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Труды ИБВВ РАН, вып. 87(90), 2019 Transactions of IBIW, issue 87(90), 2019
УДК 597.554.3
THE SIZES OF ROACH RUTILUS RUTILUS L. UNDERYEARLINGS FROM DIFFERENT PONDS AT THE "SUNOGA" POND STATION FROM 2003 TO 2015
V. V. Krylov, Yu. V. Chebotareva, Yu. G. Izyumov
Papanin Institute for Biology ofInland Waters Russian Academy of Sciences, Borok, Nekouzski raion, Yaroslavl oblast, 152742 Russia e-mail: kryloff@ibiw.ru
Standard lengths in Rutilus rutilus underyearlings from different experiments over the available observation period from 2003 to 2015 were analyzed in order to find out whether the specific conditions in ponds at the "Sunoga" pond station affect the size-mass characteristics of roach. The sizes of R. rutilus signifantly depended on the year of observation and correlated with water temperature as a statistical trend. Specific conditions in ponds had no significant effect of on the standard length of fish. Thus, size-mass indices of R. rutilus underyearlings raised in the ponds at the "Sunoga" pond station can be used as an indicator of various influences on fish embryos.
Keywords: roach, standard length, embryos, underyearlings, long-term observations
DOI: 10.24411/0320-3557-2019-10014
INTRODICTION
An impact of chemical and physical treatments on the early development of common roach Rutilus rutilus L. is being studied in the laboratory of population biology and genetics of the Institute for the Biology of Inland Waters RAS for many years [Chebotareva et al., 2009; Krylov et al., 2010; Filippov et al., 2014; Filippov et al., 2015; Golovanova et al., 2015; Chebotareva et al., 2016; Krylov et al., 2016; Krylov et al., 2017]. Most of the experiments are consist in the exposure of embryos to treatments, the subsequent maintaining of young fish in ponds at the "Sunoga" pond station during the summer, the capture of underyearlings, and the evaluation of its morphological features. The main attention is paid to the morphological diversity of vertebral phenotypes in underyearlings after exposure as embryos. The number of vertebrae is strictly related to the number of myomeres that separate from the 5th to 7th germinal stages [Lange, Dmitrieva, 1981; Lindsey, 1988]. The vertebral bodies are formed strictly against myosepta [Lange, Dmitrieva, 1981; Pavlov, 2007]. The calcification of vertebrae bodies occurs at the larval stages of R. rutilus development [Vanyushina, 1990]. Except the selective
MATERIALS Over the available observation period from 2003 to 2015, roach embryos were exposed to various chemical and physical treatments. Detailed description of the exposures can be found in the relevant publications [Chebotareva et al., 2009; Krylov et al., 2010; Chebotareva et al., 2016; Krylov et al., 2016; Krylov et al., 2017]. R. rutilus ova and sperm were collected from spawners caught in the Rybinsk Reservoir (Yaroslavl oblast, Russia) during their natural spawning event in the first half of May. The
mortality, the conditions in ponds do not affect the aforementioned trait in underyearlings. The size-mass characteristics of fish are often given in addition to osteological data. It should be said that the staff of the "Sunoga" pond station keep the water level and maintains similar conditions in different ponds in order to provide the homogeneous feed base. Every year researchers randomly choose ponds for the control and experimental groups of R. rutilus. However, one cannot exclude the possibility that the size-mass characteristics of underyearlings to a greater extent depend on the conditions in a particular pond, rather than from experimental influences. For this reason, the influence of various treatments on the sizes of underyearlings exposed as embryos is considered in publications with care.
Therefore, the aim of this study was to analyze the standard lengths in R. rutilus underyearlings from different experiments over the available observation period from 2003 to 2015 in order to find out whether the conditions in specific ponds at the "Sunoga" pond station affect the size-mass characteristics of roach juveniles.
