15Original scientific paper Economics of Agriculture 4/2012
UDC: 639.111.1:338.48-52:799.2(497.113)
AGRICULTURAL LAND IN VOJVODINA AS ROE DEER HABITAT -HUNTING - TOURISM ASPECT
Risto Prentovic1, Dragan Gacic2, Drago Cvijanovic3 Summary
This paper is aimed at the acquisition ofscientific data on the dynamics of development and actual status ofroe deer populations on agricultural lands in Vojvodina (which occupy about 90% of its territory), and their utilisation for the advancement of hunting-tourism activities. The research is based on the following scientific methods: field research (monitoring and questionnaires), content analysis, measurement and evaluation of roe deer trophies, comparison and statistical method (descriptive statistics). The observed increasing trend in roe deer density and shooting in the field hunting grounds in Vojvodina (excepting the period 1992-2000), proves that this big game species is adapted to habitats with dominant arable crops. Despite the attained results, which are at the level of the European average, the potentials of roe deer, as the important hunting-tourism resource of Vojvodina, have not yet been sufficiently exploited, therefore an additional improvement of hunting management and hunting-tourism marketing is still required.
Key words: roe deer, Vojvodina, agricultural land, hunting tourism. JEL: Q29, Q19
Introduction
The base of hunting, as a branch of economy, is game as a natural resource, which is in Serbia categorised as the general public (state) resource. Game is a significant (although not also a major) economic potential, but it is much more significant as the best bio-indicator of environmental quality. For this reason, any intervention in that natural resource, whether it is production, cultivation, protection or utilisation, has to take into account its conservation and enhancement, i.e. game populations and their habitats. The most important objective is to ensure the sustainability of hunting management and to
1 Risto Prentovic, Ph.D., Associate Professor, University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Bulevar Despota Stefana 18, 21000 Novi Sad, Phone: +381 21 460 309, E-mail: riprent@open.telekom.rs
2 Dragan P. Gacic, Ph.D., Associate Professor, University of Belgrade, Faculty of Forestry, Kneza Viseslava 1, 11030 Belgrade, Phone: +381 11 305 38 65, E-mail: jgacic@sezampro.rs
3 Drago Cvijanovic, Ph.D., Associate Professor, Institute of Agricultural Economics, Volgina 15, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia, Phone: +381 63 295 111, E-mail: drago_c@iep.bg.ac.rs
preserve the game populations for future generations (Selmic, Gacic, 2011). According to Prentovic et al. 2012 in most cases, rural areas have rich ecosystems and fairly preserved biodiversity, which provides favorable conditions for development of besides agriculture and forestry other economic activities such as water management, tourism, craftsmanship, urban planning, fishing, hunting, etc.
Game is the most important hunting-tourism resource and the key element of each hunting-tourism product, therefore, the offer of good quality individuals (in sufficient numbers and with valuable trophies) is the main condition of the success, i.e. profitability of any hunting-tourism destination (Prentovic, 2005a,b, 2006). The Autonomous Province of Vojvodina is one of the most prestigious hunting-tourism destinations in South-Eastern Europe (Prentovic, 2011). It occupies about 21,500 km2, which accounts for about %% of the Republic of Serbia territory. With the exception of two low mountains - Fruska Gora (539 m a.s.l.) and Vrsacke Planine (641 m a.s.l.), it is mostly a lowland and flat region. The most represented soil type is chernozem, which covers about 60% of the total area (the fertility of this soil type is high, and it is considered as the best soil for plant production), then humogley and alluvial soil (16.2% i.e. 9.0%, respectively). The greatest part of the area is agricultural land (about 17,900 km2 or 83.3% of the total area), and forests and other wooded lands cover about 1,430 km2 (6.7%), which makes Vojvodina one of the least forested regions in Europe. Infertile lands occupy about 2,170 km2 or 10% (built-up areas and inland water areas). All the municipalities in Vojvodina account for more than 70% of agricultural land, except Beocin (45.6%), Sremski Karlovci (50.4%) and Sid (59.7%). This indicates that Vojvodina has a high potential for agricultural production, not only based on its good-quality soil (plough land and gardens occupy about 90% of arable land), but also because of its mild climate, plentiful water and long tradition. Generally, the soil in Vojvodina is not contaminated, so it is suitable for the production of highly valuable and safe food (Lazic et al., 2011, Sekulic et al., 2011).
