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ABOUT EXTENT OF DEVELOPMENT OF AGRICULTURE IN THE VOLGA KALMYKS (THE FIRST HALF OF THE 19TH CENTURY) Kashtak A.V. (Russian Federation) Email: Kashtak559@scientifictext.ru
KashtakAyrana Valerievna - Undergraduate Student, DEPARTMENT OF HUMANITIES, KALMYK STATE UNIVERSITY NAMED AFTER B.B. GORODOVIKOV, ELISTA
Abstract: the article analyzes the changes that took place throughout the XIX century in the socioeconomic life of the Kalmyks, which by the beginning of the XXth century led to significant changes in the Kalmyk society are traced. Development of agriculture in the Volga Kalmyks became one of the new processes, which began during the considered period. It is considered, that extent of development of agriculture in Kalmyks all was low, in comparison with cattle breeding. Many researchers come to a conclusion, that it was in embryo. Keywords: kalmyk, agriculture, Astrakhan province, history of Kalmykia.
О СТЕПЕНИ РАЗВИТИЯ ЗЕМЛЕДЕЛИЯ У ПРИВОЛЖСКИХ КАЛМЫКОВ (ПЕРВАЯ ПОЛОВИНА XIX ВЕКА) Каштак А.В. (Российская Федерация)
Каштак Айрана Валерьевна - магистрант, гуманитарный факультет, Калмыцкий государственный университет им. Б.Б. Городовикова, г. Элиста
Аннотация: в статье анализируются происходившие на протяжении всего XIX века в социально- экономической жизни калмыков перемены, которые к началу XX века привели к значительным изменениям в калмыцком обществе. Одним из новых процессов, начавшихся в рассматриваемый период, стало развитие земледелия у приволжских калмыков. Считается, что степень развития земледелия у калмыков была весьма низкой, в сравнении со скотоводством. Многие исследователи приходят к выводу, что оно находилось в зачаточном состоянии.
Ключевые слова: калмык, земледелие, Астраханская губерния, история Калмыкии.
Cattle breeding for the Kalmyks of the Astrakhan province has always been the main branch of the economy, which gave the people everything they needed to exist. In turn, another important branch of agriculture - agriculture - was developed rather poorly. Many historians who have
studied this issue are of the opinion that Kalmyks only started farming in the late 30s of the 19th century [1, p. 75]. The main reason for this conclusion was the testimony of AVPopov, a professor at Kazan University, who described the practice of two Heluingians in grain cultivation of the Maloderbet ulus [2, p. 232].
Nevertheless, there is a different opinion regarding the time of development of agriculture in the Kalmyks. So, A.I. Karagodin notes: "In fact, the emergence of agriculture in the Kalmyks refers to an earlier period of time," explaining that the Kalmyks, living within Russia alongside other, at that time settled, people began to adopt different agricultural activities, including agriculture.
In many sources, it was recorded that in the period of the 30s-40s, they were engaged in sedentary settlements of the Khoshoutovsky ulus of Shambay, Kruglinsky, Tyumenevka, Korovya Luka, and also in Maloderbetovsky ulus.
According to the archives of the National Archives of the Republic of Kalmykia, 1840, it is known that from 1840-1846 the number of Kalmyk arable land very rarely exceeded one thousand dessiatines. However, A.I. Karagodin in his work notes that the total amount of sown land is clearly underestimated, and that the total area of Kalmyks plowing was about 5 thousand tithes by the middle of the XIX century [3, p. 241].
Owners, zaisangs, clergymen were mainly engaged in baking. Simple Kalmyks as "industrialists" - farmers are extremely rare.
How is the degree of development of agriculture in the Kalmyks in this period? Professor Popov at the end of the first third of the XIX century believed that the Kalmyks' plowing was "the first attack on agriculture" [4, p. 31]. However, already in 1844, the chief trustee of the Kalmyk people believed that agriculture was developing successfully. The traveler Nebolsin P. shared the same opinion, who believed that "Kalmyks are beginning to realize the benefits of peaceful industry, and that by all means they strive to assimilate him quickly" [5, p. 167]. Another researcher K. Kostenkov believed that the Kalmyks experience in farming was in its infancy.
What exactly was the reason for such a low level of development of agriculture among the Kalmyks in this period? For the trustee of the Kalmyk Bazar Yarmush, they consisted in the absence of leadership and the inability to engage in arable farming. Kostenkov K. also notes the lack of suitable land for cultivation, the diet of Kalmyks, which is based on meat and dairy products, respectively, suggests that the amount of plant food in the diet is rather low, as well as a nomadic lifestyle and drought.
The need to feed the livestock in a limited area forced the nomad to engage in arable farming.
Other reasons that hindered the development of agriculture were the negative attitude of the owners and the clergy to the general process of settling the Kalmyks and their cultivation of crops, which was also expressed in the special trampling of the field with cattle.
Thus, the Kalmyks were engaged in farming, plowing among the Kalmyks, who provided them with additional feed for livestock, or the owners and zaisangs who were interested in the location of the provincial authorities, sometimes for political reasons, and sometimes for strengthening their influence in aimaks and ulus, for another reason could act and receive awards and incentives.
Список литературы /References
1. Эрдниев У.Э. Калмыки. Элиста, 2007. 428 с.
2. Очерки истории Калмыцкой АССР (Дооктябрьский период). М., 1967. 240 с.
3. Карагодин А.И. Экономическое освоение Астраханского края в конце XVII I- первой половине XIX в. Труды молодых ученых Калмыкии. Вып. 3. Серия истории и филологии. Элиста, 1973. 245 с.
4. Попов П. Краткие замечания о приволжских калмыках. Журнал Министерства народного просвещения. Ч. XXII. № 4. ОТД. 2. СПб., 1839. 41 с.
5. Небольсин П. Очерки быта калмыков Хошоутовского улуса. СПб., 1852. 170 с.
