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YABBY3-Orthologous Genes in Wild Tomato Species: Structure, Variability, and Expression
M. A. Filyushin1, M. A. Slugina1,2, A. V. Shchennikova1, E. Z. Kochieva1,2
1Federal State Institution «Federal Research Centre «Fundamentals of Biotechnology» of the
Russian Academy of Sciences», Leninsky pr. 33, bldg. 2, Moscow, 119071, Russia
2Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1,
bldg. 12, Moscow, 119991, Russia
*E-mail: [email protected]
Received: April 24, 2017; in final form October 17, 2017
Copyright © 2017 Park-media, Ltd. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License,which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
ABSTRACT Evolution of the genes encoding YABBY transcription factors is believed to be one of the key reasons for flat leaf emergence from the radially symmetrical stem and gynoecium diversity. YABBY genes determine the identity of the abaxial surface of all aboveground lateral organs in seed plants. In the present study, complete sequences of YABBY3-orthologous genes were identified and characterized in 13 accessions of cultivated and wild tomato species with diverse morphophysiology of leaves, flowers, and fruits. The obtained gene sequences showed high homology (95-99%) and an identical exon-intron structure with the known S. lycopersicum YAB-BY3 gene, and they contained sequences that encode the conserved HMG-like YABBY and Cys2Cys2-zinc-finger domains. In total, in the analyzed YABBY3 genes, 317 variable sites were found, wherein 8 of 24 exon-specific SNPs were nonsynonymous. In the vegetative and reproductive organs of red-fruited and green-fruited tomato species, YABBY3 gene expression was similar to that in S. pimpinellifolium described earlier, but it demonstrated interspecies differences at the leaf-, bud- and flower-specific expression levels.
KEYWORDS YABBY3, polymorphism, qRT-PCR, Solanum section Lycopersicon, adaxial-abaxial asymmetry.
ABBREVIATIONS CRC - CRABS CLAW; INO - INNER NO OUTER; FIL - FILAMENTOUS FLOWER; qRT-PCR -quantitative real-time PCR.
INTRODUCTION
Plant growth and development processes are controlled by transcription factors, whose evolution is one of the major causes of morphological diversity in the plant kingdom [1—4]. The origin of the flower and reproductive organs is believed to be related to the duplication and changes in MADS-box transcription factor genes [5, 6]. At the same time, flat leaf emergence from the radially symmetrical stem, as well as gynoecium diversity, is considered to be a consequence of YABBY transcription factor genes evolution [7]. The presence of these genes in angiosperm and gymnosperm plants and their absence in moss and lycopodium [8-10] suggest that YABBY genes originate from one or two predecessors in the last common ancestor of seed plants [10-12]. Diversification of YABBY genes led to the occurrence of individual family members with unique roles in leaf, carpel, and ovule development [8, 11, 13, 14], including the YABBY2 and YABBY5 genes, which were presumably involved in the evolutionary divergency of the pistil stalk and stamen filament morphology [15, 16]. Other
YABBY gene families, INNER NO OUTER (INO) and CRABS CLAW (CRC), apparently developed in parallel with the evolution of the carpel and ovule during leaflike reproductive sporophyll modification [11, 17].
