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UDC 332.1:711 JEL Classification: R10; O30
A METHODOLOGICAL APPROACH TO EVALUATING THE PROGRESS OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE SMART CITY CONCEPT IN UKRAINIAN CITIES
® 2019 POLIAKOVA 0. YU., POZDNIAKOVA A. M.
UDC 332.1:711
JEL Classification: R10; 030
Poliakova O. Yu., Pozdniakova A. M. A Methodological Approach to Evaluating the Progress of the Implementation of the Smart City Concept in Ukrainian Cities
Ukrainian cities are joining the global movement for digitalization. They have gradually started to use benefits of ICT, claiming their smartness and promoting newly implemented technological solutions. However, till the date we do not have a commonly accepted definition or framework for measuring their success. Based on the reviewed international and national frameworks, there proposed a methodological approach to evaluating the progress of Ukrainian cities in implementing the Smart Sustainable City Framework. The research takes into account both the theoretical base (components and definitions of Smart Sustainable City defined by different scholars) and practical side (the available evaluation methodologies). The developed Framework comprises two stages: a) creation of conditions for concept building; b) actual measurement of sustainability and smartness of cities, each of which including several dimensions. The model uses 54 indicators, the data being taken from both official statistical sources and survey data. The methodology has been used to measure the index of six selected Ukrainian cities that are considered quite progressive in terms of ICT usage and smart solution implementation. The results reveal that cities with officially adopted relevant strategies typically demonstrate better results than those that implement innovations on an ad-hoc basis. Keywords: smart sustainable city, digitalization, ICT, innovations, triple bottom line, strategy DOI: https://doi.org/10.32983/2222-0712-2019-1-74-82 Fig.: 4. Tbl.: 2. Formulae: 2. Bibl.: 15.
Poliakova Olha Yu. - Candidate of Sciences (Economics), Associate Professor, Head of the Sector of Macroeconomic Analysis and Forecasting of the Department of
Macroeconomic Policy and Regional Development, Research Centre of Industrial Problems of Development of NAS of Ukraine (2 floor 1a Inzhenernyi Ln., Kharkiv,
61166, Ukraine)
E-mail: [email protected]
ORCID: 0000-0001-8207-3198
Researcher ID: F-3460-2015
spin: 5449-6644
Pozdniakova Anna M. - Postgraduate Student, Research Centre of Industrial Problems of Development of NAS of Ukraine (2 floor 1a Inzhenernyi Ln., Kharkiv,
61166, Ukraine)
E-mail: [email protected]
УДК 332.1:711 JEL Classification: R10; 030
Полякова О. Ю., Позднякова А. М. Методичний nidxid до оцнки прогресу розбудови концепцИ «розумного сталого мста» в Укран
Укранськ мкта долучаються до глобального руху цифрошзацП'. По-ступово вони починають використовувати переваги 1КТ, заявляючи про свою розумшсть i просуваючи новi технологии! ршення. Проте i досi в УкраЫ немае загальноприйнятого визначення «розумного сталого мста» та тдходу для вимiрювання устху мкт у даному на-прямку. На тдстав'>розглянутихмiжнароднихiнацональнихмоделей у статт'>запропонованометодичний шдюд для оцнки прогресуукра-¡нських мст у розбудовi концепци «розумного сталого мста». Взято до уваги як теоретичну базу (складов та визначення «розумних ста-лих мст» рзних шшл), так i практичну (вже наявш методики оцшки). Для модел'> оцнки укранських мст видлино двi стади!з клькома складовими: а) створення умов для розбудови на основ концепци «розумного сталого мкта»; б) безпосередне вимiрювання сталост'> та розумност'> мкт. Модель використовуе 54 показники, якi отримат як з оф'цшних статистичних джерел, так i з даних опитувань. Перет-рено нашу методологю на шести обраних мктах Украни, якi вважа-ються досить прогресивними з точки зору використання 1КТ i впро-вадження розумних ршень. Дослдження показуе, що мста з офщшно прийнятими планами, як правило, демонструють кращi результати, н'ж мста, якi впроваджують нноваци хаотично.