The structure of agricultural soil in Vojvodina points out clearly that the prevalent form is arable-vegetable production. Simultaneously, agricultural lands (plough land, gardens, meadows, pastures) are permanent or temporary habitats to many game species, in which their cultivation is planned and their utilisation is rational. Special attention is drawn to roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), as the only big game species which also lives in the conditions of cultural steppe and which thrives on large parcels under monocultures. It is our most numerous and biologically and economically most valuable big game species, whose habitats in Vojvodina are for the most part agricultural lands. In the scope of hunting economy, roe deer has a high economic value, both for hunting (trophy as an attractive hunting-tourism motive), and for the production of gastronomically valuable venison. However, the habitat specificity (agro-bio-top) makes the most important cultural measures significantly more difficult, and therefore also the planned and rational management.
This paper is aimed at the attainment of scientific data on the dynamics of development and actual status of roe deer populations on agricultural lands in Vojvodina (hunting grounds managed by Hunting Associations), and their utilisation for the enhancement of hunting management and hunting-tourism activities.
Material and methods
The analysis ofthe dynamics of roe deer population density in Vojvodina was based on the data originating from different sources and documents: statistical bulletins and yearbooks (Federal and Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia); official records of the Hunting Association of Vojvodina (Novi Sad), Hunting Association of Serbia (Belgrade) and the Public Enterprise "Vojvodinasume" (Novi Sad); Long-term Programme of Hunting Development in SAP Vojvodina (1984); Long-term Programme of Hunting Development in Vojvodina 2000-2010 (2000); Programme of Hunting Development in Serbia 2001-2010 (2001). The above data enable a reliable determination of the trends of roe deer density and shooting in Vojvodina in the period 1961-2011.
Trophy structure of roe deer populations in Vojvodina was analysed based on the data obtained by the evaluation of 1,902 trophy males taken over the period 2001-2005. The trophies originate from the hunting grounds managed by Hunting Association of Vojvodina by its members - Hunting Associations, of which 1,016 are from Backa (9 hunting grounds) and 886 from Banat (3 hunting grounds). The trophies were evaluated by competent commissions consisting of certified trophy evaluators, according to the formula and the rules of the International Council for Game and Wildlife Conservation - CIC (n=1,341), according to the shorter evaluation procedure by coefficient 0.23 (n=561). After trophy evaluation, the unique criteria for medals were applied: gold (130 and more points), silver (115-129.9) and bronze (105-114.9).
Results and discussion
On the territory of Vojvodina, there are nine hunting regions4, aiming at the realisation of unique national hunting policy, long-term rational management of game species populations and efficient undertaking of appropriate measures in hunting grounds. Based on the Law on Game and Hunting ("Official Gazette RS", number 18/10), Provincial Secretariat of Agriculture, Water Economy and Forestry, established altogether 147 hunting grounds within the above hunting regions, of which 18 are specific purpose hunting grounds5, 13 hunting grounds in the area of registered fishponds, 115 hunting
4 Based on Article 34, paragraph 1 of the Law on Game and Hunting ("Official Gazette RS", number 18/10), the Government of the Republic of Serbia passed the Decree on the Establishment of Hunting Areas on the Territory of the Republic of Serbia ("Official Gazette RS", number 91/11). On the territory of Vojvodina, pursuant to the Decree, 3 hunting areas were established in each of the three regions - Backa, Banat and Srem. However, after the new establishment of hunting grounds in Vojvodina (2010-2012), the total hunting area managed by hunting associations was not significantly changed, nor was its attitude to vegetation and crops. This points out that the data from the Programme of Hunting Development in Vojvodina (2000) and Serbia (2001) can still be considered actual and representative.
5 Specific purpose hunting grounds are established in the areas of the National Parks and in the areas with the majority percentage of state forests and other wooded lands. They are managed by Public Enterprise "Vojvodinasume" (17 hunting grounds) and the National Park "Fruska Gora".
grounds in the wild (the so called "open hunting grounds" managed by Hunting Associations), and one private hunting ground.
