CC BY
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UDC 634.11:631.52:664.856
SUITABILITY OF APPLE VARIETIES OF VNIISPK SELECTION FOR JUICE PRODUCTION
Sedov E.N., Academician of the Russian Academy of Agricultural Science Levgerova N.S., Doctor of Agricultural Sciences Salina E.S., Serov Z.M., Candidates of Agricultural Sciences Sidorov I.A., Researcher State Scientific Institution VNIISPK RAAS
E-mail: info@vniispk.ru
ABSTRACT
The suitability of apple varieties for juice production has been investigated for many years in the laboratory of biochemical and technological estimation of varieties and storage. The juice output, contents of soluble dry substances, sum of sugars, acidity and polyphenols and sugar-acid index have been studied, as well as fruit weight and shelf life of apple varieties intended for juice production. The best immune varieties and those ones, which have field resistance to scab, have been picked out for juice production. A number of correlation relationships have been determined between the content of polyphenol catechines and taste estimation of juice, content of a sum of soluble dry substances and sugars in fruit and general taste estimation of juice and other relationships, the accounting of which facilitates the correct selection of the varieties for juice production. Brief economic-biological characteristics of three winter scab immune apple varieties (Bolotovskoye, Orlovskoye polesie and Rozhdestvenskoye) and two varieties with the field resistance to scab (Sinap orlovsky and Olimpiyskoye) are given. These varieties have been developed at the VNIISPK and they demonstrate the best complex of characteristics for juice production.
KEY WORDS
Apple; Varieties; Breeding; Biochemical and technological characteristics; Juice; Production.
One of the main tinned juices in Russia is apple juice. The development of its own raw materials base remains a bottleneck in the domestic juice industry.
MATERIALS AND METHODS OF RESEARCHES
For many years the studying of new grades of an apple-tree of VNIISPK selection and the widespread varieties included in the State registry of selection achievements, allowed to use has been carried out.
The study of an apple-tree varieties and their technological properties is carried out according to the Program and the selection technique of fruit, berry and nuciculture crops [6, 7], the Program and the varieties study technique of fruit, berry and nuciculture crops [4, 5], Methodical instructions on chemical technologically variety testing of vegetable, fruit and berry crops for the preservation industry [1, 2].
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Long-term studying in VNIISPK laboratory has showed that for receiving juice with pleasant taste the optimum amount of sugar and acid in fruits is important. Apple juice with acidity much higher than 1,0% and lower than 0,4% is undesirable. High acidity gives them strong taste, and low acidity makes them empty, flat to taste. The sugar content in them has to be not less than 8,0%, and the relation of sugar to acid - from 11 to 20 (it is better 15... 20) [8, 9]. The exit of juice is the main technological indicator at a raw materials evaluation. Though the apples contain 90 and more percent of juice, in practice, it is possible to take, as
a rule, no more than 60-65% after crushing and pressing. Certainly, the output of juice depends on features of a variety. Some chemical and technological indicators of apple-tree varieties of VNIISPK selection are given in the table. Apparently from table data, from 20 immune varieties to a scab 10 differed by rather high exit of juice (from 66,5 to 78,7 %). These are the following varieties: Orlovskoye polesie, Spasskoe, Rozhdestvenskoye, Maslovskoye, Bolotovskoye, Kandil Orlosckij, Zdorov'e, Kurnakovskoye, Jubilej Mosskvy, Svezhest' (66,5 %).
The best 10 output of juice varieties with immune to a scab in juice contained from 11,0% (Orlovskoye polesie) to 14,6% (Jubilej Mosskvy) of soluble solids, with the general acidity from 0,49% (Bolotovskoye) to 1,07% (Orlovskoye polesie and Zdorov'e), with a sugar-acid index from 10,2 (Zdorov'e) to 24,7 (Bolotovskoye) and with a tasting evaluation from 4,2 points (Zdorov'e) to 4,5 points (jubilej Mosskvy).
For a direct extraction fruits of a variety Pamyat' Hitrovo with a tasting assessment of juice 4,5 points are good.
Among varieties of VNIISPK selection with field resistance to a scab with a juice exit from 63,4 to 70,2% Orlovskij pioneer, Zhelannoye, Radost' Nadezhdy, Sinap Orlovskij, Olympijskoye, Zaryanka, Orlinka, Orlovim, Orlovskoye polosatoye, Bezhin lug proved to be the best. Antonovka's control variety had 60,2% of ordinary output of juice.
The best 10 output of juice varieties with immune to a scab in juice contained from 10,6% (Orlovskoye polosatoye) to 12,2% of soluble solids (Bezhin lug), with the general acidity from 0,56% (Bezhin lug) to 0,89% (Desired), with a sakharo-acid index from 10,4 (Oryol striped, Orlovim) to 19,5 (Bezhin lug), with a tasting assessment from 4,2 points (Zhelannoye) to 4,5 points (Olympijskoye, Orlinka, Bezhin lug).
In the course of a biochemical and technological evaluation of varieties a number of dependences is revealed.