УДК 332.1:711 JEL Classification: R10; 030
Полякова О. Ю., Позднякова А. М. Методический подход к оценке прогресса реализации концепции «умного устойчивого города» в Украине
Украинские города присоединяются к глобальному движению цифро-визации. Постепенно они начинают использовать преимущества ИКТ, заявляя о своей разумности и продвигая новые технологические решения. Однако до сих пор в Украине нет общепринятого определения «умного устойчивого города» и подхода для измерения успеха городов в данном направлении. На основании рассмотренных международных и национальных моделей в статье предложен методический подход для оценки прогресса украинских городов на пути имплементации концепции «умного устойчивого города». Принято во внимание как теоретическая база (составляющие и определения «умных устойчивых городов» разных школ), так и практическая (уже имеющиеся методики оценки). Для модели оценки украинских городов выделены две стадии с несколькими составляющими: а) создание условий для развития на основе концепции «умных устойчивых городов»; б) непосредственное измерение устойчивости и разумности городов. Модель использует 54 показателя, полученных как из официальных статистических источников, так и по данным опросов. Наша методология проверена на шести избранных городах Украины, которые считаются достаточно прогрессивными с точки зрения использования ИКТ и внедрения разумных решений. Исследование показывает, что города с офици-
Ключов'] слова: «розумне стале мсто», д/джитал/зац/я, 1КТ, ¡нновацП, модель потршного критерю, стратегт. Рис.: 4. Табл.: 2. Формул: 2. Б'бл.: 15.
Полякова Ольга Юрнвна - кандидат економ/чних наук, доцент, за-в'дувач сектора макроеконом'нного анал'ву та прогнозування в1дд1-лу макроеконом/чно/ полтики та рег'юнального розвитку, Науково-дослдний центр ¡ндустр1альних проблем розвитку НАН Укра/ни (пров. 1нженерний, 1а, 2 пов., Хармв, 61166, Укра/на) E-mail: [email protected] ORCID: 0000-0001-8207-3198 Researcher ID: F-3460-2015 spin: 5449-6644
Позднякова Анна Михайтвна - астрант, Науково-дослдний центр шдустр'шльних проблем розвитку НАН Укра/ни (пров. 1нженерний, 1а, 2 пов., Харк/в, 61166, Укра/на) E-mail: [email protected]
ально принятыми планами, как правило, демонстрируют лучшие результаты, чем города, которые внедряют инновации хаотично. Ключевые слова: «умный устойчивый город», диджитализация, ИКТ, инновации, модель тройного критерия. Рис.: 4. Табл.: 2. Формул: 2. Библ.: 15.
Полякова Ольга Юрьевна - кандидат экономических наук, доцент, заведующий сектором макроэкономического анализа и прогнозирования отдела макроэкономической политики и регионального развития, Научно-исследовательский центр индустриальных проблем развития НАН Украины (пер. Инженерный, 1а, 2 эт., Харьков, 61166, Украина) E-mail: [email protected] ORCID: 0000-0001-8207-3198 Researcher ID: F-3460-2015 spin: 5449-6644
Позднякова Анна Михайловна - аспирант, Научно-исследовательский центр индустриальных проблем развития НАН Украины (пер. Инженерный, 1а, 2 эт., Харьков, 61166, Украина) E-mail: [email protected]
Nowadays, using information and communications technology (ICT) is considered to be one of the ways that can help society to overcome challenges posed by rapid urbanization, in particular: high level of pollution, congestion, increasing demand for scarce resources, demographic changes, migration, ageing of population, and related demand for smart health solutions.
Smart cities that use new technologies and data in their decision-making processes have managed to reduce the crime incidents rate by 30-40 %, decrease water consumption by 2030 %, and accelerate emergency response time by 20-35 % [1].
However, smart cities represent a deeper and more mul-tidisciplinary model which aims to unite and use the synergy of the physical, digital, and human components. The concept becomes a trend of the 21st century among business and political stakeholders, since more and more cities claim to be smart and sustainable.
For example, according to IHS Technology, by 2025 there will be at least 88 smart cities worldwide [2]. They define smart cities as "cities that have deployed - or are currently piloting -the integration of information, communications, and technology (ICT) solutions across three or more different functional areas of a city (mobile and transport, energy and sustainability, physical infrastructure, governance, safety, and security) [2]. While according to a new report from Navigant Research, there are more than 250 smart city projects from 178 cities worldwide, with the majority focusing on government and energy initiatives [3].
In the recent years the concept has evolved from the purely technology-led approach (Smart City 1.0) towards inclusive and sustainable human-centered framework (Smart City 3.0).
