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12AN ANALYTICAL REVIEW OF THE PRACTICE OF TRANSLATING ECONOMIC TERMS - COMPOUND WORDS FROM ENGLISH INTO RUSSIAN (BASED ON THE MATERIAL OF SPECIALIZED AMERICAN JOURNALS)
The relevance of the research topic in the article is due to the dynamics of communication and interaction in the field of economic activity between Russian and American companies. The article identifies the key difficulties in translating economic terms - compound words found in specialized American journals from English into Russian and ways to overcome them. The research results have made it possible to reveal and identify the key types of compatibility and combinations characteristic to economic terms - compound words: analytical, idiomatic and stable.
Keywords
economic terms, English terms - compound words, analytical collocation, idiomatic collocation, stable collocation, specialized American journals
AUTHOR
Ekaterina M. Ambartsumyan,
Teacher, Language Training Department, Finance University under the Government of the Russian Federation, Moscow 49, Leningrad Prospekt, Moscow, 125993, Russia katrin01 89@mail.ru
1. Introduction
The relevance of this study is due to the need to analyze the practice of translating economic terms - compound words from English into Russian (based on the material of specialized American journals) in a comparative aspect, to identify the optimal ways and methods of translating special vocabulary of the American version of the English language, to determine priority methods of translating economic terms from the point of view of cognitive and functional approaches to the material of authentic American specialized journals.
The purpose of the study in the article is to do an analytical review of the practice of translating economic terms - compound words from English into Russian (based on the material of specialized American journals).
First, it was necessary to define more exactly the concept of a term as a compound word, which is most often a combination of two or more stems of nouns that coincide with the forms given in dictionaries: distributable items, book value, etc. A terminologically stable phrase is usually formed by combining an adjective with a noun, a participle with a noun, or several nouns connected by prepositions: accounting convention, building of competencies, utilization of looses. An analysis of authentic materials from specialized American journals suggests that terms as compound words are increasingly penetrating the original economic literature, since the meaning of a compound word always more accurately reflects the meaning of the term.
2. Materials and Methods
The materials for the study of the practice of translating economic terms - compound words from English into Russian were the texts of specialized American economic journals in English (5, 6). We have selected more than 100 economic terms - compound words of the American version of the English language. The selection was made from authentic texts of American specialized journals over the past five years. Taking into account the object of the research, the following methods of linguistic analysis were used: functional, contextual, component, structural and semantic, the method of dictionary definitions.
3. Discussion
The issues of the practice of translating economic terms - compound words from English into Russian, as well as the system of terminology in English, have been repeatedly discussed by domestic scientists (Dovbysh, 2003; Kapanadze, 2005; Latyshev, 2001; Ovcha-renko, 2001 and others). According to Dovbysh (2003), "terminology can be considered as a system that organizes a special genre of text that plays a major role in business communication." Kapanadze (2005) pays special attention to the concepts of "term" and "temi-nology", to the process of the vocabulary development in the modern Russian language.
The translation course by Latyshev (2001) is of particular interest for our research in the article because it examines in detail the equivalence of translation and the ways to achieve it. Terms, analytical naming and nominative definition, as well as modern issues of terminology in science and technology are widely presented in the work by Ovcharenko (2001). He formulates a number of formal rules for translating two-component terms -compound words, since "if you can figure out the meanings of the components, then these rules will help to reveal the meaning of a compound word as a whole."
An analysis of the above mentioned sources allows us to conclude that the problem of our study has been discussed repeatedly, however, they considered for the most part the theory and practice of translating economic terms - compound words from English into Russian on the basis of specialized literature and documents, but to a lesser extent when studying economic terms - compound words in American English.
4. Results
As a result, the lexical-semantic category of the components of a compound word was revealed, it was found what they mean: objects, actions, properties, and so on. We consider a compound word as a term, both components of which denote objects that are translated differently, depending on the relationship between these objects. If the second object is part of the first, then the Russian equivalent has the form: singular noun, nominative case and singular noun genitive case. If the first object is part of the second, then the first component is translated using an adjective, since it determines the qualitative feature of the second object, which distinguishes it from other similar objects.
If the first component of a compound word denotes an object, and the second - its property as an essential characteristic of the object, then the Russian equivalent of the second component receives the nominative form, and the equivalent of the first component - a noun in the genitive case.
Multicomponent compound words are especially difficult to translate. The examples below illustrate the translation sequence for multi-component terms:
-workfare - a social security system that encourages those receiving benefits to take any job;
-value added tax - VAT;
-a tax haven - "tax paradise", an offshore zone, a territory with a preferential tax regime;
-a production possibilities curve - production possibilities curve;
-duty free - customs-free; -gross domestic product - GDP; -gross national product - GNP;
-gold and currency reserves - gold and foreign exchange reserves; -a commodity bundle / a market basket - consumer basket; -the poverty line - poverty line.
Analysis of economic terms - compound words translation from specialized American journals from English into Russian allows us to conclude that, first of all, it is necessary to reveal the meaning of the main semantic component. Naturally, the context of specialized information presented by the American version of the English language plays an important role in this. Then, as part of a multicomponent compound word - a term, you should find internal terms, if any, with words related to them.
5. Conclusions
According to the results of the study, certain conclusions are drawn in the article. American economic terms - complex or compound words are characterized by all types of collocation and combinations: analytical, idiomatic and stable. The compatibility of economic terms - compound words is due to logical and accompanying combinations. So, according to all criteria ever formulated, the combination of letter of credit is idiomatic, substitute goods is unstable, float a loan is analytically stable at the formal level, free enterprise - at the substantive level, and so on. Some American terms - compounds may have limited lexical collocation.
Thus, we have revealed and identified the key difficulties in translating economic terms -compound words from specialized American journals from English into Russian and the ways to overcome them, showing the possibilities of achieving equivalence in translating the terminology of the American version of the English language. The frequency of the translation means use has been revealed. In addition, this work can be used as a material for teaching aids and for the preparation of abstracts and term papers for students studying the theory and practice of professionally oriented translation.
REFERENCES
Dovbysh O.V. (2003) English financial terminology and the problems of its translation into Russian: on the material of the annual financial statements of foreign companies: dissertation for the title of candidate of philological sciences. /O.V. Dovbysh. - Moscow. -186p.
Kapanadze L. A. (2005) On the concepts of "term" and "teminology". Development of the vocabulary of the modern Russian language. / L. A. Kapanadze. - Moscow: Nauka. - 135 p.
Latyshev L.K. (2001) The course of translation: Translation equivalence and ways of achieving it / L.K. Latyshev. - Moscow: International relations. - 260 p.
Ovcharenko V. M. (2001) Terms, analytical naming and nominative definition. Modern issues of terminology in science and technology. / V.M. Ovcharenko. - Moscow: Nauka. - 215 p.
American Economic Journal: Applied Economics. - URL: https://yandex.ru/search/?text=American%20Eco-nomic%20Journal%20&lr=21641 &clid=2402253-632&win=448 (Date of access: 03/10/2021).
The American Economic Review. - URL: https://www.aeaweb.org/journals/ (Date of access: 12.03.2021).
