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AGRICULTURAL BIOLOGY, ISSN 2412-0324 (Engfeh ed. Online)
2015, V. 50, № 5, pp. 637-640
(SEL’SKOKHOZYAISTVENNAYA BIOLOGIYA) ISSN 0131-6397 (Russian ed. MnO
J' ISSN 2313-4836 (Russian ed. Online)
From experiments to practice
UDC 634.11:631.52:581.19 doi: 10.15389/agrobiology.2015.5.637rus
doi: 10.15389/agrobiology.2015.5.637eng
60 YEAR BRED CONVEYOR OF APPLE VARIETIES, THEIR RESISTANCE TO SCAB AND BIOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF FRUITS
E.N. SEDOV, M.A. MAKARKINA, G.A. SEDYSHEVA, Z.M. SEROVA
All-Russian Research Institute of Breeding Fruit Crops, Federal Agency of Scientific Organizations, d. Zhilina,
Orel Region, Orel Province, 302530 Russia, e-mail info@vniispk.ru
Acknowledgements:
Supported in part by Russian Science Foundation, project № 14-16-00127 Received September 23, 2014
Abstract
The results of apple breeding at the All Russian Research Institute of Fruit Crop Breeding (VNIISPK) for 60 years (1953-2013) are given. The basic sections of breeding are shown (the development of scab immune triploid apple varieties with higher contents of nutrient and biologically active substances in fruit). The biochemical characteristics of fruits in 47 apple varieties released from VNIISPK and included into the State Register are given. The development of the varieties with different dates of maturing and length of storage life allows providing the apple calendar of home apple consumption during the whole year round by the way of purposeful selection of varieties. First in Russia and in the world a series of triploid apple varieties have been produced from crossing between plants with different ploidy. These varieties ensure more regular fruiting and high fruit marketability. The VNIISPK varieties are widely introduced in the production and amateur orchards in a number of regions of Russia and Belarus; they are passing testing in the Ukraine, Kazakhstan and other countries.
Keywords: apple, varieties, breeding, scab immunity, dates of fruit maturing, biochemical composition of fruit, triploidy.
Apple breeding is focused on the improvement of assortment and producing varieties with high yield, different dates of ripening, and suitable for intensive horticulture. Successful practical results are undoubtedly based on fundamental study of plant genetics, physiology, biochemistry, etc. [1]. Apple varieties immune or high tolerant to scab are required, in fact, in all Russia regions. In the view to this, genetic and immunological research of plant tolerance to scab have been conducted in All-Russian Research Institute of Breeding Fruit Crops (VNIISPK). We improved the technique of scab experimental infection, selected virulent and aggressive scab biotypes, developed crossing programs. Studies were governed by and carried out with V.V. Zhdanov [1]. Recently, the digenic varieties Vf + Vr and Vr + Vm, and the varieties with oligo-polygenic complex scab resistance are mainly produced.
Based on knowledge about the formation of male and female gametes one can plan crossings required to obtain enough hybrids for further selection. Triploids were shown to be best produced in crosses like 2x/4x and 4x/2x ($/$). Due to these crosses a set of first Russian triploid apple varieties has been produced. These varieties are generally characterized by more regular yielding year after year, the high fruit marketability, an increased self-fertility, thus being quite promising in practical use. For the polyploidy-based breeding program, the cytoembryological study is essential allowing us to control the peculiarities of generative system in the parent plants, and estimate ploidy in the hybrids when the parent forms with different ploidy were crossed.
For many years the hardiness, a resistance to diseases, improved chemical compositions, small height, the compact and columnar habit, polyploidy and
self-fertility remained a priority in our breeding. In breeding research we used common techniques [2-5].