In hunting grounds managed by Hunting Associations (about 90% of the total hunting area in Vojvodina), roe deer is the principal and almost the only reared big game species, and the trophies of taken males are the main source of revenues from hunting management. The dominant land use in these hunting grounds is agricultural land which occupies about 17,470 km2 or 87.9%, and forests and other wooded land cover about 530 km2 or 2.7% (Long-term Programme of Hunting Development in Vojvodina 2000-2010). However, in forest hunting grounds in Vojvodina, especially in fenced hunting grounds, or fenced parts of hunting grounds (specific purpose hunting grounds), roe deer is only a secondary big game species.
The most favourable conditions for game survival on agricultural lands are observed in hunting grounds with more significant crop diversity, and also in small holdings. On the other hand, the regrouping of land parcels and the application of modern agricultural machinery, together with incorrect application of chemicals, cause the devastation of autochthonous vegetation in many hunting grounds in Vojvodina6. Also, the low percentage of forests and wooded lands in hunting grounds managed by Hunting Associations (2.7%) has an adverse effect on the survival and density of principal reared species of small game, such as brown hare and pheasant. For this reason, over several past decades, population density of small game has decreased significantly in hunting grounds on agricultural land in Vojvodina, especially the density of grey partridge, whose populations are on the verge of extinction.
In addition to adverse effects of intensive agriculture, natural conditions of the habitats in Vojvodina are further aggravated by industrial production (waste emissions into the atmosphere and discharges to watercourses), road infrastructure (emission of exhaust gases, game disturbance and wildlife-related traffic accidents, fragmentation of habitats), disasters (floods and droughts), predator species, and man-made specific effects (e.g. illegal hunting, nomadic pastoralism, irrigation channel revetment with plastic foils, etc.). On the other hand, the main favourable effects in hunting grounds on agricultural lands in Vojvodina are sufficient quantities of diverse food during the vegetation period and somewhat later on (remnants of agricultural crops).
Globally unfavourable habitat conditions for the survival of many game species did not have an adverse effect on roe deer population density and distribution (Burbaite, Csányi, 2009). Furthermore, from a typical species living in minor forest complexes with many openings and clearings, because of which roe deer is said to belong to forest margins, it has become an important and a rather numerous participant of agro-ecosystems (Gacic, 2005a). It dwells in diverse habitats up to the limit of forest vegetation (about 2,000 m a.s.l.). However, its most favourable habitats are undulated submontane areas with alternating small parcels of mixed forests, meadows and arable lands (Selmic, Gacic, 2011). The most important requirement regarding the habitats (excepting food) refers to natural laws which make it
6 See more in Andric et al, 1989. 606
possible to avoid predators and man (Aanes et al., 1998). Thanks to its relatively small body, it can survive in isolated groves or thickets, even in tall grasslands, which ensure the necessary shelter. Generally, roe deer is successfully adapted to changed human-induced environmental conditions. Also, roe deer is highly tolerant to extreme climate effects (it inhabits the climates from the hot and dry Mediterranean to cold boreal forests), and it can live in the areas where the snow reaches the level of its chest, about 1 m in extreme cases (Linnell et al., 1998).
Roe deer is an autochthonous big game species in our region. It is the most numerous big game in Europe, which is also the case on the territory of Serbia (therefore also Vojvodina). However, in a greater part of Serbia, the present roe deer density and the degree of utilisation are significantly below the natural habitat potentials. Hence, the most important plan documents in the field of hunting (e.g. Programme of Hunting Development in Serbia 2001-2010), thanks to roe deer biological and high economic significance as an autochthonous and hunting species, stress the increase in density and the improvement of structure (sex and age), as well as the improvement of roe deer trophy value, as one of the strategic decisions in the direction of Hunting Development in Serbia.
Graph 1. Reported spring population size and annual harvest of roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) in Vojvodina 1961-2011
Source: Savezni zavod za statistiku (1963-2003): Statisticki bilten "Sumarstvo", br. 267-2359, Beograd and Republicki zavod za statistiku (2005-2012): Bilten "Sumarstvo u Republici Srbiji", br. 442-552, Beograd, Dugorocni program razvoja lovstva Vojvodine 2000-2010, Lovacki savez Vojvodine, Novi Sad and Program razvoja lovstva Srbije 2001-2010, Lovacki savez Srbije, Beograd.
