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32English language. The author of the article looks at the affixation on the examples of Mark TWAIN's work "the Prince and the Pauper".
Keywords: language, linguistics, English language, word, word-building, affixation, prefix, suffix.
Сведение об авторе:
Хамроев Озодбахт Абдусалимович-докторант третий курс общие лингвистика и сопоставительной типологии ТГИЯ им. С. Улугзода, 734019, городДушанбе, улицаМухаммадиев, 17/6, тел: (+992) 939956168.
About the author:
Hamroev Ozodbakht Abdusalimovich - Doctoral student in the Department of General Linguistics and Comparative Typology of Tajik State Institute of Languages named after S. Ulughzoda, 734019, Dushanbe, Mukhammadiev street, 17/6, phone: (+992) 939956168.
A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF NOUN PLURAL FORMING RULES IN PERSIAN AND ENGLISH
Zabihullah D.
Tajik national university
Noun applied to name person, thing and place. It makes up the largest class of words in both languages and appeared as singular and plural. The plural form of noun is made by affixing at the end of singular nouns in both languages. Each language, however, has its specialized suffixes to pluralize the noun part; but some similarities are mostly considered in two languages. Thus, this preparing paper is attempting to explore the similarities and differences of plural markers in both languages by illustrating the taken Examples of persian-English transliterated books. Being well informed on how English and Persian nouns are pluralized or better knowing the major contrast between added suffixes might pave the way for second and foreign language learners to comprehensively understand the plural marking system in Persian and English.
Plurality in Persian:
Languages may make noun plural by various types of inflection. In Persian language there are two basic inflectional plural suffixes -ha/ко/ and -an/он/.
As Abdulrahim Hamoyun Farrykh remarks in his book "the suffix «х,о» however, can be used with all animate and inanimate, but grammatically it is considered to be the most default plural marking suffix morpheme for inanimate nouns while the suffix «он» is reserved for animate only. Unless, it is variously attached based on what an animate noun ends with like:
> Consonant ending animate are pluralized by « он»
> vowel ending preferably in /-xj pluralized by «гон»,
> The animate which are ended in vowel «-a /о/» or «-o/у/» pluralized by «ёон»,
> Noun related to Parts of the body end in «-й /у/» pluralized by «вон»",
[Дастури жомиъ забони форсй, 1364, P: 253, 254].
And also Dr. Parwiz Notil Khanlari mentions in his book "There are many Arabic loanwords in Persian and some of them have also brought their plural forming that they can be regular and irregular. The regular nouns of Arabic loanwords in Persian receive the Arabic inflectional suffix /ат/ to their plurals.
The irregular nouns (broken plurals) of Arabic loanwords are formed by changing the pattern of consonants and vowels inside the singular form or the noun entirely changed", [дастури забони форсй, P: 56].
Plurality in English:
Noun classified in regular and irregular plurals in English. According to Ehsanullah Ehsan, "in regular plural form, inflectional plural morpheme, such as -s and -es are attached to singular nouns. The nouns which are ended in s, ss, sh, ch, x, z receive "es" and other nouns just take "s" to their plural forms. If a noun ends in "y" preceded by a consonant just replace the "y" into "i" then additional "es" is joined and if it is preceded by vowel just add "s" without any changing. The nouns ending in /o/ preceded by consonant are attached /es/ or if they are preceded by vowel just /s/ is added", [Ehsan English grammar, 2013, P: 14. 15].
As rules of plural forming in Longman English Grammar practice, "the plural forms of irregular nouns are made by changing internal vowels, changing the word or adding a different ending. It shows the allomorph of the root with different vowels or changing the words from the singular which is also termed as ablaut", [Longman English Grammar Practice, 1988, P: 34, 35].
Noun plural forming rules in both languages
Rules of Persian and English noun pluralization will be illustrating individually to discover any differences and similarities to form plurals, thus the examples must be taken out from any Persian-English translated books or a book holds both texts. Therefore, Gulistan and Boostoan Sa'di, the Quatrains of Omar Khayyom & the poems of Hafez Shirazi are the best choice to do so.