Genotypic characteristics and main parameters of tolerance, production and fruit quality in the apple varieties originated from All-Russian Research Institute of Breeding Fruit Crops for 60 year period (those included into State Register of the Russian Federation are shown herein)
Variety Ploidy and scab resistance Fruit weight, g Sugars, % Total acidity % Sugar to acidity index Ascorbic acid, mg/100 g Р-active substances, mg/100 g
Summer varieties
Avgusta 3x 160 10.5 0.73 14.4 9.8 422
Daryena 3x 170 10.3 0.76 13.6 8.8 422
Zhelannoe 140 10.6 0.61 17.4 4.4 384
Maskovskoe 3x, Vf 200 10.7 0.71 15.1 17.5 318
Orlinka 140 10.4 0.73 14.2 7.4 314
Orlovim Vm 130 10.2 0.77 13.2 8.8 299
Osipovskoe 3x 130 12.1 0.49 24.7 8.1 263
Radost’ Nadezhdy 150 10.0 0.64 15.6 4.7 474
Rannee aloe 130 9.5 0.78 12.2 9.4 313
Yubilar 3x, Vf 130 9.4 0.86 10.9 11.5 387
Yavlochnii Spas 3x, Vf 210 10.4 0.70 14.9 9.4 402
Melba (control) 125 9.9 0.71 13.9 11.2 389
Papirovka (control) 130 9.0 0.75 12.0 15.1 259
Aut umn va r i e t i e s
Zaryanka Vm 130 10.1 0.79 12.8 18.0 419
Orlovskii pioner Vm 140 10.0 0.87 11.5 14.8 514
Orlovskoe polosatoe 150 10.3 0.81 12.7 8.5 261
Pamyat’ Isaeva Vm 150 10.4 0.56 18.6 6.6 325
Slavyanin Vm 150 10.5 0.93 11.3 11.4 360
Solnyshko Vf 140 9.8 0.84 11.7 7.7 424
Osennee polosatoe (control) 140 9.8 0.59 16.6 9.0 248
Wi nter va r i e t i e s
Aleksandr Boiko 3x, Vf 200 10.7 0.51 21.0 4.4 351
Afrodira Vf 130 10.4 0.48 21.7 6.8 464
Bezhin lug 3x 150 9.3 0.55 16.9 7.4 436
Bolotovskoe Vf 150 10.4 0.40 26.0 11.1 477
Ben’yaminovskoe Vf 130 9.7 0.62 15.6 4.8 235
Veteran 130 10.3 0.71 14.5 19.4 229
Zdorov’e Vf 140 9.6 0.88 10.9 7.8 449
Ivanovskoe Vf 150 11.8 0.85 13.9 19.5 432
Imrus Vf 140 9.6 0.77 12.5 9.3 433
Kandil’ orlovskii Vf 120 10.2 0.56 18.2 7.2 558
Kulikovskoe 125 10.2 0.53 19.2 15.3 317
Kurnakovskoe Vf 130 10.8 0.73 14.8 11.3 380
Morozovskoe 160 8.7 1.04 8.4 8.0 299
Nizkorosloe 3x 130 10.6 0.35 30.3 18.0 293
Olimpiiskoe 130 10.9 0.77 14.2 15.4 280
Orlik 120 10.8 0.43 25.1 8.5 222
Orlovskaya zarya 135 10.3 0.63 16.3 15.0 334
Orlovskii partizan 3x 190 11.8 0.41 28.8 7.7 426
Orlovskoe poles’e Vf 140 10.0 0.85 11.8 6.9 438
Pamyati Khitrovo Vf 170 10.6 0.89 11.9 3.5 480
Pamyat’ voinu 140 10.6 0.51 20.8 7.1 182
Pamyat’ Simakinu 3x 160 9.5 0.90 10.6 8.7 474
Patriot 3x, Vm 240 11.9 0.46 25.9 9.0 449
Pepin orlovskii 140 10.2 0.59 17.3 15.3 241
Pozhdestvenskoe 3x, Vf 140 9.9 0.57 17.4 4.1 368
Svezhest’ Vf 140 10.1 0.80 12.7 12.5 377
Sinap orlovskii 150 9.9 0.56 17.7 13.4 205
Start Vf 140 10.9 0.57 19.1 11.0 404
Stroevskoe Vf 120 10.4 0.61 17.0 7.0 396
Yubilei Moskvy Vf 120 9.6 0.67 14.3 5.6 352
Antonovka obyknovennaya (control) 140 8,7 0.99 8.8 14.5 340
Severnyi sinap (control) 120 9.0 0.58 15.5 13.9 137
Note. 3x marks triploids, Vf, Vm indicate the presence of immunity gene.
Regular studies on apple breeding have been started in 1953 by E.N. Se-
dov. Until 1955 all crosses have been carried out in I.V. Michurin Research Institute of Horticulture (Michurinsk, Tambove Province), then at the Orel Experimental Station, the ancestor of VNIISPK. In this, main contemporary approaches are being used [1]. For 60 year period (1953-2013) a total of 4.8 million flowers have been pollinated with 853 thousand seedlings grown and 187 thousand ones replanted into breeding gardens of which 10.6 thousand ones are being grown. Moreover, 171 elite seedlings have been selected. A total of 74 varieties were submitted to state testing, and 47 varieties of different ripening were included into the State Register (Table). The apple varieties produced in VNIISPK are widely used in commercial plantations, by farmers and in private gardens in Russia and Belorussia, and also are tested in Ukraine, Kazakhstan, etc.
