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25PEDAGOGICAL SCIENCES
AMERÍCAN MULTÍCULTURAL SOCÍETY'S ÍNTEGRATÍON ÍNTO CHÍLDREN LÍTERATURE ÍN
XX CENTURY
Abdullayeva T.
Baku Engineering University, Faculty of Pedagogy, Department of Translation and English language
Abstract
In fact, multicultural literature refers to a rich and varied culture, created by the influence of many nations on one another. However, in America, the term has been distorted for a long time and has been termed a kind of "melting pot". For collecting data and writing the article we used comparative, biographical, historical methods and discourse analysis. The main focus was on questions that reveal the relation of multicultural sociaty and children literature in USA during the 20th century and find out how multicultural society changed from time to time and how it influenced on the children literature. The main aim of this article is to display the relationship of children's literature and multicultural society based on analyzing the ideas of multiculturalism of William Edward Burhardt Du Bois and Mildred Taylor's works because of the African-American theme has been one of the main topics investigated by critics in American multicultural literature.
Keywords: multiculturalism, nationality, racism, ideology, children's books
Intoduction
Historically, America is known as a multicultural society, and the existence of multiple nations in the country is indispensable in its impact on each other's culture. It is an indisputable fact that a multicultural society is created in the United States. Of course, American multiculturalism refers to the common cultures of the African, Latin, indigenous or Hindu, Asian, and European peoples who are living here. However, in the 1960s, multiculturalism was not used as a term until the civil movements that swept the country. The theme of multiculturalism in literature is now an integral part of American literature. It is possible to say that a great deal of literature for children and young people has been created on the subject.
The American population consist of several nationalities, and the government has not accepted some of them, and they have tried to take away their culture as their rights. True, multiculturalism provides people with an opportunity to embrace their whereabouts as well as their ideologies, but at the same time, it is important to preserve their own culture. Unfortunately, America has tried to destroy the cultures of many nations living there. Through multicultural movements, America has opened up opportunities for religious, racial and national minorities to adopt cultures and ideologies. American ethnic groups are very rich in multi-culturalism. American multicultural literature refers to works by African American, American Hindu, Latin, and Asian American writers. From this point of view, it is advisable to give a brief overview of American multicultural literature. Let us also note that Latin, sometimes Mexican, Puerto Rican and Mayan culture, each of these names is used as a term in literary circulation to represent the same cultural area, that is, Latin culture. Mexican Americans are one of the most widely used Latin language groups. Of course, when we speak of Latin culture, we are not referring to one culture but to the culture of several nations that speak this language. These people differ from one another because of their
political idioms, religions, race, and even ethnic differences, but the main thing that unites them is the fact that these people belong to the group called Latin-speaking Spanish family. This literature has gone a great way since the eighteenth century, from the poems of Phillis Wheatley (1753-1784) to the famous novels of Tony Morrison (1931-2019). In 1964, african Ralph Waldo Ellison (1964-1994) wrote in his "In Shadow and Act" that only black American literary theoriests had a clear idea of all American culture (Guerin, W. L. (Ed.) 2005, p.289). All these people live in America and are united by the language culture. Their culture, as well as their literature, strongly influenced American literature and culture. The discovery of the new world has been an important role and influence of the indigenous cultures of the nations here. Because, over time, the intimacy between nations and these peoples, and their blood-kinship ties, had a profound effect on the wider spread of this culture (Guerin, W. L. (Ed.). 2005, p.287).
Research Methods
Comparative, biographical, historical methods and discourse analysis were used for the article and the scientific and theoretical provisions of the study were based on English language sources.
The aim of our research is to clarify the relationship of children's literature and multicultural society based on analyzing the ideas of multiculturalism in William Edward Burhardt Du Bois and Mildred Taylor's works. Studying of William Edward Burhardt Du Bois and Mildred Taylor's works in children's literature as a new development phase of American multicultural prose helps to examine how living in such kind of society could effect on children's mind.
