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17Oriental Journal of Philology
ORIENTAL JOURNAL OF PHILOLOGY
journal homepage: http://www.supportscience.uz/index.php/oip/about
AMERICAN LITERATURE WHICH DEVELOPED IN THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR
PERIOD
Asila A. Chorieva
Student
Uzbek State University of World Languages Tashkent, Uzbekistan
ABOUT ARTICLE
Key words:
memorabilia, diaries, novels, plays.
Received: 23.06.22 Accepted: 25.06.22 Published: 27.06.22
liberation literature, letters, stories, poems,
Abstract: This article is written to provide more detailed description of the American Civil War and its entry into literature. The article will cover the history of American Civil War and how developed literature in such kind of heavy era, as well as the writing style of American authors at that time. In this article various aspects of the civil war are discussed, the influence of the civil war on literature is defined, and some literary examples are introduced._
АМЕРИКА ФУКАРОЛАР УРУШИ ДАВРИДА РИВОЖЛАНГАН АМЕРИКА
АДАБИЁТИ
Асила А. Чориева
Талаба
Узбекистон давлат жауон тиллари университети Тошкент, Узбекистон
_МА^ОЛА ^А^ИДА_
Калит сузлар: озодлик адабиёти, Аннотация. Ушбу макола Америка ёдгорликлар, кундаликлар, мактублар, фукаролар уруши ва унинг адабиётга х,икоялар, шеърлар, романлар, пьесалар. киришини батафсилрок тавсифлаш учун
ёзилган. Маколада Америка фукаролар уруши тарихи ва бундай огир даврда адабиёт кандай ривожланганлиги, шунингдек, уша пайтдаги америкалик муаллифларнинг ёзиш услуби ёритилади. Ушбу маколада фукаролар урушининг турли жихдтлари мух,окама килинади, фукаролар урушининг адабиётга таъсири аникланади ва баъзи адабий мисоллар _келтирилади._
АМЕРИКАНСКАЯ ЛИТЕРАТУРА, РАЗВИВШАЯСЯ В ПЕРИОД ГРАЖДАНСКОЙ
ВОЙНЫ В США
Асила А. Чориева
Студент
Узбекский государственный университет мировых языков Ташкент, Узбекистан
_О СТАТЬЕ_
Ключевые слова: освободительная Аннотация: Эта статья написана для литература, памятные вещи, дневники, более подробного описания Гражданской письма, рассказы, стихи, романы, пьесы. войны в США и ее появления в литературе.
В статье будет рассказано об истории Гражданской войны в США и о том, как развивалась литература в такую тяжелую эпоху, а также о стиле письма американских авторов того времени. В этой статье обсуждаются различные аспекты гражданской войны, определяется влияние гражданской войны на литературу, приводятся некоторые литературные _примеры._
INTRODUCTION
It is too good to say that, our life is full of different emotion, interesting events and of course enthralling moments because of the literature We can clarify the literature with the help of some quotes. "Literature is one of the most interesting and significant expressions of humanity". It can really help to improve life experiences and widen our outlook. From our point of view, American literature has been contributing and enriching the literacy of the world in the first place for a long time. American literature is very important to people's education because it reveals American culture and history. Moreover, studying these literary works gives us the opportunity to understand the culture, history, and great works of the great American writers better. This is an opportunity to discover how literature understands the world through stories, poems, novels, and plays. But first, we should know some information about the history of American literature and what events had been affected too. There are many diverse historical events that really interacted to this literature. Authors are influenced by the world around them and are reflected in their works. For many people, the major impact of the Civil War (1861-1865) remains one of the milestones in the history of American literature and generally represents the development of American literature in the 19th century. Civil war literature often contains nonfiction genres, including diaries, letters, and memorabilia. Compared to any other occasion in American history, it has had an additional impact on American society and politics. With any technology from the Americans, it became the biggest problem. At least 620,000 infantrymen put their lives in conflict, representing 2 percent of the American population in 1861. In addition, the civil war had good effects, allowing slaves to gain
new freedoms and reforms for women were strengthened. This war ended in slavery that is why, liberation literature is indispensable for humanity. Harriet Beecher Stowe's "Uncle Tom's Cabin" became the most influential literary content in anti-slavery activities.