Of 47 varieties originated from VNIISPK, there are 11 ones of summer ripening, 6 ones of autumn ripening, and 30 ones of winter ripening (see Table). Under the climate of Orel Province, the ripening in the summer varieties occurs both in first half of August (e.g., Rannee aloe, Maslovskoe and Yablochnii Spas varieties) and in second half of August (e.g., Orlovim, Zhelannoe, Radost’ Nadezhdy, etc.). Of autumn varieties, the Orlovskii pioneer is the early ripening one with the yield harvesting in second half of August and fruits stored until October the end. Later ripening is characteristic of other varieties of this group. In Orlovskoe polosatoe variety the ripening occurs in September the beginning, and its fruits are easy stored till December the end, and in Solnyshko variety it is September 15-20 and December, respectively. In Afrodita, Or-lovskoe poles’e, Rozhdestvenskoe, Bolotvskoe varieties fruits are harvested in the middle of September and stored in a refrigerator till January the end. The longest storage is peculiar to Veteran variety (till March the middle), Kulik-ovskoe (till March the end), Sinap orlovskii (till May) and Svezhest’ (till May and beyond) [1]. Thus, a broad diversity of apple varieties with different ripening and storage time can be offered as an «apple conveyer» to provide people with fresh fruits nearly year-round.
Selection for scab immunity is being conducted in VNIISPK since 1976 E.N. Sedov et al., 1983; V.V. Zhdanov et al., 1991). A total of 2.4 million flowers have been pollinated with 464.6 thousand seedlings grown. A total of 20 scab-immune apple varieties were produced, including Maslovskoe and Yablochnii Spas varieties of summer ripening [6]. These varieties are characterized by a short time of fruit maturation and the high marketability, at that, the high level of ascorbic acid (17.5 mg/100 g) is peculiar to Maslovskoe variety. The ripening of another scab-immune variety, Solnyshko, occurs in late autumn. Solnysko plants are characterized by high yield and attractable appearance. The best scab-immune apple winter varieties are Bolotovskoe, Ven’yaminovskoe, Imrus, Kandil’ orlovskii, Rozhdestvenskoe, and Svezhest’. In these varieties, short fruit ripening, high yield and marketability are peculiar. Kandil’ orlovskii variety is also peculiar in specific cone-like shape of fruits with high level of P-active substances, and in Rozhdestvenskoe variety the fruits are especially delicious.
Biochemical study indicated a high sugar level in fruits (above 10.6 %) in Maslovskoe, Aleksandr Boiko, Kurnakovskoe, Orlik, Olimpiiskoe, Start, Orlovskii partisan, Ivanovskoe, Patriot and Osipovskoe varieties [7-9]. Ascorbic acid content in Maslovskoe (17.5 mg/100 g), Zaryanka (18.0 mg/100 g), Nizkor-osloe (18.0 mg/100 g), Veteran (19.4 mg/100 g) and Ivanovskoe (19.5 mg/100 g) varieties is superior to that in other varieties, and high accumulation of P-active substances (over 450 mg/100 g) is characteristic of Orlovskoe poles’e, Pamyati Khitrovo, Pamyat’ Semakinu, Radost’ Nadezhdy varieties. High marketability and fruit weight is characteristic of the triploid varieties Patriot (240 g), Yablochnii Spas (210 g), Aleksandr Boiko (200 g), Maslovskoe (200 g), Orlovskii partizan
(190 g), Daryena (170 g) [10]. The triploid scab-immune apple varieties are recommended for commercial use, particularly, summer varieties Maslovskoe, Yablochnii Spas and winter varieties Aleksandr Boiko and Rozhdestvenskoe.
Thus, due to 60 year research, a total of 74 apple varieties are produced of which 47 are included into State Register of breeding achievement allowed for practical use in the Russian Federation. These varieties differ in ripening characteristics thus allowing us to construct a fresh apple «conveyor» for year-round consumption. Long-term study of the biochemical composition of fruits makes it possible to choose for this «conveyor» the varieties with a high content of nutrients and bioactive substances. Among the varieties, a total of 20 scab-immune ones and 12 triploid ones with the high marketability have been produced. These varieties are widely used in commercial and private gardens in different Russian regions and in Belorussia, being also tested in Ukraine, Kazakhstan, etc.
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