Example^
.jaj Uhjlf AJ AS ¿I ^slS ¿ijiobJ> ¿l£j :CJi? - 1
(He replied: 'it is a sign of sufficient intelligence not to engage in such matters').
.jlJ JJLJ IJ Цъ^ласJb ¿jb AJ ^
(When the calamity of time afflicts one limb; the other limbs cannot remain at rest)
[GulistanSa'di, P: 13]
- ЩГ: matters,
- Ц^: limbs.
Paraphrases:
As it is just mentioned the most basic default noun plural forming marker in Persian is inflectional suffix «ка /ко/», by which all nominal and mostly inanimate nouns can be pluralized. According to plural forming it must be used to pluralize just inanimate nouns because the animate nouns have different inflectional plural forming suffix such as: /он/, /Гон/ & /ёон/by their own.
There are two highlighted nouns such as jl5" .^Ос in above Persian written which are inflected by /х,о/, in their plural forms because of being animate and inanimate nouns referred words. According to grammarian Abdurrahman Hamoyun Farrykh, "/х,о/ is used to pluralize any inanimate, and some animates can be pluralized by /ко/ too", [дастури жомиъ забони форсй, P: 253].
Their English translated forms are matter, limb and pluralized by /s/ because of being English regular nouns. Indeed, the inflectional suffix /s/ is the most default plural forming suffix to regular noun in English. Most of the English regular nouns are inflected by it. According to saying L. G. Alexander "regular nouns are pluralized by inflectional suffixes such as /s/ or /es/, by considering of what a noun ends with, the suffix is attached to make its plural", [Longman English Grammar, P: 43].
Example2:
. jjjloj CwJ^b LtMJ АЛЛ ОJJ AS JJI jlSu ¿|jjj AJ ¿LMIJJ :jj| Ai? AS jJ J3S - 2
The saying of philosophers has come true, that friends are useful in prison because at table all enemies )
[appear as friends). [Gulistan Sa'di, P: 20
: friends.
- ¿L^b enemies,
There are two animate nouns c^i, pluralized by /он/ suffix because of ended in consonant. In Persian the plural of consonant ending animate nouns are made by /он/ like: ¿Т+Су^л, ¿Т+^л^о. According to Persian plural forming rules, "Where an animate noun ends in consonant, it is pluralized by the addition of «он» suffix", [дастури забони форсй, P: 78].
Their English translated enemy, friend are regular nouns. In English if a regular noun ends in /y/, preceded by consonant, /y/ is replaced with /i/ then /es/ is added like enemy+es becomes enemies and friend as regular just takes /s/ becomes friends. According to English plural forming "When a regular noun ends in a consonant + y, the /y/ changes into /i/ before /es/ is added", [Oxford guide to English grammar, P: 379].
Example3:
(Nobody sees the thirsty pilgrims of Hejaz) [Gulistan Sa 'di, P: 16] ¿lUZ'aS jl^ - 3
The Persian animate noun u/is pluralized by /гон/ suffix because of ended in vowel /к/ like ¿H+dU^J. by a rule of Persian plural forming "where a singular animate noun ends in vowel «a /к/» pluralized by inflectional suffix /гон/", [дастури забони форсй-дарй, P: 87].
A major distinction which is seen between Dari and Persian plural forming rules is: In Persian cut the vowel «a /к/» off before suffix is added, however in Dari suffix is attached without any changing in singular form, in other word the vowel «a /к/» is retained when pluralized by /гон/.
Its English translated thirsty pilgrims are combined with two varied words such as adjective thirsty and noun pilgrim. Though, the counterpart of Persian plural noun ¿IXu^J is thirsty in English, it is appeared as singular because of being an adjective, unlike the pilgrims is pluralized and joined with thirsty to convey the meaning of ¿ISUZS.