In dicots and monocots, YABBY genes play similar roles in leaf and leaf-like organs development, specifying their abaxial-adaxial asymmetry and lamina growth, as well as leaf boundaries [4, 10, 18]. Additionally, YABBY genes are involved in the formation of such flower organs as nectaries, carpels, etc. [19-21]. To date, the functions of certain YABBY proteins have only been described in the model plant Arabi-dopsis thaliana. Thus, it has been shown that YABBY1 (syn. FILAMENTOUS FLOWER, FIL), YABBY3, and YABBY5, along with other components of the transcription complex, support the identity of abaxial leaf surface cells and are also involved in the initiation of embryonic shoot apical meristem and its postembryonal maintenance [22]. Activation of a certain YABBY gene expression in the nectaries and carpels involves MADS-domain proteins [23]. In turn, YABBY1, togeth-
Table 1. The cultivated and wild tomato species used in the present study
Species/subspecies/cultivar VIR Ref. No Crossing system Color of the ripe fruit
S. cheesmaniae (Riley) Fosberg 3969 self-compatible Red
S. galapagense Darwin & Peralta 3970 self-compatible Red
S. lycopersicum var. humboldtii (Willd.) Dunal 2912 self-compatible Red
S. lycopersicum L., cv. Silvestre recordo 1580 self-compatible Red
S. pimpinellifolium var. racemigerum (Lange) Brezhnev 1018 self-compatible Red
S. chmielewskii (Rick, Kesicki, Fobes & Holle) Spooner, Anderson & Jansen 13725 self-compatible Green
S. neorickii Spooner, Anderson & Jansen 5033 self-compatible Green
S. arcanum Peralta 13958 self-incompatible Green
S. chilense ( Dunal) Reiche 4300 self-incompatible Green
S. corneliomulleri Macbr. 4367 self-incompatible Green
S. habrochaites Knapp & Spooner 13964 self-incompatible Green
S. peruvianum L. 4361 self-incompatible Green
S. peruvianum var. dentatum (Dunal) Dunal 3966 self-incompatible Green
er with other transcription factors, controls the spatial activity of MADS-box genes and, thus, is involved in floral organ primordia initiation in the correct position and number, determining the corresponding cell's fate [24-26].
YABBY genes encode small proteins (180-250 amino acid residues) containing two conserved domains [27, 28]. The N-terminal part of the protein includes the Cy-s2Cys2-zinc-finger motif, and the C-terminus includes the YABBY domain.
In plant genomes, the YABBY genes number differs. In A. thaliana, six YABBY genes were found; four of them (YABBY1, YABBY2, YABBY3, and YABBY5) are mainly expressed in leaves and leaf-like organs (cotyledons, sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels), while the other two (CRC and INO) are expressed in some parts of floral reproductive organs [10, 23, 27]. Eight genes were identified in rice Oryza sativa; moreover, each OsYABBY2 and OsYABBY7 has two alternatively spliced transcripts [29].
Nine YABBY genes (YABBY1, YABBY2, YABBY3, YABBY5a, YABBY5b, CRCa, CRCb, FAS, and INO) were identified in cultivated tomato (Solanum lycoper-sicum), which is one of the major vegetable crops [30, 31]. S. lycopersicum, along with 12 wild related species, comprises the Lycopersicon section of the Solanum genus [32]. Tomato species widely vary in their morpho-physiological characteristics, including leaf and flower morphology. Depending on the mating system structure, tomatoes are divided into self-compatible and self-incompatible species. The latter are characterized by high polymorphism, large flowers, and exerted stigma [32]. It is known that the plant reproductive system, which depends on the flower's morphophysiology, as
well as the differences in the leaf structure, can result from the different activities of YABBY transcription factors [7]. First and foremost, this relates to YABBY1/ YABBY3 proteins, which are expressed in almost all asymmetric aboveground plant organs.
The present study was focused on the identification of YABBY3-orthologous genes in wild tomato species and an evaluation of their polymorphism. To date, complete YABBY3 sequences are determined only for two tomato species: S. lycopersicum and S. pennellii, and YABBY3 expression patterns were characterized only in S. lycopersicum [31] and S. pimpinellifolium [30]. Therefore, the present results, based on an analysis of a large number of tomato species, will contribute to our knowledge of YABBY genes and their possible functions.
EXPERIMENTAL
A set of 13 accessions of 11 tomato species from the collection of the All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources n.a. N.I. Vavilov (VIR) was selected for this study. The analyzed species differed both in the mating system and fruit morphology (Table 1).
The plants were grown from seeds in a greenhouse (8/16 h night/day; 23/28°C night/day, light intensity 300-400 mM/m2). Genomic DNA was isolated from leaves using ZR-96 Plant/Seed DNA Kit (Zymo research, Irvine, USA). Five weeks after planting in the greenhouse, as fruit formation started, tissue samples were collected simultaneously from each plant, including leaves, young buds, open flowers, and immature green fruits, at 9.00-12.00 a.m. The sampled material was immediately frozen and ground in liquid nitrogen. Total RNA was isolated using a RNeasy
Plant Mini Kit (QIAGEN, Hilden, Germany) and used for cDNA synthesis with a GoScript kit (Promega, Madison, USA).