Research questions
In this research, I want to focus on questions that reveal the relation of multicultural society and children literature in USA during the 20th century and find out how a multicultural society could integrate into the children literature. Question is designed in accordance with our research aims so that its answer covers the
question asked: -To study and analyze the multi-social factors that have contributed to the emergence of American children's literature and main themes which were separated in literature.
The Chicago movement of the 1960s and 1970s provided the basis for major changes for Mexicans seeking political freedom. Rudolfo Anaya's work "Bless Me" embodies this political ideology, as well as the artistic description of the events that sparked this movement after World War II. There are a number of prominent children writers among the representatives of Latin American multicultural literature like Sandra Cisneros (1954), Claudia Davila, Judith Ortiz Cofer (1952 -2016) who have raised problems of teenagers belonging to different kind of culture. Sandra Cisneros was born in a Mexican family. She was the third of seven children and the only one daughter in the family. Sandra Cisneros is known as a Mexican-American writer, and when you look at her creations, it becomes clear that her dual personality is national, but her countries are Mexica and America. Thus, in her literary work, she mainly wrote about the life she lived and the people whom she had migrated with from time to time, and the challenges which she had faced. Her dual culture and language have affected to her works. Among her works that have taken a major part in the literary creativity, are "House on Mango Street", "My Wicked Wicked Ways", "Caramelo". Most her works are devoted to children and teenagers who live in multucul-tural society. She began writing when she was 22 years old (1977), and "House on Mango Street" was widely received by the public.
As she noted in the introduction of the book, her first work became knowing as autobiography later became a favorite story of all. This work, completed in 1982, was presented to the reader as a memoir, and caused great interest among the readers. The writer has written her life in the image of a young Latin-born girl in the work. As a visitor, a girl who grew up in Chicago, in a family which often has to change their home and neighborhood, described the feelings and emotions in the work. The story is told by Esperanza, the young girl and the main hero. As a representative of other nations living and creating here, Sandra also worked to protect the national moral values of her people in their work. Generally, the main idea that Sandra and other children's writers put in the literature was to grow up children in a safe environment, often not to leave their homes, and to experience psychological distress at an early age.
American Indian culture is distinguished by the indispensable role of the emergence of multicultural literature. Let us also note that Europe's discovery of America was the beginning of the loss of this nation's cultural values, land and other possessions. Although they consist of some of the different tribes, religions, beliefs and customs but all these tribes were called Hindu. Many people think of the name given to hundreds of such indigenous tribes. They were sometimes called Native American and sometimes Hindu. Two types of Hindu literature are generally known. Traditional Hindu Literature and Modern Hindu Literature. Traditional Hindu literature refers to fairy tales, music
and other examples of folklore. Although centuries-old literary examples of the North American tribes, in their tribal languages, have been memorized and passed down from generation to generation, these works today are translated into English. This is because these tribes have not been written since ancient times, and their literary examples are only those whose memories are filtered out.
The basis of modern Hindu literature is shown by the publication of Samson Occom (1723-1792) in 1772. In the late nineteenth century at the beginning of the twentieth century, William Apes (1798-1839), Simon Pokagon (1830-1899), Sarah Winnemucca, (18441891) and a number of writers began to publish a lot of works. Until the 60s of the twentieth century, many their works were unaware of the existence of this literature, but according to a law passed in 1965, their publications were widely published. The works of Louise Erdrich's (1954) "Love Medicine", "The Beet Queen" and "Tracks" have aroused great interest in North Dakota, where the tribes are most prevalent. Although they have little effects on children's literature, the writer's works also highlight the problems and challenges the psychologist experienced by young children, especially girls. In general, the main problems posed in Hindu literature are related to their historical past. The discovery of the New World, the occupation of their territories, the brutal killing of the local population, and the destruction of their own cultures became the end of a world that belongs to them(Guerin, W. L. (Ed.). 2005, p. 295).
Asian American writers originally came from Asia and settled there.. Despite the restoration of civil rights in the 1950s, they always felt isolated from society. As a rule, Asian American writers who refer to China, Japan, Korea, the Philippines, Vietnam, Malaysia are called Asian writers. Although they differ from each other by their religions, languages, and cultures, they must have a unifying value — territory, Asia (Guerin, W. L. (Ed.). 2005, p. 297).