During the previous fifty-year period (1961-2011) there was an increase in roe deer density in the field and lowland hunting grounds managed by the Hunting Association of Vojvodina through Hunting Associations, except during the period 1992-2000 (Graph 1). Our results
show that the estimated roe deer density was the highest in spring 1985 (45,828 individuals or 2.4 animals per km2), which is higher than the average roe deer density in Europe during 1984 (1.5 animals per km2) (Burbaite, Csanyi, 2009). Also, from 2001 to 2011, the average density of roe deer in Vojvodina increased from 1.8 animals per km2 to 2.4 animals per km2, which was equal to average roe deer density in Europe during 2005 (2.2 animals per km2).
The highest roe deer density occurs in West and Central Europe (Burbaite, Csanyi, 2009). The above authors report that from 1984 to 2005, the average roe deer density in Europe increased from 1.5 animals per km2 to 2.2 animals per km2. In 1984 the greatest roe deer density occurred in Germany (5.7 animals per km2), Austria (5.5), Luxembourg (5.0) and Denmark (3.5). Also, in 2005 the highest density was found in the same 4 countries: Denmark and Luxembourg (9.3), Austria (8.9) and Germany (8.4). Their data show that 31.6% of the European roe deer population lives in Germany and 37% of roe deer are shot there.
Estimated roe deer density in spring 2011 (52,500 individuals) and the registered shooting during 2010/2011 (4,500 individuals) are almost equal to the values which are planned for 2010 (52,400 individuals) and 2009/2010 (4,560 individuals) within the Long-term Programme of Hunting Development in Vojvodina for the period 2000-2010. However, the values are still substantially lower compared to the values which were previously planned for 1990 (64,180 individuals) and 1989/1990 (7,700 individuals) within the Long-term Programme of Hunting Development in Vojvodina for the period 1982-1990. The above projections were, according to present-day assessments rather real, because they were based on density trends in the previous period (Programme of Hunting Development in Serbia 2001-2010). So, it can be concluded that the dynamics of roe deer population development in Vojvodina during the period 1961-2011 was not in proportion to habitat natural potentials. The main reasons for such state of affairs are: unprofessional management in many hunting grounds (e.g. unprofessional shooting per sex and age structure, or inadequate and insufficient winter feeding); unplanned and excessive utilisation (shooting a higher number of trophy individuals than planned, or illegal hunting); unprofessional shooting selection (especially of female individuals); as well as fencing of many forest hunting grounds for intensive rearing of big game (red deer and wild boar).
In the Hungarian hunting grounds, on similar habitats, the greatest problems in roe deer hunting management occur because of overestimating the real density, as well as because of insufficient shooting of females and excessive shooting of the best males. The above problems are not only the result of mistakes in the roe deer population strategy, but also the result of degradation in habitat quality (Csanyi, 1989). The changes in Hungary from the middle of the seventies - monoculture cultivation, intensive application of machinery and chemicals, have become a general problem. Moreover, numerous shelterbelts are removed and the diversity of agro-bio conenoses decreased both in cultivated and in weed species. All the above facts caused the decrease in the economic capacity of the habitats, and roe deer had to change their feeding habits and to consume inadequate nutrients over the autumn and winter periods (Farkas, Csanyi, 1990). The measures proposed for the improvement of roe deer hunting management in Hungary are: (1) more accurate census
of populations (including age structure), control of shooting per density and structure, and the determination of optimal population density; (2) intensive selection of young males with low-ranking antlers and the protection of middle-aged males with good antlers; (3) improvement of habitat conditions and supplementary feeding. The above measures can also be applied in roe deer hunting management in field hunting grounds in Vojvodina (Gacic, 2005a, b).
The registered shooting of roe deer in Vojvodina hunting grounds was the highest in the period 1982-1990 (before the disintegration of the former Yugoslavia) and it ranged between 5,390 and 6,900 individuals. It is well known that shooting is the basic method of planned and rational use of reared game species. However, our results show that registered shooting in the period 1961-2011 was occasionally disproportionate with the estimated roe deer density (Graph 1). The degree of roe deer utilisation compared to spring density ranged between 2.7% (1962) and 15.2% (1983)7. These values agree with the results reported by other authors (Burbaite, Csanyi, 2009). Their studies show that in 1984 it varied from 2.4% (Belarus) to 44.2% (Austria) with an average of 22.1%; in 2005 it varied from 0.02% (Turkey) to 43.3% (Walloon region of Belgium) with an average of 21.6%. Also, the Programme of Hunting Development in Serbia 2001-2010, states that roe deer annual shooting accounting for 1012% of the spring density is real in the managed hunting grounds and professionally managed hunting grounds. However, the degree of roe deer utilisation in hunting grounds of Vojvodina in the period 1995-2011 ranged between 6.5% (1999) and 8.6% (2011), which is a very modest result which is not in harmony with the natural habitat potentials.
