananyev
Krasovskii Institute of Mathematics and Mechanics, Ural Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Ekaterinburg, Russia,
Abstract: In this paper, we apply some motion correction methods to the alignment problem in navigation. This problem consists in matching two coordinate systems having the common origins. As a rule, one of the systems named as basic coordinate system is located at a ship or airplane. The dependent coordinate system belongs to another object (e.g. missile ) that starts from the ship. The problem is considered with incomplete information on state coordinates which can be measured with disturbances without statistical description.
Key words: Alignment problem, Motion correction, Incomplete information, Set-membership description of uncertainty.
Introduction
Alignment is the process whereby the orientation of the axes of an inertial navigation system is determined with respect to the reference axis system. The basic concept of aligning an inertial navigation system is quite simple and straightforward. However, there are many complications that make alignment both time consuming and complex. Consider a simulated transport ship-airplane system. Suppose that the base coordinate system (BCS) of the ship is correct. Let Q1 be the absolute angular velocity of the BCS in the motionless coordinate system n1, n2, n3. The projection on vertical 21 equals zero. This system is shown on Fig. 1. The axis 11 is directed along the
Figure 1. The section of Earth sphere and the base coordinate system.
parallel to the west. The axis 21 is the local vertical. The axis 31 is directed along the meridian to the north. The position of the dependent coordinate system (DCS) related to the airplane or
xThe research was supported by Russian Science Foundation (RSF), project No. 16-11-10146.
the missile with respect to the BCS is estimated by the Krylov angles. In Fig. 2, one can see the sequence of clockwise rotations: Q1 around axis 1, Q3 around new axis 3, and Q2 around new axis 2 coinciding now with 21.
Thus, the transition of coordinates of a vector f in the DCS to new coordinates in the BCS is occurred by the formula f1 = M(Q)f, where the matrix of direction cosines is of the form
'cos Q2 0 - sin Q2^
M(Q)
0
, sin Q2
1 0
0
cos Q2
'cos Q3 - sin Q3 0\ /1 0 sin Q3 cos Q3 0 ■ 0 cos Q 0 0 1/ \0 sin Q
0
— sin Q1 | = (mij). cos Q1
Figure 2. The sequence of clockwise rotations.
Projecting the equality w = f1 + f3 + ^ for the angular velocities on the axes of the DCS, we obtain the kinematic Krylov equations
Q1 = w1 — Q2 sin Q3, Q2 = (w2 cos Q1 — w3 sin Q1)/cos Q3, Q3 = w2 sin Q1 + w3 cos Q1, (0.1)
where wi are the projections of the relative angular velocity. These projections are related with the absolute velocities by the formulas
wi = Qi — muQ1 — m3i^1 + ei, i € 1:3, (0.2)
where ei are the projections of an uncertain drift.
For measurements, the differences of accelerometer readings in the DCS and BCS are used. These accelerometers are on the axes and gage the nongravity acceleration a = tWM — g. Let ai be accelerometers readings in the DCS and be gage readings in the BCS. Therefore, the measurement equations are of the form
y1 = (mn — 1)a1 + m-21 af + m-31 af + w1, y2 = m12 a1 + (m-22 — 1)a? + m-32 a3 + w2,
3 1 2 / \ 3 3 V /
y3 = m13 a1 + m-23 a2 + (m33 — 1)a1 + w3,
where wi are uncertain leavings of zero. About drifts ei in (0.2), the assumption is accepted that they are constant but unknown. Uncertain functions in relations (0.3) satisfy the integral inequalities
f T
/ (wi)2dt < y2T, i € 1:3. (0.4)
Jo
Let ¿1, , ¿3 be the unit direction vectors of the BCS. The velocity of point M equals
4vM = " 1 x "R =
¿1 ¿2 ¿3 Q 0 Q
0 R 0
where R is the radius of Earth. From here we find the projections of velocity on the BCS axes: vf = —RQf, v\ = 0, v3 = R Qf. Computing the derivative of vM, we get the acceleration Wm = Wm + Q i x VM in the form of the sum of relative and translation accelerations. So, the accelerometers readings in BCS are of the form:
a} = —R Q1, af = g — v2/R, af = R Q}, (0.5)
where v is the velocity magnitude. As R = 6370 km and the velocity of the ship on water is no more than 20 m/c, we assume af = g.
