CC BY
5
УДК: 08.00.12
Scientific adviser: Iskanov H.
Kholikulov U.
Akbaraliev D.
TFI, Uzbekistan
ACCOUNTING
Annotation: This article discusses the term accounting and basic principles, elements of a task, objects of accounting
Key words: Accounting, accounting, calculation, principle, term, task, operation, report, organization
Accounting is an ordered system of collecting, registering and summarizing information in monetary terms about property, liabilities of an organization and their movement through continuous, continuous and documentary accounting of all business operations.
Accounting in accordance with the law on accounting may be conducted by: the chief accountant accepted at the enterprise under an employment contract, the general director in the absence of an accountant, an accountant who is not the main or a third-party organization (accounting support).
The objects of accounting are the property of the organization, their obligations and business operations carried out by organizations in the process of their activities.
The main objective of accounting is the formation of complete and reliable information (financial statements) about the organization's activities and its property status, necessary for internal users of financial statements — managers, founders, participants and owners of the organization's property, as well as external ones — for investors, creditors and other users of financial statements on the basis of which it becomes possible:
• prevention of negative results of economic activity of the organization;
• identification of internal reserves to ensure the financial stability of the organization;
• control of compliance with legislation during the organization's business operations;
• control of the feasibility of business operations;
• monitoring the availability and movement of property and liabilities;
• control of the use of material, labor and financial resources;
• monitoring the compliance of activities with approved norms, standards and estimates.
Accounting tasks are solved by using various methods and techniques, the totality of which is called the accounting method, which includes the following main elements:
- documentation - a written certificate of a completed business transaction that gives legal force to accounting data;
- assessment - a way of expressing cash and their sources in monetary
terms;
accounting accounts - a way of grouping the current reflection of property, liabilities and operations;
- double entry - an interconnected reflection of business transactions on the accounts of the accounting, when each transaction is simultaneously recorded on the debit of one account and the credit of another account for the same amount;
- inventory - checking the availability of property listed on the balance sheet of the organization, carried out by counting, describing, weighing, reconciling, evaluating the identified funds, and comparing the data with accounting data;
- calculation - the calculation of the cost of a unit of production, work, services in monetary terms, that is, the calculation of the cost;
- balance sheet - is a source of information and represents a way of economic grouping of the organization's property according to the composition, location and sources of formation, expressed in monetary terms and drawn up on a certain date;
- financial statements - a set of accounting indicators, reflected in the form of certain tables and characterizing the movement of property, liabilities and financial position of organizations for the reporting period.
The main principles of accounting are the following principles:
The principle of autonomy - any organization exists as an independent legal entity. The accounting records only the property that is recognized as the property of that particular organization or enterprise.
The principle of double entry - all business transactions are recorded simultaneously on the debit of one account and the credit of another account for the same amount.
The principle of the current organization, the organization operates and plans to maintain its position in the economic market in the future, at the indicated time and in the prescribed manner paying off obligations to its partners.
The principle of objectivity consists in the fact that all business transactions must be reflected in accounting, be registered during all stages of accounting, confirmed by supporting documents, on the basis of which accounting is conducted.
The principle of prudence requires a certain degree of caution in the process of forming judgments necessary in the calculations made in the face of uncertainty, which helps to avoid overstatement of assets or income, and underestimation of liabilities or expenses. Compliance with the principle of prudence prevents the occurrence of hidden reserves and excessive reserves, the deliberate understatement of assets or income, or the deliberate overstatement of liabilities or expenses.
Accrual principle - all transactions are recorded as they arise, and not at the time of payment, and relate to the reporting period when the operation was completed. This principle can conditionally be divided into:
• principle of registration of income (revenue) - income is reflected in the period when it is received, and not when payment is made;
• principle of compliance - income from the reporting period should be correlated with the expenses due to which these incomes were received.
The principle of periodicity is the regular preparation of the balance sheet and reporting for the following periods: year, half year, quarter, month. This principle ensures the comparability of the accounting data, allows after a certain period of time to calculate financial results.
The principle of confidentiality. The content of internal accounting information is a trade secret of the organization; liability is established for the disclosure and damage to its interests.
The principle of monetary measurement - the unit of the quantitative monetary measurement of the facts of economic activity is the currency of the country.
Literature:
1. English-Russian Dictionary of Accounting, Auditing and Finance. M., 1994
2. Bargolz s. B., Khorin A. I. To increase the informativeness of reporting \\ Accounting. 1996
3. Kovalev V. century Financial Analysis: Money Management. The choice of investment. Reporting Analysis. M., 1996