Specific primers, sYB3F (5'-AATCAAATCAATCA-CAAAARCAG-3') and sYB3R (5'-CACATTAATTG-GTTAGACACTTA-3'), were designed based on the complete YABBY3 gene sequence of S. lycopersicum (GenelD: 101247051) and S. pennellii (GenelD: 107026918) for an amplification of the full-length copies of this gene in the examined species. Additional internal primers, sYB3ex2R (5'-ATTAGTGCAGTGTCCA-CATC-3') and sYB3ex4R (5'-TTGATGAATCGGTTG-TAAGC-3'), were designed for sequencing. The genes were amplified using LongAmp® polymerase Hot Start Taq DNA Polymerase (USA) under the following conditions: initial denaturation (10 min, 94°C); 35 cycles of denaturation (30 sec, 94°C); annealing (30 sec, 58°C) and elongation (4 min, 65°C); and final elongation (10 min, 65°C). PCR fragments were purified using a QIAEX® II Gel Extraction kit (QIAGEN, Hilden, Germany), cloned into the plasmid vector pGEMT-easy (Promega, Madison, USA), and sequenced using the BigDye system and an Applied Biosystems 3730 DNA analyzer (Applied Biosystems, Waltham, United States; Core Facility "Bioengineering").
The obtained sequences were aligned and analyzed using the MEGA 7.0 [33]. The comparative analysis was carried out using known YABBY3 complete sequences of two tomato species, S. lycopersicum cv. Heinz (GeneID:101247051) and S. pennellii (GenelD: 107026918), potato S. tuberosum (GenelD: 102577797), and A. thaliana (GenelD : 827 914). The positions of nu-cleotide and amino acid substitutions were determined in comparison with the S. lycopersicum cv. Heinz YAB-BY3 (GenelD: 101247051). The structural domains of YABBY3 orthologs were determined using NCBI-CDD (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Structure/cdd/wrpsb. cgi) and published data [27, 28]. Known sequences of YABBY genes, cDNAs, and the proteins of S. lycopersicum (SlYABBYl (XM_004229745), SlYABBY2 (XM_004241308), SlYABBY3 (XM_004245689), SlYAB-BY5a (XM_004242730), SlYABBY5b (XM_004251674), SlFAS (NM_001247461), SlINO (XM_004239291), Sl-CRCa (XM_004238984), SlCRCb (XM_004228801)), and A. thaliana (AtYABBYl (AF136538), AtYABBY2 (AF136539), AtYABBY3 (AF136540), AtYABBY5 (NM_179750), AtlNO (AF195047), AtCRC (AF132606)) were subjected to a phylogenetic analysis performed using the MEGA 7.0 Maximum Likelihood method (ML), preassigned by the Modeltest program. The possible effects of the amino acid substitutions on the protein structure and function were assessed using the Grantham matrix [34] and PROVEAN [35]. The three-dimensional protein structure was analyzed us-
ing the Phyre2 program [36] and visualized by Chimera 1.11.2 (http://www.cgl.ucsf.edu/chimera/).