High positive linking is revealed between a sugar-acid index at apples and the juice received from them (r = +0,81***) that gives the chance to select purposefully the necessary fruits for receiving qualitative juice.
Table 1 - Biological chemical and technological indicators of apple-tree varieties of VNIISPK selection
for juice production (according to long-term data)
N Varieties Term of ripening Duration of storability of fruits Weight, g Technological indicators of juice
Output of juice, % RSV, % Sum of sugars, % General acidity, % SKI R-active catechins, mg / 100g
Immune to a scab varieties of VNIISPK (Vf gene)
1 Orlovskoye polesie E-W to the middle of January 140 78,7 12,6 12,4 1,07 11,6 90,3
2 Spasskoye (3x) S Till II decade of September 170 68,4 11,4 10,6 0,66 16,1 40,2
3 Rozhdestvenskoye (3X) W Until the end of January 140 68,2 12,6 11,6 0,72 16,1 53,9
4 Maslovskoye (3x) S Until the end of September 220 68,1 11,3 11,2 0,85 13,2 41,1
5 Bolotovskoye W Till February 150 67,7 12,5 12,1 0,49 24,7 92,8
6 Candil' Orlovskij W Till February 120 67,5 11,9 11,3 0,73 15,5 90,0
7 Zdorov'e W To the middle of February 140 67,4 12,2 10,9 1,07 10,2 80,1
8 Kurnakovskoye W To the middle of February 130 66,9 13,1 11,8 0,84 14,0 62,5
9 Jubilej Moskvu W Until the end of February 120 66,7 14,6 10,3 0,92 11,2 147,9
10 Svezhest' P-Z Till May 140 66,5 11,8 12,1 0,91 13,3 74,3
11 Jubilyar (3x) S until the end of September 130 66,1 11,0 10,2 0,99 10,3 91,2
12 Pamyati Hitrovo W until the end of February 170 63,6 13,6 12,7 0,91 14,0 70,8
13 Imrus W Until the end of February 140 63,5 12,1 11,0 0,79 13,9 64,4
14 Solnushko L-A Till December 140 62,4 12,4 10,9 0,84 13,0 66,2
15 Ven'yaminovskoye W Until the end of February 130 62,1 12,6 12 0,67 17,9 50,0
16 Afrodita E-W Until the end of December 120 61,3 12,1 11,6 0,53 21,9 81,8
17 Stroevskoye W Until the end of February 120 60,7 13,5 12,3 0,76 16,2 83,2
18 Yablochnuj Spas (3x) S Until the end of September 210 59,8 12,7 10,7 0,69 15,5 68,9
19 Start W Until the end of December 140 58,8 12,7 11,9 0,76 15,7 82,5
20 Chistotel W Until the end of February 140 51,4 12,3 11,5 0,62 18,5 107,1
% 145,5 64,8 12,5 11,5 0,79 15,1 77,0
V, % 19,0 8,3 6,7 6,3 20,3 24,0 31,7
HCP005 18,3 3,6 0,6 0,5 0,1 2,41 16,1
VNIISPK varieties with field resistance to a scab
1 Orovskij pioner L-A Until the end of October 140 70,2 11,0 8,6 0,88 10,5 87,1
2 Zhelannoe L-S To the middle of September 140 69,2 11,9 11,0 0,89 13,7 106,1
3 Radost' Nadezhdu S Till October 150 68,2 12,0 10,9 0,76 13,3 69,7
4 Sinap Orloskij P-Z Until the end of April 150 67,9 11,8 10,4 0,81 12,8 49,9
5 Olimpijskoye W Till February 130 67,0 12,0 9,5 0,65 14,6 50,7
6 Zaryanka O Till December 130 66,7 11,1 10,4 0,75 13,9 86,2
7 Orlinka S Till II decade of September 140 66,6 12,7 11,5 0,65 17,7 41,0
8 Orlovim S To the middle of September 130 66,2 11,4 10,6 1,02 10,4 61,9
9 Orlovskoye polosatoye L-A Until the end of December 150 64,5 10,6 8,6 0,83 10,4 31,4
10 Bezhin lug (3x) W Till February 150 63,4 12,2 10,9 0,56 19,5 85,1
11 Avgusta (3x) L-S Until the end of September 160 63,2 11,7 11,1 0,89 12,5 84,2
12 Nizkorosloye(3x) W Until the end of February 130 62,0 11,1 8,9 0,40 22,3 36,9
13 Pamyat' Voinu W Until the end of January 140 61,5 10,8 8,7 0,57 15,3 17,9
14 Antonovka obuknovennaya (control) W Till January 140 60,2 11,0 9,7 1,09 9,3 52,0
15 Darena (3x) S until the end of September 170 60,1 12,3 10,8 0,83 13,0 99,7
16 Ranneje aloe S To the middle of September 130 59,5 10,9 10,3 0,91 11,3 65,8
17 Veteran W To the middle of March 130 58,4 10,9 8,5 0,73 11,6 20,9
18 Orlik W Till February 120 57,8 10,2 8,8 0,43 20,5 40,9
19 Pamyat' Isaeva E-W To the middle of December 150 56,7 11,4 10,6 0,71 14,9 33,0
20 Slavyanin W Until the end of December 150 55,0 12,0 11,0 0,70 15,7 5,1
21 Kulikovskoye W Until the end of March 125 52,5 11,1 8,7 0,56 15,5 22,2
22 Orlovskaya zarya W Until the end of January 135 47,2 12,6 11,5 0,73 15,8 5,3
i 140,5 62,0 11,5 10,0 0,7 14,3 54,5
V, % 8,7 9,4 5,9 10,6 23,5 23,7 51,7
HCP005 7,7 3,7 0,4 0,7 0,1 2,1 17,8
Symbols:
L - summer, L-S - late summer, L-A - late autumn, E-W- early winter, W- winter, 3x - a triploidny grade.