Further we consider some approaches from motion correction for solving the alignment problem. This problem in inertial navigation was first in detail considered in [1]. Russian books devoted to this topic are [2-5]. The alignment problem was mostly solved in [1-5] by statistical methods with the help of Kalman filter or its modifications. On the other hand, in [2,6] it was noted that the statistics of disturbances often happens incomplete or completely absent. Therefore, it is natural to use here the minimax methods from books [7,8]. Thus, all the disturbances in our paper are deterministic.
Consider only the case of small angular deviations (no more than several degrees). Equations (0.1) are replaced by the follwing ones:
01 = u1 + e1 — 02Q3 — 03u2, 02 = u2 + e2 + 03Qf — 0fQf — 0 V,
(0.6)
03 = u3 + e3 + 02Qf + 0fu2.
Here, uU = Q% — Qf, i € 1:3. In the linear approximation, the differences of accelerometer readings in (0.3) are equal to
y1 = g03 + a302 + w1, y2 = —af03 + a30f + w2, y3 = —af02 — g0f + w3. (0.7)
Equations (0.6) contain the multiplications of controls and state variables, but, in the case of small angles and angular velocities these terms may be neglected. In the specific case of movement on the equator under condition 01 = 02 = 0, we assume 0 = 03 as shown on Fig. 3. The angular velocity Qf = Qf = 0 under given movement and the rest projections of absolute angular velocity are equal to zero. We have
0 = u + e, e = 0, y = g0 + w, (0.8)
where the first equation from (0.7) is taken as the output.
1. Set-membership background
So, we consider a determinate n-dimensional linear system of the form
¿(t) = A(t)x + B(t)u + C(t)v, t € [0,T], (1.1)
assuming that the initial state ¿o of system (1.1) is completely unknown, the matrices A(t), B(t), C(t), and G(t) below are continuous. In comparison with equations (0.6), the term with disturbance v in
Figure 3. System deviation in the simple model.
the system is added here. It corresponds to the case when drifts are not constants. The unknown function v(-) and the disturbance w(-) in the m-dimensional equation of measurement
y(t) = G(t)x(t) + w(t) (1.2)
are bounded by the constraint
^T(|v(i)|Q(t) + |w(i)|R(t}) dt < 1, (1.3)
where the symbol |x|p equals x'Px, prime ' means the transposition, Q(t), R(t) are symmetrical, positive-defined, and continuous matrices having suitable dimension. Constraint (1.3) involves that the elements of vector functions v(-) and w(-) belong to the space L2[0,T]. We need the following
Assumption 1. The system (1.1), (1.2) under u = 0, v = 0, w = 0 is completely observable [7] on any subinterval [s,t] C [0, T].
Assumption 1 means that the vector x(s) can be uniquely restored from the signal observed on [s,t] if the disturbances are absent. Moreover, Assumption 1 holds if and only if
f X'(t, s)G'(t)G(t)X(t, s)dt > 0, Js
where X(t,s) is the fundamental matrix of system (1.1). We use piecewise-constant functions u(t), for which
u(t) € P C Rp, (1.4)
where P is a compact convex set. Constraint (1.4) is more realistic than integral constraints in [9]. The aim of the control is to minimize the terminal function |Dx(T)|, where | ■ | is the Euclidean norm and D € Rdxn is a matrix. The choice of uncertain parameters (xo, v(-),w(-)} may impede the minimization.
1.1. Informational and compatible sets
At first, let us consider a set-membership estimation scheme for system (1.1), (1.2) under constraint (1.3).
Definition 1. A set X(t, y,u) C Rn is said to be the informational if it consists of all vectors x = x(t), which may realize in system (1.1), (1.2) with given signal y(r), 0 < t < t, the control u(t), and some disturbances satisfying constraint (1.3).
To describe the informational set, we introduce the Bellman function
r*
The Bellman equation for V(t, x) is of the form:
V(t, x) = inf y* (|v(s)|Q(s) + |y(s) - G(s)x(s)|Rw) dsj , x(t) = x.