Analysis of recent researches and publications. The topic has been actively studied and developed by many prominent academic economists, including B. Cohen, R. Giffinger, P. Lom-bardi, H. Schaffers, M. Rosenthal, and others. Many famous institutions have taken part in the establishment of different
methodologies that allow measuring sustainability and smartness of cities, including, IESE, ITU, OECD, and UN-Habitat along with such private institutions Arcadis, Ericsson, and Huawei.
Since 2014 there has been a great movement towards the formal acceptance of smart city strategies at the municipal level along with developing national roadmaps in some countries.
In Ukraine, as in many other countries worldwide, the concept is developing rather from the bottom than from the top and is characterized by the lack of conceptualization. Cities lack formally adopted definition and framework to measure their progress and success.
Thus, we see a need in an academic approach to developing a measurement framework for Ukrainian cities.
The aim of the article. The article aims at suggesting a methodological approach to evaluating the progress and results of the implementation of the Smart Sustainable City concept in Ukraine, based on the systematization of the measurement systems and indexes that are available worldwide, with consideration for both the national context and international best practices.
Within the research we reviewed international frameworks (Arcadis Sustainable City Index, Cities in Motion Index, Network Society City Index, City Prosperity Index, Global Power City Index, European Smart Cities, Smart City Wheel by Boyd Cohen, as well as CITYKeys performance measurement framework) and national ones (Smart Cities (Portugal), India Liveability Index, Australia's National Cities Performance Framework, and Smart City Concept (Russia). This has allowed identifying similar components and elaborating the approach to developing the Ukrainian national framework, which was used to measure the index for six selected cities.
In the course of the research there used the methods of theoretical, logical, and systems analysis of the literature (methodologies for calculating the index, relevant reviews, plans, and strategies) along with the methods of comparative analysis, generalization, and statistical analysis.
International experience. The International Telecommunication Union defines a smart sustainable city as "an innovative city that uses ICTs and other means to improve quality of life, efficiency of urban operation and services, and competitiveness, while ensuring that it meets the needs of present and future generations with respect to economic, social and environmental aspects" [4].
The conducted analysis of the academic and business cases revealed that typically the theoretical and practical area very broadly include the following components: People, Planet, Profit, Governance and ICT in different combinations and weights. Fig. 1 presents a more detailed summary of the components and the supporting entities.
Boyd Cohen, 2012, Ciffenger R., 2007, Nam and Pardo, 2012, Lee J., Hancock M., Hu M., 2012,
Kourtit and NijKamp, 2012,
Barrionuevo et al., 2012,
Dameri R., 2014,
IBM,
ITU
Boyd Cohen, 2012, Ciffenger R., 2007, Arcadis sustainable city index ITU, IBM
Boyd Cohen, 2012, Ciffenger R., 2007, Nam and Pardo, 2012, Lee J., Hancock M., Hu M. ,2012,
Kourtit and NijKamp, 2012, ITU,
Arcadis sustainable city index
Dameri R., 2014
Boyd Cohen, 2012, Ciffenger R., 2007, Nam and Pardo, 2012, ITU,
Lee J., Hancock M., Hu M., 2012, Kourtit and NijKamp, 2012, Barrionuevo et al., 2012, Arcadis sustainable city index
INSTITUTIONAL COMPONENT
Citizens inclusion into decision-making, transparency and accountability, public services
ECONOIC COMPONENT
Innovations, entrepreneurship efficiency, labor market flexibility, involvement in the international system
HUMAN CAPITAL
Talent, creativity, life-long education, qualification, skills, inclusion
TECHNOLOGIES^
Soft and hand infrastructure (accessibility, availability, skills), online platforms, sensors, etc.
ENVIRONMENT
Pollution, protection
and prevention measures, sustainable resource management, biodiversity, greeing
SMART
SUSTAINABLE
CITY
COMPONENTS
MOBILITY
Accessibility, sustainability, safet; of transport systems,
clean and non-motorized way of mobility
WAY OF LIVING
Health, culture, security, quality of living, education, tourism, social cohesion
Boyd Cohen, 2012, Ciffenger R,. 2007, Barrionuevo et al., 2012, Dameri R., 2014, ITU,
Arcadis sustainable city index
IBM
Boyd Cohen, 2012, Ciffenger R., 2007, Nam and Pardo, 2012, ITU,
Kourtit and NijKamp, 2012, Barrionuevo et al., 2012, Arcadis sustainable city index IBM
SOCIAL CAPITAL
Partnership, diversity^ traditions and customs, family, network connections,/ inclusive society
Boyd Cohen, 2012, Kourtit and NijKamp, 2012, Lee J., Hancock M., Hu M., 2012,
Ciffenger R., 2007, Barrionuevo et al., 2012
Boyd Cohen, 2012, Ciffenger R., 2007, ITU,
Arcadis sustainable city
index
IBM
Fig. 1. Components of Smart Sustainable City Framework [S]
For further research, we selected several international and national metrics based on the following criteria: (1) the index covers at least three dimensions: social, economic, ecological one; (2) the methodology has been applied in practice 1+ times; (3) the index is used at the city level; (4) ICT is presented either as a separate component or as one of the group indicators.