THE MAIN RESULTS AND FINDINGS
Fiction with the US Civil War as its setting or theme is still being written in the present day. The following subsections include a list of literary works published during the Civil War era, the period of living memory from the start of the war to roughly the beginning of the First World War in 1914. After this period, the tone and purpose of writing on the Civil War changes sufficiently to consider it part of a different literary movement. Texts and editions have been chosen based not only on their significance, but also on their availability. Although 20th century scholars have uncovered a considerable amount of popular fiction written during the Civil War era, much of that writing still remains inaccessible to general readers unless they have access to physical archives or subscription databases. The primary texts in each subsection are by no means to serve as an exhaustive list but rather as a starting point for examination of the wide variety of cultural production stimulated by the war. Nonfiction genres are considered as primary texts, following a longstanding tradition in scholarship on the Civil War era. The best-known novel about the Civil War is The Red Badge of Courage (1895) by Stephen Crane, whose descriptions of battle were so realistic that some veterans of the war were convinced that Crane must have fought beside him. In fact, Crane was born in 1871, some six years after the war ended. Some actual veterans of the Civil War did write fiction in which they drew on their battle experiences, most notably Ambrose Bierce, John Esten Cooke, and John William De Forest.
The most appealing expression of the battle is found in Stephen Crane's "Badge of Red Courage," which can be obtained online through an American study reviewed by researchers at the University of Virginia. In EDSITE's Red Badge of Courage: A New Type of Courage course, students learn that Crane skillfully portrayed the Civil War through the eyes and thoughts of a single soldier. The subsidiary EDSITE course, The Red Badge of Courage: A New Type of Realism, focuses on modified perspectives and methodological innovations. Crane used it to create a sense of high realism, distinguishing it from war stories written as a tribute or propaganda.
Ambrose Bierce, who served in the Union army for most of the Civil War probably, had more firsthand battle experience in that war than any other American writers. He fought in several major battles in Tennessee, some of the bloodiest of the war, including the battles of Shiloh (April 1862), after which he was commended for bravery; Stones River (December 1862), where he rescued his commanding officer from the field; Chickamauga (September 1863); Missionary Ridge (November 1863); and Kennesaw Mountain (June 1864), where he received a serious head wound. After returning to active duty in autumn 1864, he fought in two more major battles in
Tennessee before accompanying Gen. Long after the war Bierce remained obsessed by his battle experiences, commenting in 1887, "I never hear a rifle-shot without a thrill in my veins. I never catch the peculiar odor of gunpowder without having visions of the dead or dying". He used his war experiences in about twenty-five short stories, including "One of the Missing", "A Son of the Gods", "A Tough Tussle", "Chickamauga", "One Affair at Coulter's Notch", "An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge", and "Parker Addison, Philosopher". Many of these stories were written more than twenty years after the end of the war and were collected in his Tales of Soldiers and Civilians (1892) and Can Such Things Be (1893). He also wrote nonfiction and poetry about the war.
"Now one scholar has come up with a new angle on this very old problem. In "From Battlefields Rising: How the Civil War Transformed American Literature", Randall Fuller reminds us that the 1860s featured as talented a cohort of American writers as any decade could ask for — authors now known and loved by only their last names: Whitman, Emerson, Hawthorne, Dickinson, and Melville. Fuller carefully detailed how these writers experienced the war in their daily routines, their family lives, and their interlocking friendships.
This group portrait reveals is that, while the Civil War may not have led to any lasting works of literature; it had a profound impact on the most important writers of its era. The war changed what they believed and how they wrote. After the shots at Fort Sumter, the North came quickly and patriotically together — "flushed in the face", in Whitman's words, "all its veins fiercely pulsing and pounding". But Fuller suggests that Whitman and his literary cohort soon became uncomfortable with this kind of certainty, even though they had played a large part in putting that certainty into place. America's first generation of great writers began experimenting with new literary forms, and began questioning their most dogmatic assumptions about the morality and effects of war".