V* = min | — (A(t)x + B(t)u(t) + C(t)v)'Vx + |v|Qw + |y(t) - G(t)x|Rw j , V(0,x) = 0. (1.5)
If the solution of equation (1.5) in any sense is found, the informational set X(t,y,u) is written as the inequality X(t, y,u) = (x : V(t, x) < 1}. Let us seek a solution of equation (1.5) in the form
V (t, x) = |x|p (*) — 2x'd(t) + g(t), (1.6)
where P(t) is a positive definite and continuously differentiable matrix, d(t) and g(t) are a continuously differentiable vector function and a function respectively. Substituting (1.6) into (1.5), we
get
)x2
|x|P(í) - 2x'd(t) + g(t) = |y(t) - G(t)x|R(t) - |P(t)x - d(t)|C(t)Q-1 (t)C'(t)-
-2(A(t)x + B(t)u(t))'(P(t)x - d(t)). Therefore, the parameters of (1.6) must satisfy the equations
P(t) = G'(t)R(t)G(t) - P(t)C(t)Q-1(t)C'(t)P(t) - A'(t)P(t) - P(t)A(t), P(0) = 0, d(t) = G'(t)R(t)y(t) - (P(t)C(t)Q-1(t)C(t) + A'(t))d(t) + P(t)B(t)u(t), d(0) = 0, (1.7) gg(t) = |y(t)|R(t) - |d(t)|C(t)Q-i(t)C'(t) + 2d'(t)B(t)u(t), g(0) = 0.
It is known [10] that the matrix P(t) is non-singular for any t > 0 under Assumption 1. Then the ellipsoid (informational set)
X(t,y,u) = {x € Rn : V(t, x) = |x|p(t) - 2x'd(t) + g(t) = |x - x(t)|p{t) + h(t) < 1} (1.8)
is bounded for any t > 0 with the center x(t) = P-1(t)d(t) and the function h(t) = g(t)-|d(t)|p-1 (t). Differentiating the x(t) and h(t), we obtain the equations
x(t) = A(t)x(t) + B(t)u(t) + P-1(t)G'(t)R(t)(y(t) - G(t)x(t)), h(t) = |y(t) - G(t)x(t)|R(t).
Let us introduce the function
f (t)= y(t) - G(t)x(t), t € (0, T], (1.10)
that is similar to the innovation process in theory of Kalman filtering [10].
(1.9)
Lemma 1. Function (1.10) does not depend on the control u(t), belongs to the space Lm[0, T], and we have
h(t) = J |y(s) - G(s)X(s)|R(s)ds < 1, t € [0,T]. On the other hand, let the instant t € (0, T) and f (■) be any function from L™[t, T] with
[ If (s)|R(s)ds < 1 - h(T).
Then we obtain
X(t,y,u) = {x € Rn : |x - x(t)|p(t) + h(t) < 1} , t € [t,T], (1.11)
where
;X(t) = A(t)X(t) + B (t)u(t) + P-1(t)G'(t)R(t)f (t), X(t) = X(t); h(t) = h(T) + £ |f(s)|R(s)ds.
tfere, we set y(t) = f (t) + G(t)X(t), t € [t,T].
Proof. As 0 < h(t) < g(t) and g(0) = 0, we conclude that h(0) = 0. From (1.8) and (1.9) we obtain the formula for h(t). The signal y(-) may realize in system (1.1), (1.2) on [t,t], t € (t,T], under closed-loop disturbance v(s) = Q-1(s)C'(s)(P(s)x(s) — d(s)) that gives minimum to the functional according to (1.5), (1.6), and (1.7) with any final state x(t) = x € X(t,y,u). As the formulas for x(t) coincide with (1.9), formula (1.11) holds. □
From now on, the narrowings of a measurable vector-function x(s), s € [0,T], on intervals [0,t] and [t,T] are denoted by xt(-) and xt(-) respectively. The narrowing on [t,s] is denoted by xf(-). Let the dimension of the disturbance v be equal q.
Definition 2. A set V(t,y,u) C Rn x L^[t,T] x ¿m[t,T] is said to be the compatible if it consists of all triples {(x(t),vt(-),wt(■))}, for which there exist functions (v(-),w(-)) satisfying (1.3) such that output (1.2) on [0,t] with final state x = x(t) almost everywhere coincides with the given signal yt( ).