Average positive connection is established between the general tasting evaluation of juice and the contents in it soluble solids (r = +0,42 ***) and sugars (r = +0,46 **). Average positive linking is revealed between the maintenance of the sum of R-active agents in fruits and juice from them (r = +0,34 **). Weak positive linking is shown between the content of soluble solids in fruits and the general tasting evaluation of juice (r = +0,29 *) [3].
The short economic and biological characteristic of three immune to a scab winter varieties and two winter varieties with field resistance to a scab of VNIISPK selection, giving vent high juice is shown below.
Bolotovskoye [Skryzhapel x 1924 (the fourth generation from a high-flowering apple-tree)]. It is a winter immune to a scab variety. In 2001 it was included in the State registry on the Central and Central Chernozem regions.
Fruits are of above-average size (150-160 g), flat, and wide-rolling. Integumentary coloring on considerable part of a fruit is in the form of the red flush consisting of strips and speckles. The pulp of fruits is greenish, dense, and juicy. The appeal of appearance is estimated on 4,3-4,4 points, flavoring advantages - on 4,4 points. The removable maturity comes at the beginning of September. Fruits in the refrigerator can remain till February, they possess high marketability. It is a winter-hardy, fruitful variety.
Orlovskoye polesie. (814 - free pollination). It is an early winter, immune to a scab variety. In 2001 it was included in the State registry of the selection achievements allowed to use on the Central and Central Chernozem regions.
Fruits are of average weight (140 g), oblong and conic, wide-rolling, slanted. Integumentary coloring on the most part of a fruit is in the form of strips and speckles of red color. The pulp of fruits is white, dense, coarsely granular and very juicy. Appearance of fruits is estimated on 4,4 points, taste - on 4,3 points. The removable maturity in the Orel region comes on September 15-20, they can remain in the refrigerator to the middle of January. The variety is fast prolific and fruitful. The trees are winter-hardy.
Rozhdestvenskoye. It is an immune to a scab, triploidny winter variety which was received from hybridization in 1985 by Uelsi x BM 41497. It was included in the State registry in 2001 in Central, Central Chernozem and North Caucasian regions.
Fruits are of average weight (140 g), flat, with noticeable large shares. Integumentary coloring on the most part of a surface of a fruit is in the form of a red indistinct flush and speckles of cherry color. The pulp of fruits is white, dense, being pricked, very juicy. Appearance of fruits is estimated on 4,4 points, taste - on 4,3 points. The removable maturity in the conditions of the Orel region comes on September 12-17. Fruits remain in the refrigerator until the end of January. It is a fast prolific and highly productive variety.
Sinap Orlovskij. (Northern Sinap x Pamyat' Michurina). The variety is zoned in areas of the North Western, Middle Volga, Central and Central Chernozem regions, and also in six areas of Belarus.
Fruits are of above-average size or large (150 g), oblong, rounded conic with blunt edges. The pulp of fruits is greenish and cream, very juicy, of high qualities with a harmonious combination of sugar and acid. Taste of fruits is estimated on 4,4-4,7 points, appearance - 4,3 points. The removable maturity comes in the last dates of September. The consumer period of fruits proceeds till May.
The advantages of a variety are the following: early appearance of fruit, sufficient winter hardiness, and stable productivity. The variety is rather steady against a scab and mealy dew.
Olimpijskoye.(Mekintosh - free pollination). In 1999 this winter variety was included in the State registry of the Lower Volga region.
Fruits are of average weight (130 g), napiform, weak-rolling. Integumentary coloring is in the form of merging strips of brownish-red color on the most part of a surface of a fruit. The pulp of fruits is greenish, of average density, juicy with delicate aroma. Appearance of fruits is estimated on 4,3 points, taste - 4,2 points. The removable maturity of fruits comes in the second half of September. Fruits can remain to the middle of February. The variety is fast prolific, fruitful with high commodity and consumer qualities of fruits.
CONCLUSION
As a result of a long-term work with immune and field resistance to scab varieties of VNIISPK selection the varieties suitable for juice production are allocated. Some correlation dependences of biochemical and technological indicators at fruits and the juice received from them are established. The short economic and biological characteristics of three of the best immune to a scab and two with the field stability varieties, suitable for cultivation in raw gardens are given in the article.
REFERENCES
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