Fall classes generally focused on the great literature written during the so-called "American Renaissance" of the 1850s by Walt Whitman, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Henry David Thoreau and Herman Melville, while spring classes examined literary movements, like realism and modernism, which grew out of the Civil War. Even as the curriculum changed in the 1980s to include more women and minority writers, the war years remained absent.
None of the major canonical American authors were centrally engaged in the Civil War's military action, leading the critic Daniel Aaron to refer it in 1973 as "The Unwritten War."
Yet the war loomed large in American authors' imagination. Whitman recorded his encounters with wounded soldiers in "Specimen Days". Drawing on newspaper and magazine accounts of the war action, Melville composed "Battle Pieces and Aspects of the War". This list grows significantly if we include Southern writers like William Gilmore Simms or James R. Randall, and grapple with the task of reading poetry meant to boost the Southern cause.
The picture becomes even more complicated when we consider women writers. Mary Chesnutt elevated diary writing to an art form when she recorded and eventually published her memories of the war. Louisa May Alcott fictionalized her nursing experiences in "Hospital Sketches". Emily Dickinson's most productive years fall into the early 1860s, and her seeming isolation in Amherst, Mass, so the literary scholar Shira Wolosky argues, her poetry's deep engagement with the war. And while African-American writers often did not have the same access to writing that their white contemporaries enjoyed, newspapers like The New York Anglo-African provided important commentary on the political landscape alongside poetry and fiction. That discovery will require us to set aside our expectations that Civil War literature should tell us in realistic terms about the devastations of the war. The unrealistic nature of this literature is a failure by our standards for 19th-century readers; it was a mark of its success.
As the historian Drew Gilpin Faust shows in "This Republic of Suffering," literature provided solace; fiction offered meaning to otherwise incomprehensible facts. As the manner of death changed during the Civil War, and soldiers died far from their homes and loved ones, stories that tied the horrors of the war to the comforts of the hearth helped people cope with their losses.
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, we can say without any hesitation that, we have done all things according to the plan and the most important thing which it should be mentioned that, after doing research about "The Civil War in America and its influence on literature", our interest to read American literature has been increased. While doing this task, we had some experience as well. If we summarize our opinions about the topic, the Civil War has been a prominent theme in 20th century American literature, especially since the 1980s. This claim might be surprising at first glance, since the Civil War as an historic event then already dated back more than 110 years. The universal significance of war in American literary discourse can be explained by far-reaching changes in political, social, and cultural premises, which have provided information for the acceptance of civil war in academic and public discussions in the United States since the 1960s. But generally speaking, literature is like a conversation in a civil war, it will move for a time and secondly it will provoke imitation, linking news events with established images and appealing to reason as much as possible.
We usually don't think the literature as changing the course of history, and if we do, we look for a specific cause and effect. But often, literature runs like a conversation through the Civil War - rousing to action one moment, giving rise to parody the next, tying news events to established images and appealing to feelings as much as the reason. We will not be able to understand how people experienced the war if we look for it only in realistic descriptions and though later lenses of literary taste.
REFERENCES
1. Aron, Daniel. The Unwritten War: American Writers and the Civil War: Knopf, 1962.
2. Frazier, Charles. Cold Mountain. New York: The Atlantic Monthly Press, 1997.
3. Peter Lang. "A Civil War of words", 2016.
4. Walt Whitman, Battle of Bull Run, July, 1861.
5. Wilson, Edmund. Patriotic Gore: Studies in the literature of the American Civil War, 1962.
6. A. A. Chorieva. (2022). EXPERIMENTATION IN AMERICAN LITERATURE. Galaxy International Interdisciplinary Research Journal, 10(6), 271-274.
7. A.A. Chorieva, N.M. Lokteva American Feminism European International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Management Studies, 2022 - eipublication.com
8. Lokteva N. The women's family chronicle in American literature of XIX-XX Century. Chief Editor.
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