Note that the sets X(t,y,u) and V(t,y,u) depend only on yt(-) and ut(-). Suppose that we have the compatible set V(t, y, u), and on the interval [t, s] a signal y|(■) and a control uf(-) are realized. Similarly to Definitions 1 and 2, we can define the sets X(s,y|,u| | V(t,y,u)) and V(s,y|,uf | V(t,y,u)). The following assertion seems to be obvious.
Lemma 2. The relation between compatible and information sets is given by the equality X(t, y, u) = projRnV(t,y,u). The compatible set is described by the formula,
V(t,y,u) = j(x,vt,wt) : jt (|vt(s)|Q(s) + |wt(s)|R(s^ ds + V(t,x) < 1} , (1.12)
where V(t,x) is defined in (1.6) or (1.8). Under Assumption 1, set (1.12) is weakly compact in the space Rn x L^[t,T] x L™[t, T] when t € (0,T). Moreover, compatible sets posses the semigroup property: V(s,y|,u| | V(t, y,u)) = V(s,y,u), where 0 <t<s < T. As a consequence, we have X(s,yf,uf | V(t,y,u)) = X(s,y,u).
The final reachable set of system (1.1) from the compatible set V(t, y,u) is denoted further by XT(ut| V(t, y, u)). This set consists of all vectors x(T) under searching in (1.12) for the set V(t, y, u) with wt = 0.
2. Problems formulation
Let A : 0 < ti < ■ ■ ■ < tN+i = T be a partition of the interval [0, T]. The times U are called the instants of control correction. It is easily seen that the compatible set V(t, y, u) depends only on the pair (x(t),h(t)) which is called the position at the instant t. The transition between two adjacent positions (x(tj), h(tj)) and (x(ti+1), h(ti+1)) depends on the control uj(-) and the innovation function fi(■) on the interval [ti,tj+1) according to Lemma 1. Consider two problems.
Problem 1. Find a piecewise-constant control u*(t) (u*(t) = u* on [ti,ti+1), i € 1 : N) that gives the value
J * = min max... min max max |Dx|, (2.1)
uieP /i(^) UN€PfN(•) xeXr(«n|V(tN,y,u))
+i
where
N r
E / |fi(s)|R(s)ds < 1 — h(ti).
i=1 ^
Remark 1. As equations (1.1), (1.2) are linear, we have X(t,y,u) = z(t) + X(t,y,0), where y(t) = y(t) — G(t)z(t) and
-¿(i) = A(t)z(t) + B (t)u(t), z(0) = 0. (2.2)
Similarly, we have V(t, y, u) = (z(t), 0,0) + V(t, y, 0). From now on, we write the sets with y(-) and u(') = 0 as X(t,y) and V(t,y), respectively. Therefore, XT(ut | V(t,y,u)) = z(T) + XT(0 | V(t,y)) and value (2.1) may be rewritten as
J * = min max... min max max |D(z(T) + x)|. (2.3)
ui€P/i(-) uN sp/n (■) xext (0|v(*n y))
Remark 2. We obtain as a fact that controls ui in (2.1) and (2.3) depend on the positions (x(tj),h(tj)). Problem 1 may be generalized if we seek non-constant functions u(-) on the interval [t^ ti+i).
Problem 2. At the any instant ti, i € 1 : N, we find open loop minimax control uT*(■) that give a solution of the problem:
max max |Dx| —> min = ji(y), (2.4)
/;(•) xSXt(ui\V(ti,y,v)y Ui(i)6P
where
and do one-step forecasting
where
/T|fi(s)lR(s)ds < 1 - h(ti),
J ti
Ji (y,Ui ) = m ax ji+1(y), (2.5)
fi()
ft'i+1
|fi(s)|R(s)ds < 1 - h(ti).
'ti
If Ji(y,uT*) < ji(y) we keep the control uT* on the interval [ti,ti+1]. Otherwise, we pass to the control ui+1* that minimizes value (2.5). Of course, the controls may be not unique. If so, we choose any minimizers.