YABBY3-orthologous genes expression was determined in young leaves, young buds, open flowers, and green immature fruits by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) using the Reaction mixture for qRT-PCR in the presence of SYBR GreenI and a ROX kit (Syntol, Moscow, Russia) on a CFX96 Real-Time PCR Detection System (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Hercules, USA). qRT-PCR was carried out using a gene-specific primer pair: tY3rt1F (5'-GTCACACTTACTTCTCTCCTTCAC-3') and tY3rtR (5'-CAGGAGGTCTGTTAACAACGG-3'). The reactions were carried out in two biological and three technical replicates under the following conditions: 95°C - 5 min; 40 cycles (95°C - 15 sec, 62°C -50 sec). The relative expression level was assessed using the CAC gene as a reference [37]. The statistical analysis was performed using GraphPad Prism v. 7.02, including the assessment of the statistical significance of the expression differences in various organs of each analyzed tomato species using the unpaired t-test with Welch's correction (Table 3).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Complete sequences of the YABBY3-orthologous genes were determined in 13 accessions of 11 tomato species (Solanum section Lycopersicon). The comparative analysis of these sequences showed that they are highly homologous (95-99% similarity) to the known tomato YABBY3 gene (ID: 101247051). The total length of the gene varied from 2622 bp in S. neorickii to 2713 bp in S. cheesmaniae. The genes were composed of seven exons and six introns (Table 2) and included sequences that encoded the conserved HMG-like YABBY (125-176 aa) and the Cys2Cys2-zinc-finger (18-62 aa) domains
(Fig. 1).
In the 9 analyzed accessions, including all red-fruited and three green-fruited (S. chmielewskii, S. chilense, and S. habrochaites) species, YABBY3 cDNA was 651 bp (Table 2). In S. neorickii, cDNA was 654 bp due to TCA duplication in the second exon (N66_H67insH in amino acid sequence). In S. arcanum, S. cornelio-mulleri, S. peruvianum, and S. peruvianum var. den-tatum, it was 660 bp due to 9 bp insertion in the first exon (P17_S18insPPP). In S. pennellii, which is known to be the most ancient species [32], cDNA of 645 bp was due to 6 bp deletion in the second exon (H67del, H68del). Accordingly, the length of the YABBY3 or-thologs was 217 aa (S. neorickii), 219 aa (S. arcanum, S. corneliomulleri, S. peruvianum, and S. peruvianum var. dentatum), and 216 aa (other accessions). Interestingly, among the previously described conserved YABBY1/3-characteristic motifs, Solanum YABBY3 orthologs included the clade-specific motifs FIL-A, -D,
Table 2. Characteristics of the exon-intron structure of the YABBY3 gene in the examined tomato accessions
Exon-intron structure of YABBY3
Species/subspecies/cultivar NCBI number Exon I Intron I Exon II Intron II Exon III Intron III ExonIV Intron IV Exon V Intron V Exon VI Intron VI Exon VII Total length, bp cDNA, nt Protein, aa residues
S. cheesmaniae KY952537 102 546 150 223 127 314 49 374 76 425 75 180 72 2,713 651 216
S. galapagense KY952538 102 531 150 222 127 316 49 373 76 426 75 180 72 2,699 651 216
S. lycopersicum cv. Heinz * ID:101247051 102 536 150 222 127 316 49 373 76 426 75 179 72 2,703 651 216
S. lycopersicum var. humboldtii KY952544 102 538 150 221 127 313 49 373 76 427 75 180 72 2,703 651 216
S. lycopersicum cv. Silvestre recordo KY952543 102 537 150 222 127 316 49 372 76 426 75 180 72 2,704 651 216
S. pimpinellifolium var. racemigerum KY952549 102 537 150 222 127 316 49 373 76 426 75 180 72 2,705 651 216
S. chmielewskii KY952540 102 537 150 222 127 314 49 371 76 426 75 180 72 2,701 651 216
S. neorickii KY952545 102 469 153 218 127 313 49 376 76 426 75 166 72 2,622 654 217
S. arcanum KY952547 111 530 150 228 127 316 49 374 76 426 75 166 72 2,700 660 219
S. chilense KY952539 102 533 150 224 127 311 49 374 76 426 75 165 72 2,684 651 216
S. corneliomulleri KY952541 111 535 150 227 127 314 49 361 76 425 75 166 72 2,688 660 219
S. habrochaites KY952542 102 545 150 222 127 274 49 361 76 421 75 178 72 2,652 651 216
S. pennellii * ID:107026918 102 522 144 222 127 312 49 372 76 414 75 179 72 2,666 645 214
S. peruvianum KY952546 111 539 150 228 127 316 49 365 76 427 75 169 72 2,704 660 219
S. peruvianum var. dentatum KY952548 111 485 150 221 127 312 49 374 76 426 75 180 72 2,658 660 219
S. tuberosum * ID:102577797 114 552 147 271 127 314 49 398 76 417 75 175 72 2,787 660 219
A. thaliana * ID:827914 102 97 138 101 151 93 49 119 76 136 99 440 81 1,682 696 231
* Sequences from the NCBI database.