The research has revealed that different methodologies have similar limitations. For example, the lack of data at the city level and the need to use average values, which can lead
to certain distortions; comparison of data over several years is quite doubtful due to changes in the methodology that occur regularly; coverage is typically limited to large cities, ignoring small and medium-sized ones.
The considered indexes use different approaches for data normalization (i.e. min-max approach, DP2 technique, Z-Score, etc.) and different models for estimation of the index (using the same weight or different weights for the components). The summarized results of the research are presented in Tbl. 1.
Table 1
Indexes for measuring smartness and sustainability of cities
Name Developer Year/ frequency Number of cities Object of measurement Components
1 2 3 4 5 6
International frameworks
Arcadis Sustainable Cities Index Arcadis and Centre for Economic and Business Research 2015 / every year 100 Urban sustainability that encompasses measures of the social, environmental and economic health of cities Social, economic, environmental components
Cities in Motion Index IESE 2013 / every year 181 Future sustainability of the world's largest cities as well as the quality of life of their inhabitants Human capital, social cohesion, economy, international outreach, public management, governance, mobility, environment, urban planning, technologies
Networked Society City Index Ericsson 2011 / every year 41 ICT maturity and triple bottom line effects derived from ICT Triple-bottom line and ICT (availability, usage, accessibility)
City Prosperity Index (CPI) UN-Habitat 2012, 2015 60 The way cities create and distribute socio-economic benefits or prosperity and the overall achievements of the city Productivity, quality of life, infrastructure, equity and social inclusion, environmental sustain-ability, governance and legislation
European Smart Cities Vienna University of Technology 2007, 2013, 2014, 2015 90 City functioning in six dimensions (smart economy, smart mobility, smart environment, smart people, smart living, smart governance) Smart economy, smart mobility, smart environment, smart people, smart living, smart governance
Global Power City Index (GPCI) The Institute for Urban Strategies at the Mori Memorial Foundation 2008 / every year 44 Cities magnetism, their ability to attract creative people and businesses from different countries of the world Economy, R&D, cultural interaction, liveability, environment, accessibility
CITYKeys Performance Measurement Framework Partnership of research institutes and 5 European cities 2017 - Monitoring and comparing the implementation of Smart City Solutions, with the objective of speeding up the transition to low carbon, resource efficient cities People, planet, prosperity, governance and propagation
National frameworks
Smart Cities (Portugal) Private non-profit innovation center INTELI 2012 40 Urban intelligence Innovation, sustainability, social inclusion, governance and connectivity
End tbl. 1
1 2 3 4 5 6
National Cities Performance Framework (Australia) The Australian Government 2017 21 Tracking the progress and performance of the cities using the predefined targets Infrastructure and investment, jobs and skills, live-ability and sustainability, innovation and digital opportunities
Liveability Index (India) ' Ministry of Urban Development of India 2017 116 Evaluating the degree of "live-ability" of the cities Institutional, social, economic and physical components
Source. [5]
There are also principles to follow while developing key performance indicators (KPIs):
1) Comprehensiveness: indicators should cover all the aspects of smart sustainable cities.
2) Comparability: the framework should include indicators that must be comparable over time and space.
3) Availability: the data, both current and historic should be either available or easy to collect.
4) Independence: the overlap of KPIs should be avoided as much as possible.
5) Simplicity: the concept should be simple to understand and follow.
6) Timeliness: prompt reaction to changes in the world for corresponding adjustment of the methodology [4].
Ukrainian context. Ukrainian cities only begin their path in developing the concept of Smart City. Thus, as in many other countries, we do not have a commonly accepted definition for a smart city or a methodology for determining smartness and sustainability of cities.
However, some of the internal studies allow measuring one or several components of the concept. One of the main issues is the fact that many indexes are estimated only once or on an ad-hoc basis and do not allow to see the dynamic changes.