3. Minimax solutions
For brevity we denote x(ij) = x and h(ij) = h. Introduce the function of next losses
) = min max... min max max |Dx|,
«¿eP /;(•) un€P/N(•) xeXr(«tN |V(tN,y,«))
where
/"j+i
E J Ifj(s)lR(s)ds < 1 - hj
for Problem 1. It is easily seen that the functions W^x», h») satisfy the following recurrent relations
Wi(xt, hi) = min max Wi+i(xi+i, hi+i), (3.1)
«¿eP /¿(0
where
rU+i
/ |fj(s)|R(s)ds < 1 - h». ti
Relations (3.1) have the boundary condition
Ww+i(x(T),h(T)) = max |Dx| = max (l'Dx(T) + (1 - h(T))1/2|D'l|P-i(T)) .
|x-x(T)|p(T)<1-h(T) |i|<1 I ( )J
Consider the last stage of relations (3.1) when i = N. Using boundary condition, we obtain
WN(xN, hN) = max^ r(1; tN)xN + min / r(1; s)B(s)dsu + ( (1 - hN) ( A(tN)(1 - |1|2) |i|<1 I uepJtN V V
+|Dl|P (T,tN
where
r(1; s) = 1'DX (T, s), dP (t, s)/dt = A(t)P (t, s) + P (t, s)A'(t) + C (t)Q-1(t)C'(t),
p(s,s) = P-1(s), A(s) = max |D'i|p(T,s). (3.2)
Here, the term with integral must be replaced on
r T
/ min r(1; s)B(s)uds
An ueP
if the control is not piecewise-constant. Let us explain the formula for WN(xN, hN). It is obtained with the help of elementary equality
max
|k1/2A + (1 - hN - k)1/2B} = (1 - hN)1/2(A2 + B2)1/2,
where A > 0, B > 0, and the maximum is achieved at r * = (1 - hN)A2(A2 + B2)-1/2. Besides, the optimization over f(■) is fulfilled under the constraint f^ |f (s)|R(s)ds = k. If A(s) is the maximal eigenvalue of the matrix DP(T, s)D', we use the fact that conc|1|<g on unite ball is equal
to ^Amax(1 - |1|2) + |1< / , see [7]. Hereinafter, the symbol conc^(l) means a minimal concave function majorizing ^>(1) on unite ball. At last, we apply the minimax theorem. Continuing calculations on the subsequent stages, we come to the conclusion.
Theorem 1 (Conditions of the optimality in Problem 1). On the stage i, we have
Wj(£j, hj) = max < r(1; ij)Xj + min I r(1; s)B(s)dsu + ^(l) 1, where |i|<i I ueP ,/t. J
r(i; s)
ueP t.
' H
rti+2 ( fti+1
<Pi(l) = conc^ min / r(1; s)B(s)u + max M r(1; s)P-1(s)G'(s)R(s)/j(s)ds (3.3)
I ueP ./ii+i /¿(0 I Jti
+¥>i+i(f)}}, i e 1: N - 1.
Here
f ti+1
/ l/i(s)|R(s)ds < 1 - hj. ti
The optimal controls necessarily satisfy the relation
fti+1 fti+1 fti+1 / r(1*;s)B(s)dsu* = min / r(1*;s)B(s)dsu or r(1*;s)B(s)u*(s)ds
»/ ti e »/ ti »/ ti
r ti+1
= / min r(1*; s)B(s)uds if the control is not piecewise-constant, Jti ueP
where l* is a maximizer in problem (3.3). Proof. For the first two stages, we have
D1|P (T,tN )Jy
rT r /-tN
(3.4)
(l) = ((1 - hN) (A(În)(1 - |1|2) + |D'1|P(T>tN)))
-i(1) = con« min / r(1;s)B(s)dsu + max < / r(1;s)P-1 (s)G'(s)R(s)fN-i(s)ds I u€P ,/tN fN-1(0 l ./În-1
(l)}} = concj min I r(1; s)B(s)dsu + ((1 - hw-i)(A(în)(1 - |1|2) + |D'1|p(t,^)))^
For derivation of the last relation, we use the same reasoning as for (xN,hN). The subsequent considerations are obtained by induction with the help of the minimax theorem. □
To solve Problem 2, we need to calculate values (2.4), (2.5). Doing as above we get
ji (y) = max | r(1; ti)Xj + [ min r(1; s)B (s)uds + ((1 - hj )(A(tj)(1 - |1|2) K^1 I 7ti ueP v v
+DlP (T,ti)))1/1,
r ,ti+1 (3.5)
Jj(y,Uj) = maxji+i(y) = ma^ r(1; tj)Xj + / r(1; s)B(s)uj(s)ds MO K^1 I Jti
+ [T minr(1; s)B(s)uds +((1 - hi)(A(ii+i)(1 - |1|2) + |D'i|p(r>ti^)1/2
¿i+1
Theorem 2 (Properties of controls in Problem 2). The control procedure in Problem 2 begins from i = 1 and leads to a sequence of positions, where j (y) > j2 (y) > ■ ■ ■ > jN (y).