Table 1 shows the trophy structure of males in spring hunting in Vojvodina (Backa and Banat)8 in the period 2001-2005. One of the main goals of roe deer hunting management is the sustainability of high-quality and vital populations with all elements of structure which ensure successful reproduction and valuable trophies (Gacic, 2006). The realisation of this goal ensures the real conditions for economic utilisation of hunted individuals (revenues from the sale of trophies and meat). In addition to their high economic significance, trophies are simultaneously an indicator of individual quality and health, living conditions in the hunting grounds and hunting and rearing activities. In the hunting grounds managed by Hunting Associations in Vojvodina, the males with the highest trophies, and therefore the highest economic value, are mainly shot by foreign hunters, so in most hunting grounds the hunting plan is realised already at the beginning of the hunting season9. However, the specificity of
7 During the period 1982-1990 (when shooting was the highest), the average degree of roe deer harvesting compared to spring density accounted for 14.4% (ranging between 13.6% and 15.2%).
8 The region of Srem was not taken into account because of the lowest roe deer density, and because the registered shooting has mainly of the selection character.
9 Hunting season for males lasts from 15th April to 30th September, and for females and fawns from 1st September to 31st January, which is determined by the Regulation on the proclamation of close season of the protected game species (Official Gazette of RS, no. 9/12), which was passed by the Minister of Agriculture, Forestry and Water Management and the Minister of Environment, Mining and Spatial Planning.
habitat conditions (agro-bio-top) makes the hunting significantly more difficult, especially regarding the age and trophy value assessment (Gacic, 2005b).
During the first study year (2001) the analysis consisted of 336 trophies, of which 169 from Backa (=90.2 points, min-max=26.0-140.6) and 167 from Banat (=81.5 points, min-max=23.2-142.2). The most valuable trophy was taken in the hunting ground Jaruge (Novi Becej). The greatest number of analysed trophies were below 69.9 CIC points (32.7%), and 19.9% trophies achieved medal status by the number of medal winning CIC points (Graph 2). During the second year (2002), 392 trophies were analysed, of which 193 were from Backa (=91.3 points, min-max=23.2-137.5) and 199 from Banat (=83.4 points, min-max=23.9-140.5). The most valuable trophy was from the hunting ground Jaruge (Novi Becej). The greatest number of analysed trophies were below 69.9 points (25.0%), and 21.2% trophies achieved medal status. During the third year (2003), 441 trophies were analysed, of which 244 were from Backa (=89.6 points, min-max=24.4-179.6) and 197 from Banat (=87.4 points, min-max=41.6-143.7). The most valuable trophy was from the hunting ground Kapetanski Rit (Kanjiza). 19.5% of trophies achieved medal status. During the fourth year (2004), 336 trophies were analysed, of which 195 were from Backa (=87.6 points, min-max=29.4-148.1) and 141 from Banat (=91.3 points, min-max=31.9-139.4). The best trophy was taken in the hunting ground Sencanski Salasi (Senta). 22.0% of trophies achieved medal status. During the fifth year (2005), 397 trophies were analysed of which 215 were from Backa (=90.3 points, min-max=38.9-155.0) and 182 from Banat (=90.3 points, min-max=47.5-150.7). The most valuable trophy was from the hunting ground Sencanski Salasi (Senta) 22.1% trophies achieved medal status.