Example4:
bb ¿bfj£j¿lali bb ¿I a5o! i£cJ ^sLj ccU g-S j? jj g? - 4
If there exists no treasure of gold, the corner of contentment remains, he who gave the former to kings, )
.(gave the latter to beggars
.¿.3^ ¿LJ^- 3 b-"-"5' lj ¿Leio 3 A^CJJ з j3j A ^
(By the strength of fist and shoulders warriors; slay enemies but sweethearts a friend)
[Lyrics of Hafz Shirazi, P: 98]
- ¿lb?- beggars.
- ¿IjS—>: warriors.
In Persian written the nouns 1л?, are pluralized by /ёон/ because of being ended in vowel «а /о/ & «й /у/»; thus, ¿Ь+U? becomes ¿Ыл? and becomes They are animate nouns referred to
human beings. According to Persian plural forming "if any animate noun ends in vowel «а /о/ & «й /у/» pluralized by inflectional suffix /ёон/", [дастури забони форсй, P: 79].
Their English translated beggar, warrior are regular nouns that they regularly take /s/ suffix to plural.
Example5:
.O......—...л.о ¿IJJI ¿¿—.о A^—J ¿.l iOwj^ J. OJ--S 3 UJ ¿jjfy A - 5
With a powerful arm and the strength of the wrist; to break the five fingers of a poor main is sin). )
[[Gulistan Sa 'di, P: 13
- ¿I3jl: a powerful arm
In Persian the noun 3jL ends in /й/, therefore pluralized by /вон/ like ¿j+sjb becomes ¿jjU Grammatically the best choice is to write with one vowel /у/ like ¿13jL. According to Persian plural forming, "If a noun related to Parts of the body ends in «й /у/»pluralized by «вон»", [дастури забони форсй, P: 79].
Its English translated a powerful arm is no plural here. Indeed, there is a mismatch with what it translated from. It must be written (powerful arms).
Example^
(The prince of all animals is the lion) [Gulistan Sa 'di, .¿jljb- Jil 3 ¿.ji aS j-jj? cjUI^ aL.^ j. -6
' " " -~ ' P: 24]
- olji^- animals
There are many Arabic loanwords in Persian and some of them have also brought their plural forming that they can be regular and irregular. According to plural forming "The regular nouns of Arabic loanwords in Persian take the Arabic inflectional suffix /ат/ to their plurals", [дастури забони форсй, P: 55].
In Persian written the noun receives /ат/ Arabic plural suffix to its plural form because of being an Arabic loanword in Persian. All Persian grammarians prove that all regular Arabic loanwords in Persian must be pluralized by using the Persian inflectional suffix like До/ and /он/. There must be written like 1^349-. Its English translated animal just takes /s/ to its plural and becomes animals.
Example7:
¿IbL. j—'.u.J 3 e-jij® ¿"jl ^XJLS—O jl ¿lbj 3 A"......J Лй—о з bijj A."-......." ^AJS J. JJ ¿l^j^ АйЛЬ - 7
A gang of Arabian robbers had assembled on the top of a mountain, and blocked up the road of the ) caravans. The inhabitants were distressed by their stratagems, and the troops of the sultan overpowered).
[[Gulistan Saudi, tale IV, P.31
The plural nouns are found in above written example are following:
- ¿l.yp = robbers,
- ¿3^ = caravans, , = inhabitants,
j
- b— = stratagems,
- j-"=troops.
All English translated nouns are pluralized in conformity with rule of adding inflectional suffix /s/, but the Persian written holds the nouns which are pluralized by varying suffixes like: «j» which is consonant ending animate noun so /он/ is added to its plural form.
The nouns like ¿jl?j j—f are collective nouns. They externally look like as single nouns, but they are plural in meaning. According to grammar "Collective noun is singular in form, but refers to a group of people or things", [дастури жомиъ забони форсй, P: 50].
