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Syria under the auspices of the Islamists, the new entity will be influenced by neighboring Turkey. An alternative to the current conflict, according to A. Kuznetsov, can only be the creation of a political system in which the Iraqi Sunnis would be able to get their share of power and property in the country.
The author of the abstract - V. Schensnovich
2016.12.010. A. ZINNATULLIN. THE MUSLIM BROTHERHOOD
IN THE U.S. // "Islamovedenie", Makhachkala, 2016, № 1, P. 16-23.
Keywords: Muslim organizations of the U.S.," Muslim Brotherhood", the structure of political opportunities, Islamophobia, political regime.
A. Zinnatullin,
a researcher at the Center for Islamic Studies of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tatarstan, a graduate student of political science at Kazan (Volga) Federal University
The author analyzes the problem of the influence of the international movement The Muslim Brotherhood on the mobilization of the Muslim community in the U.S., considering the establishment of organizations protecting the interests of Muslims.
The author refers to the theory of political opportunity structure of by the authors Doug McAdam, John McCarthy and Mayer Zald, representing an interesting sociological approach to the problem of political mobilization of ethnic, religious and other social groups, the important feature of which is emphasis on the relationship between the social movement and its environment, especially the political regime
The author examines how members of the Muslim Brotherhood took advantage of the relevant U.S. political context and comes to the conclusion that the U.S. political regime did not
leave the Muslim Brotherhood nothing else, but to adapt to the conditions and to abandon the original radical ideologies, making Muslim organizations in the U.S. both representative and highly respected.
Representatives of the Islamic religion appeared in what is now the United States in the 16th century on the first ship carrying slaves from Africa. In the following centuries, the number of Muslims has increased in the country due to the economic and legal factors. Currently, there is a wide range of different organizations defending the religious, political and social interests of Muslims in the U.S.
The U.S. government declared international terrorist organizations (jihadist orientation in the first place) as its main enemy after the tragedy of September 11, 2001. The new Muslim organizations have appeared as a result of persecution. They began to create inter-communal and professional networks to protect the civil rights of American Muslims, and counter the spread of negative attitude toward them and islamophobic sentiments. The problem of the influence of the so-called organizations of political Islam in the Muslim community, of the U.S., its mobilization in defense of own rights produce significant research interest. It is about an international political movement the Muslim Brotherhood, which is considered one of the most influential Islamist movements in the direction of the modern world.
The author outlined the theoretical and methodological framework of this study. It is based on political opportunity structure, which is an interesting sociological approach to the problem of the political mobilization of ethnic, religious and other social groups. Its important feature is the emphasis on the relationship between the social movement and its environment, in particular the political regime.
According to this theory, the political mobilization is possible only if there are appropriate political conditions for this. The important point for the understanding of mobilization of the
movement is the relationship between this most social movement and political institutions.
There are four central measuring of the structure of the political opportunities as factors that contribute to the success of the mobilization of supporters of an organization: reduction of public pressure, the increase in the access policy, the differences between the elites and influential allies.
There are weaknesses in the theory of the structure of the political opportunities as a research approach to the phenomenon of the political mobilization of religious, ethnic and other minorities. Research strategy of framing allows leveling disadvantages to some extent. The leaders of the movement mobilize potential supporters, remain obvious support and demobilize antagonists.
The author writes about the history of the organization Muslim Brotherhood, the stages of its formation and development of its ideology, which considers Islam as a way of not only individual development, but also for large-scale reforms in the social and political spheres of society.
The organization operates in five areas, three of which are located in the United States, two - in Canada. The role of the Muslim Brotherhood consists in the leadership in a united Islamic movement against the United States on its own territory, which later would lead to the implementation of the project to establish the global Islamic state.
The Muslim Brotherhood in the U.S. has set up several organizations which members deny involvement in its activities and declare rejection of extremist ideology. The leaders try to combine structures of very different directions, under its authority, to defend the interests of the Muslim community in North America, and further improvement of both the Muslim community and American society as a whole. Interreligious dialogue with representatives of Judaism and various Christian denominations are held for this purpose.
The author notes that although officials of the organization denied the existence of extremist views almost always, but calls for jihad and supporting for terrorist organizations have been heard at the annual conferences constantly.
Accusations against the leaders or ordinary members of these organizations in support of terrorism are often explained by an objective process of change representatives and supporters of the major U.S. parties on the key political posts. Republicans are far less set up to co-operation with the Muslim actors, both within their own country and in the international arena. Democrats are more predisposed to dialogue and compromise.
In summary, the author notes that the Muslim Brotherhood had a significant influence on the formation and establishment of the modern Muslim organizations of the United States. Followers of the Muslim Brotherhood have realized that the political environment of the country does leave nothing else but to be adapted to the existing conditions, and as a result the country authorities believe the Muslim organizations are very respectable and respected forces in the U.S. At present, these organizations represent the interests of the educated and highly skilled population, in contrast to Europe, where immigrants from the Muslim countries are marginalized and semi-marginalized mostly.
The author of the abstract - N. Ginesina