-E, and -G, but no FIL-B and -C, which are usually localized in the inter-domain region [12] (Fig. 1).
When compared with the previously characterized S. lycopersicum cv. Heinz YABBY3 (ID: 101247051), in the YABBY3 genes of the analyzed accessions, 317 variable sites, mostly localized in introns, were revealed. In the exons, 24 substitutions were detected, and 8 of them were nonsynonymous. Substitutions detected in cDNA were localized mainly in the sequence encoding the inter-domain region and at the 3'-terminus. In the region encoding the zinc-finger domain, only one substitution was detected: A59G transition in S. galapagense, which leads to a glutamine on arginine substitution, Q20R (Fig. 1). The sequence encoding the YABBY-domain revealed five nucleotide substitutions, and only one of them, A434G transition in S. peruvia-num var. dentatum (3966), leads to a glutamic acid on glycine substitution, E145G (Fig. 1).
In YABBY3 proteins, 4 out of 11 aa substitutions (S64C, Y76C, D116G, and E145G) (Fig. 1) are considered to be radical (physicochemical distance according to Grantham's matrix <57.9). At the same time, an assessment using PROVEAN, generalizing known algorithms for a charge of aa substitutions and in-dels, revealed only one radical substitution (E145G in the S. peruvianum var. dentatum YABBY-domain), whereas the other substitutions, deletions, and insertions were rated as neutral. The possible effect of substitutions on the protein function needs further experimental analysis.
Modeling (Phyre2) of the YABBY3 three-dimensional structures showed a disordered organization of more than 60% of the sequence, while 29% were predicted with a confidence of more than 90% based on the known HMG-like protein structures (PDB: d1qrva, d1k99a etc.). The reliably predicted sequence was represented by a HMG-like YABBY domain [10] consisting of two a-helices connected by a loop (helix-loop-helix) (Fig. 2). The HMG-domain presumably binds to the DNA minor groove and bends the double helix at that point [38].
The phylogenetic analysis showed that all known S. lycopersicum YABBY genes are clustered with the corresponding A. thaliana orthologs (Fig. 3). On the cDNA-based dendrogram, YABBY genes formed four sub-clusters: YAB1/3 (YABBY1- and YABBY3-like genes); YAB2/5 (YABBY2-, YABBY5-, and FAS-like genes); CRC (CRC-like genes); and INO (INO-like genes) (Fig. 3A). The clusters resulting from the analysis of the amino acid sequences (Fig. 3B) were similar to those described above, except for YABBY2 and YABBY5, which formed separate sub-clusters corresponding to the previously proposed classification of the YABBY family into five subfamilies [10,
Table 3. The ANOVA analysis of YABBY3 gene expression in tomato species using Welch's t-test.
S. lycopersicum cv. Silvestre recordo
Leaf Bud Flower
Bud 0.0012
Flower 0.6189 0.0007
Fruit <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001
S. chmielewskii
Leaf Bud Flower
Bud 0.0242
Flower 0.1117 0.5025
Fruit <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001
S. peruvianum var. dentatum
Leaf Bud Flower
Bud <0.0001
Flower 0.1014 <0.0001
Fruit <0.0001 0.3049 <0.0001
S. habrochaites
Leaf Bud Flower
Bud <0.0001
Flower <0.0001 <0.0001
Fruit <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001
* p-values <0.05 are considered as significant.
23]. The phylogenetic analysis based on the YABBY3 genomic sequences clustered the analyzed tomato accessions into two groups with a branch of the most ancient S. pennellii and potato S. tuberosum (Fig. 4). The results generally agreed with the tomato division into green-fruited and red-fruited, as well as self-compatible and self-incompatible, groups. At the same time, two self-compatible green-fruited species, S. chmielewskii and S. neorickii, fell into opposing clusters, which apparently corresponds to an evolutionary boundary point where red-fruited self-compatible species originated from green-fruited self-incompatible ones.