Below we consider several indexes existing in Ukraine:
■ Transparent Cities Ranking, which is prepared by the Transparency International for 100 Ukrainian cities. It evaluates transparency of the cities, amount of pro-actively provided information to citizens, quality of preventive measures against corruption, and openness of information for citizens [6].
■ Top 55 Ukrainian Cities to Live (the ranking of com-fortability of Ukrainian cities, which has been calculated by the Focus magazine since 2007). It covers six categories: economy, safety of living, mobility, quality of services, environment, and public opinion [7].
■ The Poll of International Republican Institute that studies satisfaction of citizens with the quality of services and opportunities provided in cities [8].
■ Index of City Democracy conducted by the experts from USAID "Citizens in action". Which allows to measure how the largest Ukrainian cities correspond to the European standards of openness, transparency and accountability. It's conducted annually starting from 2016 [9].
■ The Index of Cultural and Creative Capital of Ukrainian Cities, which was ordered by the Kyiv Smart City initiative and presented in 2018 by a think tank CE-DOS. The index aims to measure the potential of the cities to develop cultural and creative industries [10]. It is based on three groups of indicators (1) vitality of cultural life; (2) development of cultural and creative industries; (3) conditions that promote the development of culture and creativity [10].
Based on the conducted research and available indexes, we would like to suggest a framework for Ukrainian cities to evaluate their progress in developing the concept of Smart City. The process of evaluation can be split in two steps that correspond to the stages cities undergo: a) creation of conditions for the concept development; b) actual measurement of sustain-ability and smartness of cities.
The first (preparation) stage can be broadly described as provision of technical and organizational support. It implies that people should have devices (PCs, smartphones, laptops, etc.) available and Internet access. Moreover, the state should provide citizens with the access to open data, since this allows creating smart applications and solutions to improve the quality of life and services rendered by the government. We will call this component "Digitalization".
Another part of the preparation stage ("Conceptualization") deals with the organizational component. It implies the availability of a smart city strategy, platform for communication and feedback, establishment of a responsible body, etc.
The second stage measures actual people-friendliness, sustainability and smartness of cities as living environment. The core idea is a human-centered approach, which can be disclosed through the following scheme (Fig. 2).
■ "Citizens quality of life" axis. It concerns satisfaction of all basic human needs (housing, food, clothes, health services, etc.), provides opportunities for revealing human potential (education, launching business, job opportunities) and opportunities for spiritual enrichment (cultural sphere, travel opportunities, etc.).
■ "Citizen - authority" axis. It evaluates the quality of relations between citizens and authorized bodies (transparency, availability of services, accountability etc.) as well as the civil activity and engagement of the inhabitants.
■ "Citizen - environment" axis. This dimension covers safe existence of citizens and their impact on the environment.
Preconditions (1/2)
Technological and organizational provision
Digitalization
r
I Devices availability,
I Internet access, I
I
Internet usage,
I Open data I
1______
+
Conceptualization
r
I Strategy,
Platform,
Supporting mechanism, Partnership
Impact (1/2)
>
Quality of life
Measuring the smartness, comfort and sustainability of cities
Citizen - authority
Citizen - environment
City in the system of cities
Basic needs, . r Citizen participation, 1 Pollution, r
Human potential 1 Quality and availability 1 Utilization of waste, 1 1
realization, of services, Crime rate, 1 1
Cultural and spiritual 1 Transparency I Road traffic safety 1 1 1 1
enrichrnent J 1____________ J I I 1
City attractiveness,
Innovations,
Openness
Fig. 2. Components of Ukrainian Smart City Index
■ "City in a system of cities" axis. It evaluates attractiveness of a city for people who do not reside in it (attractiveness for tourists or business), including exchange of knowledge and experience with other cities.
To build the index we used the following sources of information:
■ official statistical data: Statistical Yearbook of the State Statistics Service, statistics of the Ukrainian Center for Education Quality Assessment (UCEQA), data of the Ukrainian Intellectual Property Institute (Ukrpatent), etc.;
■ survey and research results: the project of Transparency International "Transparent Cities" polls of the International Republican Institute, Top 55 Ukrainian Cities to Live, Ease of Doing Business Index, etc.;
■ data from online services: olx.ua, dom.ria, bigidea, etc.
The index is built through the aggregation (using arithmetic mean) of components (Fig. 3).
Currently all components have the same weight since we do not have any grounds to assign different weights for components right now.