AND METHODS
method of dry fertilization was used. Gametes from several males and females were used in order to achieve phenetic diversity in the resulting fry. Upon fertilization, the eggs were placed into jars (diameter 23 cm, height 7^5 cm) filled with reservoir water (controls and magnetic treatments) or solutions of chemicals in reservoir water (chemical treatments) up to 6 cm. Approximately 2500-3000 eggs were placed in each jar. The water or solutions of chemicals in the jars was replaced twice a day. Water temperature during
embryo incubation varied from 15.5 to 18°C. This temperature regime corresponded with the natural conditions found in the Rybinsk Reservoir.
After the disappearance of yolk sacs and inflation of swim bladders (between the 1st and 2nd larval stages), fry from the control and experimental treatments were placed into ponds and fed a natural diet for 4 months. Different ponds were used for the control and experimental groups of fry from each year. The fish stocking density in ponds ranged from 10000 to 20000 per ha in different years and was lower than recommended for cyprinids [Martyshev, 1973]. Underyearlings were collected in the autumn. Their survival rate in the ponds varied from 20 to
40%. Standard lengths of underyearlings are considered in this study.
A one-way ANOVA was performed in order to test for the influence of pond's conditions and years of observation on the standard length of R. rutilus. The normality and homoscedasticity assumptions were satisfied. In order to clarify the contribution of temperature conditions to differences in roach's sizes caused by years of observation, we have performed a correlation analysis using data on mean water temperatures in shallow water of the Rybinsk Reservoir near the "Sunoga" pond station in July-August (fish are growing actively during these months) and the average standard length for the each year.
The standard lengths in R. rutilus underyearlings from different experiments over the available observation period from 2003 to 2015
Treatment
Pond #
Standard length, mm
2003
Control Trichlorfon (1> Trichlorfon (1> Trichlorfon (1> Trichlorfon (1>
10-2 mg/l) 10-3 mg/l) 10-4 mg/l) 10-6 mg/l)
Nitrosoguanidine (3*10-1 mg/l) Control
Magnetic field(1.5 pT, 500 Hz) Magnetic field(1.5 pT, 500 Hz) Magnetic field(1.5 pT, 500 Hz) Thermal shock (23°C)
Control
Magnetic field(1.5 pT, 500 Hz) Trichlorfon (1x10-2 mg/l) Magnetic field+ Trichlorfon
Control
Magnetic field(1.5 pT, 500 Hz) Nitrosoguanidine (3 Nitrosoguanidine (3 Nitrosoguanidine (3 Nitrosoguanidine (3 Nitrosoguanidine (3 Nitrosoguanidine (3 * 10-7 mg/l)
2004
2005
2006
<10-1 mg/l) a0"3 mg/l) a0"4 mg/l) a0"5 mg/l) a0"6 mg/l)
,-7 .
2007
Control
Magnetic field(1.5 pT, 72.5 Hz) Magnetic field(1.5 pT, 500 Hz)
10-2 mg/l)
Cu2+ (1
Cu (1*10-3 mg/l)
Magnetic field+ Cu2+ (1*10-2 mg/l)
Magnetic field+ Cu2+ (1*10-3 mg/l)
53 45 40 42 48
47
48 42
39 45
40
39
40 48 42
53 2 45 42
39 48
40 47
47 45
54
39
48 42
40
69.1±0.4 71.1±0.5 65.1±0.6 61.7±0.3 72.9±0.4 70.9±0.4
76.6±0.4 66.4±0.3 75. 5±0.5 75.6±0.3 75. 4±0.6
71.8±0.3 78.0±0.3 73.9±0.3 67.8±0.2
61.7±0.3 59.4±0.3 69.4±0.3 63.5±0.5 76.8±0.3 66.6±0.7 69.6±0.3 64.5±0.4
69.9±0.5 75.1±0.4 68.4±0.4 78.7±0.5 71.3±0.4 59.9±0.3 70.9±0.3
74
79
80 80 80 80
97
132
72
104
30
82 158 162 158
86 120 95 65 122 99 81 60
63 80 77 97 40 94 131
n
2008
Control
Magnetic field(1.5 pT, 500 Hz) Thermal shock (23°C) Magnetic field+ Thermal shock
Control-1 Control-2
Geomagnetic storm-1 Geomagnetic storm-2
2009
53 45 40 42
39 48
40 45
2010
2014
Control
Hypomagnetic field Hypomagnetic field Hypomagnetic field Hypomagnetic field