The YABBY genes expression in angiosperms suggests that YABBY1/3 genes preserved their ancient expression pattern [12], transcribing in the abaxial portion of the primordia of all aboveground lateral organs (except for ovules) [25, 41]. This is confirmed by our data on YABBY3 expression in the vegetative and reproductive organs of S. chmielewskii, S. lycopersicum cv. Silvestre recordo, S. habrochaites, and S. peruvianum var. dentatum. In S. habrochaites, gene expression in
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DVT.TKDG7 rJVT.TKPJGT
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DVP.TKPJGIi
P3V I ,TK T3GF
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□VLTKDG
DVT,TKDGI.
DVl.TKDGL
DVLTK.DGL
DVLTKDGL
□ VL.TKDGI.
DVljT KDGi,
DVLTKDGL
DVLMKDGL
220
FNTSANVSVSPY FHT5AWV5VSPY FNTSANVSVSPY FNTSAWVSVSPY FNTSANVSVSPY F'NT'SAH VSVS PY h'MTSAN VSVS PY P'NTSANVSVSPY FNTSANVSVSPY
b'NTSANVSVSPY FNTSANVSVSPY FNISANVSVSÏÏ FNTSANVSVSPY FNTSANVSVSPY fNTSANVSVSPY F'NTSANVSVSPY
69 69 69 69 69 69
69
70 69 69 67 72 72 72 72 72
14 i 143 1 3 3 143 14 3 143 143 14 1 143 143 14 1 1.4 6 1 4 6 14 6 1 4 S 1 4 6
il 6
2 1 6
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6
7Л 6
2 1 6
21 6
217
2.-1 6
216
214
21 9
2 1 9
2 ]. 9
2 1 9
2 1 Q
FiL-E
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FIL-G
Fig. 1. Alignment of YABBY3 amino acid sequences from accessions of tomato and potato (S. tuberosum) species. The Zinc-finger and YABBY domains are indicated by blue and green letters, respectively, under alignment. Indels and substitutions are highlighted in red. Conserved motifs specific to YABBY1/YABBY3 clade are underlined and named
leaves is somewhat higher than that in flowers, while the other three species have no statistically significant differences in YABBY3 expression levels in leaves and flowers (Fig. 5, Tab. 3). At the same time, almost no YABBY3 expression was detected in the fruits of the studied species, except for S. peruvianum var. dentatum (Fig. 5). These four species were selected for expression analysis, since they belong to four groups that are ev-olutionarily distant from each other. S. lycopersicum is a red-fruited, self-compatible species of relatively recent origin; S. chmielewskii is a green-fruited, but self-compatible, species, and its position on the evolutionary tree is between red-fruited self-compatible and green-fruited self-incompatible species; S. peruvianum is a representative of the green-fruited self-incompatible species; and, finally, S. habrochaites (green-fruited, self-incompatible) is considered as one of the most
ancient tomato species [32]. The YABBY3 expression pattern in S. peruvianum var. dentatum is somewhat different from that in other analyzed accessions, although the reason for the low-level expression in buds is not fully understood (Fig. 5). In the analyzed organs of S. habrochaites, the YABBY3 expression dynamics is similar, but the transcription level is almost twice lower than that in S. lycopersicum and S. chmielewskii. In general, the identified YABBY3 expression patterns in S. lycopersicum, S. chmielewskii, and S. habrochaites were similar to those in S. pimpinellifolium, wherein the YABBY3 expression level is maximal in young buds and decreases along with flower-to-fruit development [30].