Since all the components have different measurement systems, the normalization procedure is needed. For this purpose we have selected Min-Max method:
Ir = Xmax X
I =-
(1)
As a result, all the indicators will take values between 0 and 1. It should be taken into account that some indicators have negative impact, that's why a different approach should be used for them:
(2)
Thus, the developed two-component model comprises six sub-components which are calculated with the use of 54 indicators.
The methodology has been applied to calculate the index for six selected cities (Kharkiv, Kyiv, Odesa, Lviv, Vinnytsia, Dnipro), which are quite often highlighted in the media in the context of their innovative approaches to solving urban issues using technologies.
We reviewed two time periods, including 2016 and 2017, the missing data being replaced with the data available at the regional level.
Results of the calculations are presented in Table 2.
Kyiv and Lviv are the leaders of the ranking. Kyiv developed Smart City Concept back in 2015, in 2017 it was adopted at the official level and closer cooperation was established among the municipality, civil and business sectors. The city has a platform for communication, feedback and constant updating [11]. A number of successful projects have been already implemented in the city:
Citizen Budget, e-petitions, participatory budgeting, virtual queuing, etc. [11].
In 2016 Lviv adopted Digital Transformation Program for 2016-2020 [12]. Moreover, the city has recently started holding an annual Smart City Forum (451°E) to get acquainted with the experience of implementing the Smart City Concept in other cities of the world and facilitate implementing the concept of Lviv Smart City.
The third place is occupied by Vinnytsia, which is one of the pioneering cities in e-gov smart solutions, e.g., Citizens
Framework development
Coverage of social, environmental, economic and governmental components; Human-centered approach; Position of the city in a system of cities; ICT maturity
Indicators selection
Openness and availability of data; Relevance of indicators; Quality of methodology; Coverage;
Simplicity of the concept for perception
Data normalization
Min-Max method
Positive impact indicators:
Negative impact indicators:
I _ X Xmin
jt _ Xmax X
f Data aggregation and calculation y
Digitization (D)
Conceptualization (K)
C _
D+K
Quality of life (SE)
«Citizen - authority» (G)
«Citizen - environment» (PH)
«City in a system of cities» (I)
P _
SE + G + PH+1 4
Two components, six sub-components
54 indicators
Re-scale: [0; 1]
Arethmetic mean
Fig. 3. Algorithm of the Smart City Index development Smart city index, results
Table 2
Kharkiv Kyiv Lviv Dnipro Vinnytsia Odessa
2016 2017 2016 2017 2016 2017 2016 2017 2016 2017 2016 2017
Digitalization 0.43 0.57 1.00 1.00 0.53 0.46 0.48 0.66 0.30 0.38 0.58 0.63
Conceptualization 0.00 0.50 1.00 1.00 0.5 0.75 0.25 0.50 0.25 0.50 0.00 0.00
PRECONDITIONS 0.21 0.53 1.00 1.00 0.52 0.61 0.37 0.58 0.27 0.44 0.29 0.32
■ Citizen - authority 0.44 0.33 0.65 0.72 0.75 0.73 0.33 0.54 0.74 0.89 0.28 0.42
■ Citizen - environment 0.65 0.67 0.42 0.39 0.69 0.61 0.26 0.37 0.82 0.86 0.50 0.49
Quality of life 0.40 0.35 0.73 0.68 0.45 0.38 0.34 0.27 0.35 0.36 0.20 0.19
City in a system of cities 0.45 0.36 0.98 0.94 0.44 0.42 0.32 0.34 0.17 0.17 0.28 0.31
IMPACT 0.48 0.43 0.70 0.68 0.58 0.54 0.31 0.38 0.52 0.57 0.31 0.35
INDEX 0.35 0.48 0.85 0.84 0.55 0.57 0.34 0.48 0.40 0.50 0.30 0.34
Source, developed by the authors
x — x
max min
X — x
max min
2
Fig. 4. Component structure of the Ukrainian Index
portal was launched back in 2013. However, the Digital Agenda was accepted not long ago, in 2018 [13].
Kharkiv and Dnipro are sharing the fourth place. Both do not have a formally adopted smart city strategy but possess a great innovative potential. Recently, in both cities, specialized institutions have been established, which should contribute greatly to Smart City Concept development. We expect the ranks of these cities to improve within the next year.
In Figure 4, there visualized the component structure of the developed Index to compare the analyzed cities. The leading positions in the axes "Citizen - authority" and "Citizen -environment" is occupied by Vinnytsia.