The noun jjI—о is an Arabic loanword in Persian which is pluralized irregularly because of being an Arabic broken plural. The irregular Arabic loanwords in Persian are mostly changed to make their plural forms like English irregular nouns. According to plural forming "Broken plurals are formed by changing the pattern of consonants and vowels inside the singular form or the noun entirely changed like ob-® into ь—® in its plural form", [дастури забони форсй P. 56]. Examples:
.bjfJ OjJ uUj ¿1ХЯЛЛО АЛЛ 1 - 8
.(So that all magjan~boys loosen their twin tresses)
.jjli^j UboJ*jl ¿3> АлЛ ¿lijj> Ij ^
.(So that all the companions let loose blood from their eyelashes)
[Lyrics of Hafiz Shirazi, P: 78]
- b3b ^Jj = tresses,
- ¿1%-я*=boys,
- о>1л = eyelashes.
In English transition the nouns boy, tress & eyelash are regular; thus, they are pluralized by adding the inflectional suffixes /s/ & /es/. The singular noun «boy» ended in /y/ preceded by a consonant just /s/ is added without any changing to its plural form, like «boys». According to English plural forming "a singular noun ends in a /y/ preceded by a vowel, form its plural by adding /s/ without any changing", [Ehsan English grammar, P. 15].
The singular nouns tress & eyelash are ended in /ss, sh/, in this case their plurals are made by adding /es/ like «tresses & eyelashes». By a rule of plural forming "The nouns which are ended in /s, ss, sh, ch, x, z/ form their plurals by adding /es/", [Oxford guide to English grammar, P: 378].
The Persian singular nouns & l/y ^Jj are regularly pluralized by /ко/, /гон/ as it is already
mentioned above. Dr. N. Kheyrkhah remarks in his article "in persian If a singular noun ends in silent "x", it is retained when pluralized by /ко/ like ej*Ld\ [A contrastive Linguistic Analysis of Plural Morpheme in English and Persian, P: 4].
Example9:
b3J ¿bj1 ^.j lj J? 3 uij" - 9
.(And the blood of the rose and jonquil adorned its leaves)
[Lyrics of Hafiz Shirazi, P: 86]
- jlj3l = leaves.
In English translation the singular noun leaf is regular and pluralized by /es/ suffix because of ended in f/. English grammarian L. G. Alexander remarks in his book "In English some nouns which are ended in /f or /fe/ often replace the /f/ or /fe/ into /v/ then add /es/ at the end like leaf, knife become leaves & knives, but in others just add /s/ to make their plurals. (Note: there is no special rule whether they receive /es/ or /s/)", [Longman English Grammar, p. 43].
In Persian the plural noun ¿1J31 is irregularly pluralized because of being an Arabic broken noun. Its singular form is ¿J3.
Example10:
. (they detached a party of approved men) о^ьа^З ¿bjo jl j.^ jjj - 1»
[Gulistan Sa'di, P: 30] " - '
In English text the plural noun men is an irregular plural noun formed from the singular man by changing internal vowel alteration. As it has already mentioned, English nouns are pluralized as regular and irregular. According to English plural forming "Plural forms of irregular nouns in English are made by changing vowels, changing the word or adding a different ending", [Longman English Grammar Practice, P: 35].
In Persian the singular noun ь* is inflected by /он/ suffix because of being an animate noun ended by consonant.
REFERENCES
.¿j <o 1WT «XL oljliii <^,3; ¿IJ^;¿Ujj^Lub.yj^ jSb ^jliU- JJL; .1 II
.¿j .o 1839 ^JU^-LW '¿IJ^J u^jJl US; ^^^ЗГ А '¡^"JJH ¿Uj JS^b¿3jUa 7 I
.pY'19 oljliiil oIXJJ JJIS-¿UjjuiLxoj^LMb 'U^^J .8 H
4. Alexander, L. G. Longman English Grammar, - New York: Longman Publishing Group, 1988.
5. Eastwood, john Oxford guide to English grammar, - Oxford New York, Oxford university press, 1994.
6. Ehsan, Ehsanullah. Ehsan English Grammar- Jawzjan province: Mumind publication, 2013.
7. Shirazi, Hafiz. Lyrics of Hafiz Shirazi. Translated by Dr. Behroz Hamoyun Far. 2001.
8. Shirazi, Sa'di. Gulistan and boostan. Translated by Edward Rehatsek. Published by Global Grey, 2018.
9. Siem, Ruth. Grammar for everyone, - Published by ACER press, an imprint of Australian council for Educational Research, 2007.