It has been shown that, in A. thaliana, both the YABBY3 constitutive expression and its knockout lead to an abnormal development of leaves and flowers due
R 126
Fig. 2. S. lycopersicum cv. Heinz YABBY3 (XM_004245689) tertiary structure (Phyre2): a-helices forming the YABBY domain are indicated by arrows
S. arcanum
S. lycopersicum var. humboldtii
S. chmielewskii
SIYABBY3
S. corneliomulleri
S. cheesmaniae
S. galapagense
S. lycopersicum cv. Silvestre recordo S. pimpinellifolium var. rasemigerum S. peruvianum S. habrochaites S. peruvianum var. dentatum S. neorickii
S. chilense
-SlYABBYl
-AtYABBY3
■■---AtFIL
SIYABBY2 SlFAS AtYABBY2 AtYABBY5 SlYABBY5a SlYABBY5b AtCRC SlCRCa SlCRCb SlINO AtlNO
YAB1/3
YAB2/5
CRC
INO
Л
S. peruvianum
S. peruvianum var. dentatum S. corneliomulleri S. arcanum S. neorickii S. cheesmaniae S. chmielewskii
S. lycopersicum var. humboldtii
S. galapagense
SlYABBY3
S. pimpinellifolium var. rasemigerum S. habrochaites
S. lycopersicum cv. Silvestre recordo - S. chilense -SlYABBYl AtYABBY3 -AtFIL -SlYABBY2
SlFAS -AtYABBY2 AtYABBY5 -SlYABBY5a SlYABBY5b AtCRC SlCRCa SlCRCb SlINO AtlNO
B
YAB1/3
YAB2
YAB5
CRC
INO
Fig. 3. Phylogeny of YABBY genes in S. lycopersicum (Sl) and A. thaliana (At) based on cDNA (A) and amino acid sequences (B) (MEGA7.0, ML method; (A) - Hasegawa-Kishino-Yano model [39]+ Gamma distributed with invariant sites), (B) - Dayhoff model [40]+ Gamma distributed)
S. cheesmaniae
S. lycopersicum var. humboldfii
S. lycopersicum cv. Heinz
S. lycopersicum cv. Silvestre recordo
S. pimpinellifolium var. rasemigerum
S. galapagense
S. chmielewskii
S. neorickii
S. corneliomulleri
S. habrochaifes
S. arcanum
S. peruvianum
S. chilense
S. peruvianum var. denfafum S. pennellii S. fuberosum
X
О
Fig. 4. Phyloge-netic tree based on YABBY3 genomic sequences of the accessions of cultivated and wild tomato species and rooted with S. tuberosum YABBY3 (MEGA7.0, ML method, model HKY + G+I). RF - red-fruited accessions; GF - green-fruited accessions; SC - self-compatible accessions; SI - self-incompatible accessions
□
1.5
ш >
с
о
a
X Ф
Ф >
1.0 -
ns
ф 0.5
X
0.0
I
I
T
T—Г
1
Ï
L B Fl Fr L B Fl Fr L B FL Fr L B Fl Fr S. lycopersicum S. chmielewskii S. peruvianum S. habrochaites
cv. Silvestre recordo
var. denfafum
4
Fig. 5. Relative YABBY3 expression in the leaves (L), young buds (B), opened flowers (Fl), and green immature fruits (Fr) of four tomato accessions
to the lack of polar differentiation in the organs [18]. The variability of this gene expression level can also affect the organ structure and morphophysiology; in particular, the leaves, flowers, and fruits of the analyzed tomato accessions. Significant levels of gene expression in S. peruvianum var. dentatum fruits may be indicative of a possible preservation of abaxial tissue identity in the fruit skin.
CONCLUSION
In this study, YABBY3-orthologous genes were detected in 13 accessions of cultivated and wild tomato species. These genes encode transcription factors that play a key role in determining the abaxial-adaxial asymme-
try of all aboveground plant lateral organs. The structure of YABBY3 genes and the encoded proteins is similar to that of the previously characterized members of the YABBY family. A phylogenetic and expression analysis confirmed that the identified genes belong to the YABBY1/3 subfamily and may have conserved functions in different tomato species.
This work was supported by the Russian Science Foundation (grant No. 16-16-10022), and was done with the use of the experimental climate control facility and Core Facility "Bioengineering" (Federal Research Center of Biotechnology, Russian Academy of Sciences).
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