Conclusions. According to Global Open Data Index, only 20 % of data is open in Ukraine [14]. And only 58 % of Ukraine's population use the Internet, most of them living in the urban area [15]. However, in 2017 the first national competition of IT innovative projects was conducted in the country (OpenDataChallenge), which has become an annual tradition.
Nevertherless, there are still things Ukraine needs to work on to make ICT beneficial for its citizens. One of the important tasks is taking measures against threats to privacy and cybercrime.
However, many Ukrainian cities have already implemented smart solutions and practices, aiming to become more citizen-friendly and resilient.
Thus, we have analyzed several international and national methodologies to measure smartness and sustainability of cities with the purpose of suggesting a model suitable for Ukrainian cities.
In our opinion, as for now, the Smart Sustainable City Framework should include the preparation stage and the stage of evaluating actual results. In the future, when Internet access, device availability, and open data will become ordinary things for all cities, the preparation stage can be omitted.
Till the date, hardly any city in Ukraine has succeeded in terms of Conceptualization, since only the city of Kyiv has Smart City Strategy and a functioning platform for communication and feedback.
In general, digital transformation and innovations, as well as the movement towards the open data, will allow involving even more indicators for the analysis, thus the methodology for 2018 needs revising in order to be relevant.
Meanwhile, the current results show that cities that have already officially adopted plans to build a digital society and use technologies in different areas of life score better than those that implement innovations on an ad-hoc basis. In addition, a crucial role is played by ICT maturity of the society as well as mechanisms for working with people who cannot benefit from the technological advancements due to certain reasons.
LITERATURE
1. Smart Cities: Digital Solutions for a More Livable Future // McKinsey&Company. June 2018. URL: https://www.mckinsey.com
2. Smart Cities to Rise Fourfold in Number from 2013 to 2025 // IHS Markit. July 2014. URL: https://news.ihsmarkit.com/press-release/design-supply-chain-media/smart-cities-rise-fourfold-number-2013-2025
3. More than 250 Smart City Projects Exist in 178 Cities Worldwide // Navigant Research. March 2017. URL: https://www. navigantresearch.com/news-and-views/more-than-250-smart-city-projects-exist-in-178-cities-worldwide
4. Focus Group on Smart Sustainable Cities // ITU-T. 2014. Smart sustainable definitions. URL: http://www.itu.int/en/ITU- T/ focusgroups/ssc/Pages/default.aspx
5. Pozdniakova A. M. Developing an approach to measure smartness and sustainability of Ukrainian cities. Business Inform. 2018. № 10. P. 116-125. URL: http://www.businessinform.net/sear ch/?qu=%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8F% D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0&x=0&y=0
6. Рейтинг npo3opocTi 100 найбтьших MicT УкраТни. URL: https://transparentcities.in.ua/infographics/rejtynh-prozorosti-100-najbilshyh-mist-ukrajiny/
7. Бабенко М., Батурин А., Гордейчик Е., Романюк Е. Города и люди. Рейтинг комфортности украинских городов // Фокус. 07.08.17. URL: https://focus.ua/ratings/377768/
8. Рейтинги Mia УкраТни: Четверте ВсеукраТнське мунщипальне опитування. URL: http://ratinggroup.ua/research/ regions/chetvertyy_vseukrainskiy_municipalnyy_opros.html
9. Index of city democracy. URL: http://www.ucipr.org.ua/ index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=417:ndeks-demokratichnost-m-st&catid=16&lang=ua&Itemid=186
10. 1ндекс культурного та креативного потенцiалу Micr УкраТни. URL: https://www.kyivsmartcity.com/news-initiative/ index-of-creativity/
11. Kyiv Smart City. URL: https://www.kyivsmartcity.com/
12. Програма цифрового перетворення Львова. URL: https://www8.city-adm.lviv.ua/inTEAM/Uhvaly.nsf/(SearchForWeb)/ F5AAAA4163C74BBEC2257F7E0052E61F?0penDocument
13. Програма цифрового розвитку Biнницi на 2018-2022. URL: http://www.vmr.gov.ua/Docs/CityCouncilDecisions/2018/%E 2%84%961353%2028-09-2018.pdf
14. Tracking the State of Open Government Data // Global open data index. URL: https://index.okfn.org/
15. Global Digital Report 2018 // We are Social. URL: https:// digitalreport.wearesocial
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