Table 1. Trophy structure of males in spring hunting in Vojvodina 2001-2005
Hunting ground Total (N) Total trophy score (CIC points)
<69,9 70-104,9 105-114,9 115-129,9 130>
Kapetanski rit (Kanjiza) 437 79 271 40 30 17
Sencanski salasi (Senta) 201 13 126 31 22 9
Gornji rit (Mol) 68 18 37 4 7 2
Donji rit (Ada) 73 16 32 12 8 5
Becejski salasi (Becej) 61 7 32 10 11 1
Lalinske livade (Odzaci) 176 62 100 7 6 1
Backa 1,016 195 598 104 84 35
Begej (Zrenjanin) 164 83 75 5 1 -
Jaruge (Novi Becej) 346 52 191 50 37 16
Veliki siget (Novi Knezevac) 376 106 204 45 18 3
Banat 886 241 470 100 56 19
VOJVODINA 1,902 436 1,068 204 140 54
Source: Gacic (2005 a, b)
Our results show that during the five successive years (2001-2005) 1.8-4.0% of trophies were of gold medal quality, 5.4-8.3% oftrophies were of silver medal quality, and 9.3-12.8%
of trophies were of bronze medal quality (Graph 2). However, the research performed in Hungary during the period 1981-1985 (Szidnai, Koller, 1987) shows that in the total annual shooting of males, trophy percentage in medal was less than 10%, and in total annual shooting of both males and females, trophy percentage in medal accounted for less than 4%. Similarly, in Hungary over the period 1973-1986, annual trophy percentage in medal ranged from the lowest 4.4% (1986) to the highest 9.7% (1981) (Farkas, Csanyi, 1990). The higher trophy percentage in medal which was determined in our study is explained by the fact that the analysed samples (total 1,902 trophies) consisted mainly of male trophies shot in trophy hunting, of which a great number (n=561) was rated according to the shortened procedure, using the coefficient 0.23 (without the measurement of antler volume), which results in a higher total score than by using the formula of the International Council for Game and Wildlife Conservation - CIC (Gacic, 2005a). Also, the total number of analysed trophies per individual years actually consists of a smaller part (about 30%) of the total shooting of males in the field hunting grounds in Vojvodina.
Some authors (Hromas, 1983) report that annual number of shot males with trophies in medal is narrowly related to spring density of roe deer populations and to total removed individuals (both shooting and losses). This author reports that in Czechoslovakia, the average annual harvesting of males with trophies in medal over the period 1966-1976 accounted for 0.07% of the spring population density, and it varied between 0.03% and 0.15%.
Graph 2. Trophy structure of males in spring hunting in Vojvodina 2001-2005
Source: research by authors
Hunting tourism is a special form of tourism and its main specificity is the fact that the creation of the motive for this kind of tourism depends on the availability of game for hunting. However, by the realisation of hunting tourism, the game is consumed (shot), so the hunting-tourism offer is limited by game density. For this reason, the hunting-tourism offer should be based on shooting plans, macro-geographically (by regions, for the entire Province and
Republic) and micro-geographically (by hunting ranges, hunting grounds) (Programme of Hunting Development in Serbia 2001-2010).
In the majority of hunting grounds managed by Hunting Associations in Vojvodina, the roe deer trophies are major sources of revenue for hunting management. In addition to trophy fee, a hunter pays for the entrance to the hunting ground and all other costs of hunter programme (organization of the hunt, manipulation of shot animals and game trophy rating), as well as accommodation costs (full board and extra services). The fee depends on the trophy weight in grams (trophies with total score up to 150.0 CIC points) according to the price list issued by the steering committee of the Hunting Association, which should be in accordance with the price list issued by the steering committee of the Hunting Association of Serbia. The provision for hunting-tourist services is determined by a contract between the hunting ground user and tourist agency. The fee for one shot roe deer with trophy up to 249 g is 100 EUR, and the fee for one shot roe deer with trophy in medal, especially the golden one, can reach several thousands of Euros, so each hunting year a significant revenue is earned from the hunting tourism "sale" of roe deer. There are no precise and systematised data on the total hunting-tourism turnover in Vojvodina, or on the revenues in hunting management of roe deer populations. However, the official data (Graph 1) show that roe deer in many hunting grounds in Vojvodina is not sufficiently exploited, although it is a very attractive segment of hunting-tourism products, and the most numerous and economically the most valuable species of big game. Consequently, the earned income is still substantially below the potential of the natural habitats.
Conclusion
The study results point to the fact that roe deer populations in lowland habitats on agricultural lands in Vojvodina over the past fifty years have doubled their density, which is especially significant from the aspect of economic (and particularly hunting-tourism) utilisation of this natural resource. In addition to their great adaptation ability, which characterises this most numerous and economically the most valuable big game species, a contribution to the increase in its population density in Vojvodina is also better hunting management than it was the case in the past, as well as sufficient quantities of diverse food for this game species during the growing season and for some time later on (remnants of agricultural crops).