Proof. Let us compare the values jj(y) and jj+i(y). If J(y,uT*) < ji(y), we get j(y) > ji+i(y). Otherwise, we use the control uj+1* that minimizes the value Ji(y,ui). Therefore,
( fti+1 min J(y,u) = max< r(l; ^)£» + / min r(l; s)B(s)uds
«;(•) |i|<i I Ju «eP
+conc{ jf mipnr(l;s)B(s)uds + ((1 - hi)(A(ti+1)(1 — |l|2) + |D'l|p(T,ti))) } < ji(y),
as A(ii+1) < A(ii). The last inequality implies the relation
dP (T, s)/ds = -X (T, s)P-1 (s)G' (s)R(s)G(s)P-1 (s)X' (T, s), whence the norm of the matrix P(T, s) decreases on s. □
Remark 3. The procedure of calculation of optimal controls in Problem 1 is more difficult than in Problem 2. But we can simplify it if by a slight increase of the function of future losses. Namely, we have Wi(xi,hi) < ji(y). This inequality follows by induction from relations (3.3)-(3.5). One can find the controls in this simplified procedure by formulas (3.4).
To illustrate the different approaches to optimal control, consider a simple
Example. Given the one-dimensional system x = u + v, 0 < t < 3, with the measurement y(t) = x(t) + w and the constraints
x2 + / (v2(t) + w2(t))dt < 1, Jo
|u| < 1/2, we suppose y(t) = 1 on [0,3]. Let t1 = 1, t2 = 2 be two correction instants. Here, we add the limitation on initial state for simplicity.
We have P = 1, x(t) = 1 — e-t, h(t) = (1 — e-2t)/2 on [0,3] under u = 0, as follows from (1.7), P(T, s) = 4 — s. The unknown real movement x(t) = 1 under u = 0. Formula (3.3) gives W1(x1,h1) = 1.0655 and optimal control on [1,2] equals u1 = —0.5. Here, the choice of control is not unique. At the next stage W2(x2,h2) = 1.0091 and the optimal control on [2,3] equals u2 = —x2 = e-2 — 1/2 = —0.3647. In Problem 2, we have j1(y) = 1.3050 and we obtain the same sequence of optimal controls. At last, consider the partition of [1,3] with step 0.25, N = 8, and we use the procedure of Remark 3. This procedure leads us to the sequence of control ui = —0.5 at each step. The final value of the functional equals 0.7577.
4. Numerical simulation of alignment process
We restrict ourself by the consideration of the simple case of system (0.8) and the procedure of Remark 3. The qualitative sense does not change in the common case.
The following data are used: |0i| < 3 grad, |ei| < 0.1 grad/sec, |ui| < 0.1 rad/sec, T = 100 sec. In integral constraint (0.4) the constants are 7i = 0.1 m/sec2. The signal is given by w(t) = sin(i)/\/55- The alignment process is shown on the figures.
5. Conclusion
In this paper, we consider the application of motion correction methods to the alignment problem in inertial navigation. We use the deterministic approach with set-membership description of uncertainty. The Theorems 1, 2 and the procedure in Remark 3 are new. The investigation of the influence of ship movement on the accuracy of alignment was not performed. It will be done in subsequent papers.
Figure 4. Alteration of the functional in the simple model.
Tube of informational ellipses
0.0184 |-1-1-1-1-1-
0.0182 - -0.018 -
0.0178 - I
0.0176 -
f * |
(S 0.0174 - , f
9(rad)
Figure 5. Informational ellipses at the instants t = 44, 58, 72, and 100.
REFERENCES
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