American history begins with the discovery of Christopher Columbus's New World in 1492. Along with many Europeans African representatives moved here as workers with Columbus's crew. However, the mass migration of Africans to North America coincides with the date of the establishment of the Virginia colony in 1619. They were sold as a workforce and acted only as cheap workers here. Africans, who have come a long and difficult journey, have had a hard life in America and have fought for the restoration of their rights as citizens. The constitutional amendment between 1865 and 1877 gave them partial legal equality, but it did not contribute to the improvement of the living conditions of Africans. The law was passed on the document, and there was little change in their attitude. And in the South American coffee plantations, the dominance of the entrepreneurs over them was unbearable. The insurrection and insistence of these workers on several occasions has cost them dearly. Although many laws have been changed and the enslaved black people have been liberated and their attitudes changed, they have yet to be fully excluded from the minds of men as slaves. Therefore, race discrimination in
America continued until the middle of the 20th century. The government has made a number of changes to the law again to slow down the disputes, and as result of this violence has been partially eliminated.(mence, bu paraqraf artiqdir.)
When speaking of African-American culture in American multicultural literature during XX century, it is impossible without writing William Edward Burghardt Du Bois (1868-1963). The works written by Du Bois in the works for children are inadequate. His creations are almost indistinguishable from children's literature, but one of the main ideas he puts in his works is the future of his black children in America related to children. Irene Diggs noted that the future and development of black children and African American children's literature is Du Boisin's creative credo as well. In his autobiography, the article entitled "The Immortal Child" reflects this idea - Will man be resurrected if he dies? We know nothing about this, but we must know that our children and their children must live forever, and that our society has a strong and educated generation, and that our main challenge is to overcome these problems (Diggs, I.,1976, p.370)
The Newbery award winner Mildred Taylor has made an unforgettable mark on American children's literature and has played an invaluable role in the creation of multicultural literature. The main idea in Mildred Taylor's creations and almost all of her writings as a black-skinned writer is the fact that she is fearless and brave, and as a woman writer, regardless of race or gender, she is able to speak in public. In her works from 1970 to 1980, she portrayed more black-skinned heroes who were fearless and daring to defend themselves under whites. At the same time, she reflected on the white-collar unfair treatment of African Americans in their works of attack. Critics familiar with Mildred Taylor's creations have also easily identified this ideology in her works. An analysis of the writer's works is conducted in this direction (Bosmajian, Hamida, 1996, pp.141150).
The stories written by the writer are both funny and tragic, but the main problem is that she describes the efforts of people in their homeland to protect their dignity on the one hand, and on the other, their struggle for survival in society. " Most of the historical facts are concentrated on these stories, and I have never been tired of listening to them. I was told interesting stories about slavery and post-slavery, as well as family and friends by my greate grandparents and other immidiate family members" mentioned Mildred Taylor in her one of interview (Fogelman. Phyllis J. 1989, pp179-180)
In "African-American Children's Literature: The First One Hundred Years," the researcher Harris calls Du Boisi a "first-time" magazine for children who want to "redefine their youth" and prepare them for "racial solidarity and promotion" stated Harris Violet (Harris, V. J. (1990). 540-555). More notably, Violet J. Harris, in her 1970s literature review, described Mildred Taylor as a writer "close to Du Bois for her ideas in her works and illustrations for children's books". However, Violet Harris has not depicted how Mildred Taylor's books were reflected by Du Bois's goals. Rudine Sims Bishop (1937), while agreeing with Violet C. Harris in
Du Bois magazine on African American children's literature, did not elaborate on the similarities between Mildred's creativity and Du Bois (Rudine Sims Bishop. 1985, pp.9-13)
Unlike other critics, Gregory Hampton has not touched on the relationship between Du Bois ideology and Mildred Taylor's creations. He displayed how Mildred Taylor carefully investigates Du Bois' dual consciousness theory. Mildred Tyler reflected on Du Bois' comments from his book "The Triumph of Victory" in her book "Land". Hampton displayed Mildred Taylor's protagonist - Paul-Edward Logan, as a man who has the ability to see with the eyes of the oppressors. (Hampton, Gregory. 2008, p.84). But Hampton also did not associate Mildred Taylor's writings in children's literature with Du Bois' motivation for small children. (Hampton, Gregory. 2008, p.84).