Despite the significant improvements in hunting management (excepting the stagnation and decrease in the last decade of the past century), the achievements are still not compatible with the optimal potentials, especially in the sphere of hunting-tourism utilisation of roe deer. This is because there are some weaknesses, first of all unprofessional hunting management and low-quality tourism marketing in a considerable number of hunting grounds. The necessary condition for the solution of these weaknesses is the engagement of a higher number of highly professional staff in forestry, agriculture, veterinary medicine, economy and hunting-tourism employed in hunting grounds, administrative organs responsible for hunting affairs, tourist organisations and hunting-tourism agencies.
References
1. Aanes, R., Linnell, J., Perzanowski, K., Karlsen, J., Odden, J. (1998): Roe deer as prey, In: The European Roe Deer: The Biology of Success (eds. R. Andersen, P. Duncan and J. Linnell), Scandinavian University Press, Oslo.
2. Andric, J., Krstic, B., Tomic, R. (1989): Procena ekonomskih mogucnosti poljoprivrednog gazdinstva u zavisnosti od velicine osnovnogproizvodnog kapaciteta -povrsine obradivog zemljista, Ekonomika poljoprivrede, Vol. 9/1989, Beograd.
3. Burbaite, L., Csányi, S. (2009): Roe deer population and harvest changes in Europe, Estonian Journal of Ecology, Vol. 58 (3), p. 169-180.
4. Csányi, S. (1989): Az ozállomány dinamikája, hasznosítása és trofeaminosége kozotti osszefüggések, Vadbiológia, Vol. 3, p. 68-80.
5. Farkas, D., Csányi, S. (1990): Current problems of roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) management in Hungary, Folia zoologica, vol. 39, p. 37-46.
6. Gacic, D. (2005a): Proucavanja starosne i trofejne strukture populacija srne (Capreolus capreolus L.) u Vojvodini, (neobjavljena doktorska disertacija), Univerzitet u Beogradu, Sumarski fakultet, Beograd.
7. Gacic, D. (2005b): Prolecni lov srndaca u Vojvodini - starosna struktura i vrednost trofeja, Glasnik Sumarskog fakulteta, Sumarski fakultet, Vol. 92, p. 31-42, Beograd.
8. Gacic, D. (2006): Rast parogova srndaca u poljskim lovistima Vojvodine - uticaj starosti na vrednost trofeja, Glasnik Sumarskog fakulteta, Sumarski fakultet, Vol. 94, p. 109-122, Beograd.
9. Hromas, J. (1983): Nekteré závislosti mezi kvalitou trofejí a zivotním prostredím srncí zvere v CSSR, Lesnictví, vol. 29, p. 591-610.
10. Lazic, L., Ivkov-Dzigurski, A., Pavic, D., Savic, S. (2011): Prostor i stanovnistvo AP Vojvodine, In: Zivotna sredina u Autonomnoj pokrajini Vojvodini (eds. S. Puzovic i Radovanovic-Jovin, H.), Pokrajinski sekretarijat za urbanizam, graditeljstvo i zastitu zivotne sredine, Novi Sad.
11. Linnell, J., Duncan, P., Andersen, R. (1998): The European roe deer: A portrait of a successful species, In: The European Roe Deer: The Biology of Success (eds. R., Andersen, P., Duncan, J., Linnell), Scandinavian University Press, Oslo.
12. Lovacki savez Srbije (2001): Program razvoja lovstva Srbije 2001-2010, Beograd.
13. Lovacki savez Vojvodine (1984): Dugorocni program razvoja lovstva SAP Vojvodine, Novi Sad.
14. Lovacki savez Vojvodine (2000): Dugorocni program razvoja lovstva Vojvodine 20002010, Novi Sad.
15. Prentovic, R. (2005a): Lovni turizam, Prirodno-matematicki fakultet, Departman za geografiju, turizam i hotelijerstvo, Novi Sad.
16. Prentovic, R. (2005b): Lovnoturisticki proizvod, Turizam, Prirodno-matematicki fakultet, vol. 9, p. 161-163, Novi Sad.
17. Prentovic, R. (2006): Loviste svojevrsna turisticka destinacija, Turizam, Prirodno-matematicki fakultet, vol. 10, p. 203-205, Novi Sad.