10. Sultany, Hashmatullah. New Elevator Grammar,- Kabul, Khowor publishing institute, 2004
СРАВНИТЕЛЬНЫЙ АНАЛИЗ ФОРМИРОВАНИЯ МНОЖЕСТВЕННОГО ЧИСЛА СУЩЕСТВИТЕЛЬНЫХ ПРАВИЛА НА ПЕРСИДСКОМ И АНГЛИЙСКОМ ЯЗЫКАХ
В этой статье исследовано формирование множественных чисел существительных на персидском и английском языках, иллюстрируя вышеупомянутые примеры. После тщательного исследования по каждому правилу множественного числа следующие результаты можно найти в виде суммирования:
У Множественные числа обоих языков начинаются со счета двух, а также имеют правильные и неправильные образцы.
У В персидском языке суффикс /шо/ наиболее часто используется для неодушевленных, чем для одушевленных и суффикс /он/ только для одушевленных, поэтому персидский язык делает различие между одушевленными и неодушевленны, но на английском языке этого нет. Это характеризует большое различие между двумя языками.
У В персидском языке единственное число исчисляемых существительных обычно изменяются на множественные числа, используя /шо/ или /он /; на английском языке единственное число исчисляемых существительных меняются на множественные числа, используя /s/.
У В то время как одушевленные существительные образовывают множественные числа, на персидском языке нет внутреннего изменения слова, добавляется только суффикс, но некоторые слова на английском языке, такие как мужчина, женщина и т. д., имеют внутреннее изменение, а не добавление суффикса /шо/ или /он/.
У Существует большая разница между персидским и английским языками в терминах использования чисел для обозначения множественного числа. На обоих языках число предшествует существительным. Тем не менее, на персидском языке аффиксация не применяется, когда числа используются с существительными, но используется на английском языке, например как:
- Ча^ор шогирд (о/И jl^s) = четыре студента
- Ду истакан 30) = два стакана
Ключевые слова: сравнительный анализ, существительные, плюрализация (множественная форма), аффиксация, правила персидского и английского языка, переведенные книги, правильные, неправильный, арабские заимствованные слова.
A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF NOUN PLURAL FORMING RULES IN PERSIAN AND ENGLISH
This article has explored the formation of noun plurals in Persian and English by illustrating the aforementioned examples. After meticulously investigating on each rule ofplural forming the followings are found as a summing up:
У The plurals of both startfrom the count of two and also have regular and irregular patterns.
У In Persian the suffix /хо/ is mostly used to inanimate rather than animate and suffix /он/ with animate only, therefore persian makes a distinction between animate and inanimate, but English doesn't make. It marks a major distinction between two languages.
У In Persian singular countable nouns are changed to plural generally by using /хо/or /он/; in
English singular countable nouns are changed to plural generally by using /s/.
У When animated beings are pluralized in Persian there is no internal change in the word only
suffix is added, but some words in English like man, woman etc. have an internal change rather than the addition of a suffix.
У /s/ in English equals with /хо/ or /он/.
У There is a major difference between Persian and English in term of using numbers to indicate
plurality. In both languages numbers preceded nouns. however , in Persian affixation is not applied when numbers are used with nouns, but it is used in English like:
- Чазрр шогирд (о/U = four students
- Ду йстакан (^>1? 30) = two glasses
Keywords: comparative analysis, nouns, pluralization, affixation, rules, Persian and English, translated books, regular, irregular, Arabic borrowed words.
Сведения об авторе:
Забехуллохи Донишёр - Таджикский национальный университет, Адрес: 734025, Республика Таджикистан, Душанбе, проспект Рудаки 17,. Е- mail: Е- mail: danishyar201S@gmail com
About the author:
Zabihullah Danishyar - is a second class master student of English and typology Department in Tajik National University and English teacher in Jawzjan University, Afghanistan. Address: 734025, Tajikistan, Dushanbe, Rudaki, Avenue 17.