Although Mildred Taylor described four generations of the Logan family, she has created a realistic account of the proximity of the Logan family, the protection of these lands and their struggle against white-collar people, and all that happened around Mississippi. The author, who has made Africans' 40-years in America the main subject of his works, has spoken more about the remote southern parts of the new world. This is one of the main features that distinguishes her from other African-American children's literature writers. This is also because none of the American writers has ever made the history of the youth in those areas into children's literature. Joel Taxel (1947), a researcher at the University of Georgia, and Caralyn Knight in their works related to children's literature, especially in theri monograph studies of Mildred Taylor's creations, found that historical literature found a realistic deficit in fiction, but did not distort these facts. (Taxel Joel. 2017, 296p).
In general, Mildred Taylor's creativity is divided into three periods: early, middle and late. In her writings at different times, the writer touched upon changes in society, and sought to reflect the changes in multicultural life. The works of early literary works date back to the early '80s, starting with the mid-1970s. Her works such as "Song of the Trees", "Roll of Thunder, Hear My Cry" and "Let the Circle Be Unbroken" belongs to the early period of her creativity. The second period of the literary creativity includes works written in 1987-1990. Here's "The Golden Cadillac", "The Friendship", "The Mississippi Bridge" and "The Road to Memphis, which is the first creative example for teenagers. Mildred Teyler's recent creations cover the period from 1995 to 2001.
Mildred Teyler's first famous work and her first award-winning book is "Song of the Trees." For her work, she was awarded the Council on Interracial Books for Children in 1973 and was the first among the books dedicated to African American children. Acquaintance with the work gives the impression that, with the positive end of the story, the writer gives a hint that she is optimistic about the future. With the pese-verence of the heroes (as Mary and David Logman), the writer wanted to show that black people should not lose their courage and continue their struggle to achieve a brighter future. Another main features of the work is
that here writer displayed that children and adults mostly depended on their parents and controlled by them. David and Mery try to support their kids with their all efforts.
The writer also acted as a children writer in medieval creativity. She wrote four famous works during this period. In 1988 she was awarded the Christophor award for her work "The Golden Cadillac." Her other work, called "Friendship" was awarded the Cretta Scott King Award in the same year. Both books have been successful in children's literature. Another book, "The Mississippi Bridge" related to adolescents and young adults was awarded the Cretta Scott King Award in 1991. Mildred Teyler's medieval creation, "Let the Circle Be Unbroken" reveals her creative differences in artistic expression. Unlike the early days of her creative work, she described children and juveniles without depending on their parents. In the book "The Gold Cadillac", the female character is sufficiently strong to try to protect her family individually. In her other two works, "The Friendship" and " The Mississippi Bridge", the writer described that David and Mary did not portray Logans as a parent who are around their children. Now they struggle without any horror and could get what they want. In "The Road to Memphis," instead of stepping their children for their each difficulties they advice them how they could handle and struggle for any dangers. From these notes, reader could understand the africans' lifes became more easy and better than before the periods and these effects were reflected by authors.
The writer's books have won more awards in her last periods of creativity . "The Well: David's Story" was awarded several prizes in the field of children's literature like Jane Addams Book Award and has been included in the best-selling children's books in America in 1996. Like many other works, for "Land", she was awarded such prizes as "Coretta Scott King", "Scott Odel", "The Best Young Black History". This period of creativity, author's try to distance her personal life as an adolescence from her the creative world, but she has touched upon some important aspects of her adolescence and reflect it in her works. For example, in her "Land", she shares some of her memories and notes, while she was on the Rocky Mountains in Colorado. In the meantime, as a landowner, she shared with her reader the moments when her great-grandfather, Paul Edward, lived a century ago.