18. Prentovic, R. (2011): Vojvoâanska lovista kao turisticke destinacije, Zbornik radova - Treci kongres srpskih geografa sa medunarodnim ucescem, 2011, Banja Luka. Geografsko drustvo Republike Srpske, Srpsko geografsko drustvo, Prirodno-matematicki fakultet Univerziteta u Banjoj Luci, Geografski fakultet Univerziteta u Beogradu, p. 719-727.
19. Prentovic, R., Kuijacki, A., Cvijanovic, D. (2012): Hunting in Rural Areas of Backa, Economics of Agriculture, IAE Belgrade, Vol. 59, no. 2012/3, p. 385-400.
20. Republicki zavod za statistiku (2005-2012): Bilten Sumarstvo u Republici Srbiji, Lovna privreda, Beograd.
21. Savezni zavod za statistiku (1963-2003): Statisticki bilten Sumarstvo, Brojno stanje i broj ulovljene divljaci, Beograd.
22. Sekulic, P., Ninkov, J., Zeremski-Skoric, T., Vasin, J., Milic, S. (2011): Zemljiste, In: Zivotna sredina u Autonomnoj pokrajini Vojvodini (eds. S., Puzovic, Radovanovic-Jovin, H.), Pokrajinski sekretarijat za urbanizam, graditeljstvo i zastitu zivotne sredine, Novi Sad.
23. Szidnai, L., Köller, J. (1987): Die Entwicklung der Jagdstrecken bei männlichem Schalenwild im Verhältnis zum Aufkommen an Medaillentrophäen in Ungarn im Zeitraum 1981-1985, Zeitschrift für Jagdwissenschaft, vol. 33, p. 1-8.
24. Selmic, V., Gacic, D. (2011): Lovstvo sa zastitom lovne faune -praktikum, Univerzitet u Beogradu, Sumarski fakultet, Beograd.
POLJOPRIVREDNO ZEMLJISTE U VOJVODINI KAO STANISTE SRNECE DIVLJACI - LOVNO-TURISTICKI ASPEKT
Risto Prentovic10, Dragan Gacic11, Drago Cvijanovic12
Rezime
Cilj ovog rada je sticanje naucnih saznanja o dinamici razvoja i aktuelnom stanju populacija srnece divljaci na poljoprivrednom zemljistu u Vojvodini (koje zauzima oko 90% njene teritorije), kao i koriscenje istih za unapredenje lovno-turisticke delatnosti. U istrazivanju su koriscene sledece naucne metode: terenski rad (sistematsko posmatranje i intervjuisanje), analiza sadrzaja, merenje i evaluacija trofeja srndaca, komparacija i statisticki metod (deskriptivna statistika). Evidentan je trend povecanja brojnosti i odstrela srnece divljaci u poljskim lovistima Vojvodine (izuzev perioda 1992-2000), sto dokazuje da se ova vrsta krupne divljaci adaptirala na stanista sa dominantnim ratarskim kulturama. Uprkos ostvarenim rezultatima, koji su na nivou evropskogproseka, jos uvek nisu u dovoljnoj meri iskorisceni potencijali srnece divljaci kao vaznog lovno-turistickog resursa Vojvodine, zbog cega je neophodno da se dodatno poboljsa lovno gazdovanje i lovno-turisticki marketing.
Kljucne reci: srneca divljac, Vojvodina, poljoprivredno zemljiste, lovni turizam.
10 Prof. dr Risto Prentovic, vanredni profesor, Univerzitet u Novom Sadu, Prirodno-matematicki fakultet, Bulevar Despota Stefana 18, 21000 Novi Sad, Telefon: +381 21 460 309, E-mail: riprent@open.telekom.rs
11 Prof. dr Dragan P. Gacic, vanredni profesor, Univerzitet u Beogradu, Sumarski fakultet, Kneza Viseslava 1, 11030 Beograd, Srbija, Telefon: +381 11 305 38 65, E-mail: jgacic@sezampro.rs
12 Prof. dr Drago Cvijanovic, naucni savetnik, Institut za ekonomiku poljoprivrede, Volgina 15, 11060 Beograd, Srbija, Telefon: +381 63 295 111, E-mail: drago_c@iep.bg.ac.rs