44 40 48 54 6
2015
64.8±0.4 60.7±0.3 61.9±0.3 59.0±0.4
65.6±0.3 62.7±0.3 59.2±0.2 61.2±0.2
69.5±0.6 77.8±0.5 68.6±0.3 51.4±0.4 71.7±0.4
Control 39 78.2±0.3 120
Geomagnetic storm 40 79.6±0.3 124
Geomagnetic storm 42 70.5±0.3 116
Geomagnetic storm 45 78.4±0.3 105
Geomagnetic storm 48 76.0±0.4 81
2011
Control-1 48 73.5±0.4 101
Control-2 45 78.2±0.3 137
Geomagnetic storm 41 56.7±0.4 133
Geomagnetic storm 6 71.3±0.8 29
2012
Control-1 41 65.1±0.3 107
Control-2 40 68.5±0.3 113
Geomagnetic storm 42 62.6±0.4 68
Geomagnetic storm 45 67.3±0.3 118
Geomagnetic storm 47 56.0±0.2 94
Geomagnetic storm 48 62.1±0.2 120
Hypomagnetic field 39 70.5±0.3 141
Hypomagnetic field 54 63.1±0.3 102
Hypomagnetic field 2 65.5±0.2 139
Water exposed to magnetic field 6 68.5±0.6 48
2013
Control 42 75.2±0.5 30
Magnetic variations 100 nT 40 78.4±0.6 30
Magnetic variations 300 nT 39 76.8±0.9 30
Magnetic variations 500 nT 45 75.0±0.7 30
Magnetic variations 100 nT 44 61.6±0.6 30
Magnetic variations 300 nT 47 69.5±0.6 30
Magnetic variations 500 nT 48 71.1±0.5 30
Control-1 45 55.2±0.4 82
Control-2 2 43.8±0.5 104
Shifting of geomagnetic variation 40 63.0±0.4 90
Shifting of geomagnetic variation 6 56.9±0.4 93
Shifting of geomagnetic variation 42 59.1±0.3 104
Shifting of geomagnetic variation 48 48.8±0.5 59
Thermal shock (23°C) 39 47.8±0.5 79
RESULTS
The standard lengths of underyearlings from different ponds from 2003 to 2015 are shown in Table. The ponds used once during the observation period were excluded from the analysis and not shown in the Table. Analysis of variance revealed significant differences between the lengths of R. rutilus that depended on the year of observation (F[R 63] = 7.04, p < 0.001). At the
same time, specific conditions in ponds had no significant effect of on this characteristic (F[11, 64] = 1.64, p > 0.05).
A contribution of water temperature to the differences caused by the years of observation was revealed at the level of the statistical trend following correlation analysis (Fig.).
Fig. The correlation between water temperature in July-August and standard lengths of underyearlings.
DISCUSSION
The standard lengths of roach underyearlings varied in different years of observation. The relationship between this characteristic and water temperature is an anticipated result. The low level of the significance of detected correlation is most likely
due to the relatively small number of observations. In addition, the differences in fish sizes from one year to the next could be related to differences in the quality of the gametes provided by the parents. Feeding opportunities during the previous year, conditions of wintering, age and
other unaccounted factors have an effect on fish ova and sperm quality [Blaxter, 1988].
The sizes of underyearlings did not depend on specific ponds at the "Sunoga" pond station. This confirms our assumptions about the similarity of conditions in the ponds. Thus, size-mass indices of underyearlings raised in the ponds at the "Sunoga" pond station can be used as an indicator of various influences on fish embryos. It is unlikely that other factors could interfere with the specific conditions in the ponds due to its random selection for the placement of control and experimental fish.
We are grateful to Arina V. Zakonnova (IBIW RAS) for temperature data and Konstantin Podgornyj (AtlantNIRO) for his help with statistics. Authors also thank staff of the "Sunoga" pond station for their assistance. This results was obtained in the framework of the state assignment (theme № AAAA-A18-118012690222-4).
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