When she received the Newbery award, she noted that the writer herself was a victim of racism and how she was crushed in many places in public life, in schools and in shopping centers. She added that as a reader of fiction, she could not find a book in which the young african men could be the protagonists, and the black character as a strong or beautiful they have been reflected in the art. In an interview with journalist Hazel Rochman (1938), she emphasized that black-skinned people always shame because of their race but they are innocent, it is just their race. She, as a writer and an African-American woman also mentioned that she had already realized that people had to set goals and to strive to achieve their goals and achieve success. If everyone handles this problem individually, their success
can be a success for the community as well. A self-proclaimed writer, she emphasized the importance of his work to African-Americans, and her belief that her successes were beneficial to society as a whole (Hazel Rochman. 1994, p.221).
All of the above proves that the social and political events that took place in the multicultural society of the country changed and also influenced most authorts' creativity as Mildred Taylor Although American children's literature is generally young, it has been reflected in many nations. This has influenced the way children's literature is colorful in terms of subject matter. From this we can say that multiculturalism has embodied American children's literature with its positive traces.
Conclusion
Our contribution focuses on the concept of multi-culturalism and its integration and relationships with young people and children literature. As a background for the presented issues, variables are highlighted in multiculturalism, and links are showed with relevant subjects, emphasizing a wide range of disputes and the importance of disputes. This work outlines the areas of progress in promoting achievements in publishing and recognizing multidimensional achievements in literature and discusses the areas where further progress has not yet been made. American multiculturalism refers to the common cultures of African, Latin, Indo-chinese, Asian and European peoples living here. This, above all, finds its artistic embodiment in every aspect of culture, especially in literature. Although the United States was always known as a "multicultural" country, the full confirmation of this fact and the outcome did not heal the American people until the civil rights movement of the 1960s. In fact, multicultural literature calls for a rich and diverse culture that is influenced by many nations. Representative of contemporary Hindu literature Samson Okim, African-American writer Mildred Teyler, Du Bois's creativity is briefly touched and it drew attention on the influence of these cultural figures in American children's literature. After looking closely at the Mildred Taylor's works, it is possible to see how multicultural society influenced children's literature, and how changes in that society have, over time, integrated into the works, especially children's storiesIt has created opportunities for the adoption of cultures, ideologies of religious, race and national minorities on the basis of American multicultural movements.
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GAMIFICATION AND TEACHING PROFESSIONS OF THE FUTURE
Gerlach I.
candidate ofpedagogical Sciences, associate Professor, associate Professor of the Department of theory,
history of pedagogy and educational practices, Of the «Armavir state pedagogical University»
ИГРОФИКАЦИЯ И ПЕДАГОГИЧЕСКИЕ ПРОФЕССИИ БУДУЩЕГО
Герлах И.В.
кандидат педагогических наук, доцент, доцент кафедры теории, истории педагогики и образовательной практики, ФГБОУ ВО «Армавирский государственный педагогический университет»
Abstract
The article analyzes the trends in the development of modern gambling practices and the needs of society, the process of gamification in various spheres of human activity, primarily in education. Its problem areas, positive and negative trends. The so-called professions of the future related to gaming are considered. Special attention is paid to the new teaching profession - gamemaster. The main approaches to the organization of professional training of future gamemasters are presented.
Аннотация
В статье проанализированы тенденции развития современной игропрактики и потребностей общества, процесса игрофикации в различных сферах человеческой деятельности, в первую очередь, в образовании. Его проблемные зоны, позитивные и негативные тенденции. Рассмотрены, так называемые, профессии будущего, связанные с игровой деятельностью. Особое внимание уделено новой педагогической профессии - игромастер. Представлены основные подходы к организации профессиональной подготовки будущих игромастеров.
Keywords: games, gamification, gamemaster, professions of the future, gamepractic.
Ключевые слова: игра, игрофикация, игромастер, профессии будущего, игропрактика.
