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ISSN 2304-3415, Russian Open Medical Journal 1 of 7
2019. Volume 8. Issue 1. Article CID e0303 _ DOI: 10.15275/rusomj.2019.0303_Rheumatology
Review
Worldwide distribution of HLA-B27 and Behcet Disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Alireza Khabbazi, Azizeh Farshbaf-Khalili, Leila Vahedi
Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
Received 19 May 2018, Revised 06 April 2019, Accepted 26 June 2019
© 2018, Khabbazi A., Farshbaf-Khalili A., Vahedi L. © 2018, Russian Open Medical Journal
Abstract: Objective — Performing global population-based studies and comparing the results with other studies can reveal regional differences in the distribution of HLA-B27 in patients with Behcet disease. The aim of study was reviewing the distribution of HLA-B27 and Behcet disease in the world.
Material and Methods — A systematic review search was conducted of the MeSH keywords of Behcet disease, HLA-B27 and B27 in ProQuest, Scopus, EMBASE, SID, IranDoc and IranMedex from 1975 to 2017 in Iran. Data was analyzed using meta-analysis (random effect model) in Software CMA2. The heterogeneity of studies was assessed with I2index.
Results — The pooled frequency of HLA-B27 in patients with patients throughout the world for 11,483 samples and 36 studies was 7.4%. A higher frequency of HLA-B27 was found in Europe for, followed by the Middle East (7.2 (4.5-11.7)%, P<0.001) and Far East (6.4 (2.1-19.4)%, P<0.001). By country, the highest frequency was found for Great Britain 16.7% (8.6-33.1), followed by Iran 7.2% (4.5-11.7) and Turkey 5.9 (3.6-9.9)%.
Conclusion — The results demonstrate the role of HLA-B genes such as -B27 on Behcet disease and provide information about the causes and effects of the subject to help design health programs and carry out future investigations on the odds ratio.
Keywords: Behcet disease, HLA-B27, Distribution
Cite as Khabbazi A, Farshbaf-Khalili A, Vahedi L. Worldwide distribution of HLA-B27 and Behcet Disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Russian Open Medical Journal 2019; 8: e0303.
Correspondence to Leila Vahedi. E-mail: vahedi.l49@gmail.com. Phone: +9141042900. Fax: +4133373741.
Introduction
Behcet disease (BD) is a vascular autoimmune disease [1] which is characterized by recurrent oral ulcers, genital ulcers, skin lesions and ocular involvement [2]. BD has been frequently reported in the Mediterranean basin and Far East between 30° and 45° N latitude and was spread along the ancient Silk Road by migrating Turks [3, 4]. Today, BD has been observed in Europe, America and Oceania [3, 4]. The etiology of this disease is unknown, but genetic and environmental factors play an important role in its emergence [3, 4]. Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I alleles, especially HLA-B51, is strongly associated with BD [4, 5]; however, it expresses a marker for other genes in linkage disequilibrium (LD) with it [3, 4, 6]. The major histocompatibility complex (MHC), a group of genes that code proteins found on the surfaces of cells, is essential for the acquired immune system that is known in humans as the HLA [3, 4, 6]. Recent investigations have compared HLA-B27 in different populations and ethnicities with various clinical manifestations of BD [5, 7]. Although the diagnosis of BD is based on clinical presentation, HLA markers may be significant in the diagnosis and prognosis of the disease [8].
Understanding the prevalence, distribution and population influence of HLA-B27 is important for health care planning. Demographic and population studies have focused on size,
distribution, migration, composition and socioeconomic factors. The results of these studies have been applied to government decision-making and analysis of the causes and outcomes of population change [9].
Although there have been studies on HLA-B51 in BD around the world, none have systematically compared the pooled frequency of HLA-B27 in different geographical regions.
To address this gap, the present research undertook a systematic review of published studies to evaluate the frequency of HLA-B27 in BD patients as primary aim and Behcet Disease as secondary aim among continents and countries for the design of health programs and in preparation of future research.
Material and methods
Inclusion and exclusion criteria
This study was a systematic review and meta-analysis of all cross-sectional studies which evaluated the frequency distribution of HLA-B27 in BD between January 1975 and February 2017 according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) checklist and PICO approach [10] (participants: patients with BD; interventions: genetic background for HLA-B27; comparison and outcome: None) [11]. Moreover, due to the
ISSN 2304-3415, Russian Open Medical Journal
2019. Volume 8. Issue 1. Article CID e0303 DOI: 10.15275/rusomj.2019.0303_
rareness of BD in some areas, a number of articles were also included that did not conform to the PRISMA checklist to allow coverage of specific items in the results.
The inclusion criteria consisted of all subtypes of HLA-B27 with or without concomitance with other types of HLA and all ages, sexes, countries and ethnicities as well as without language limitation. The exclusion criteria were studies reporting on animal studies, case reports, case series, letters, clinical trials and disagreements between reviewers, as well as studies in which a subset of BD patients (uveitis and arthritis) were excluded.
Search strategy
PubMed, ProQuest, Scopus, EMBASE, SID (Scientific Information Database), IranDoc (Iranian Research Institute for Information Science and Technology), Magiran and IranMedex were searched by combining MeSH keywords of Behcet disease, Behcet's syndrome, HLA-B27, B27, Frequency and their combinations. References of the related reviewed studies were surveyed manually. Unpublished studies and "gray" literatures (such as studies presented at congresses or working papers) were searched. In the case of unpublished studies or ambiguous data, we contacted the authors for more information.
Figure 1. Flow diagram of trials for inclusion in the systematic review and meta-analysis.
PuhHvutwn Yean
Figure 2. Meta-Regression based on the date of publication.
Figure 3. A neighbor-joining tree (dendrogram) and Geographical map for Behcet's disease based on countries and continent.
Selection process
Each paper was independently controlled by two reviewers (K.A and V.L). Any disagreements between the two reviewers were solved by the third reviewer (G.M). The article is excluded if it did not get credit score from the third reviewer. The Kappa agreement rate was higher than 85%.
Data extraction and data analysis
The variables which were extracted from the articles were the name of the first author, publication date and location of the study, sample size and frequency of the HLA-B27 antigen summarized in extracted form. The continents were divided to five groups, including Far East, Middle East, Europe, Africa and America. The Turkey was categorized in the Middle East.
The systematic review was surveyed at by least two appraisers. The frequency, percentage and ratio were used as definite variables. Endnote X5 was used to organize the data, review the titles and abstracts and identify duplicated studies. A funnel plot was used to check for the existence of publication bias. It should be mentioned, at the beginning of the meta-analysis, logarithmic transformation was carried out for the frequency of HLA-B27, due to close to zero this value in a number of articles. Thus, the forest plot has been reported based on negative numbers following this logarithmic transformation.
The meta-analysis was performed using a random effect model for I2>50 or p<0.05. The pooled event rate was calculated to determine the frequency of HLA-B27 in BD-patients. Heterogeneity between studies was calculated by Cochran's Q and I2 tests to examine the percentage of changes between studies using the software CMA v.2.0 (Biostat Inc, USA) [12]. The results of the meta-analysis are presented as forest plots. Results were considered significant at P<0.05.
Ethical subject
This study has been conducted at the Connective Tissue Disease Research Center (CTDR) in Tabriz University of Medical Sciences (Tabriz, Iran). All data were kept stating the name of patients and addresses.
ISSN 2304-3415, Russian Open Medical Journal
2019. Volume 8. Issue 1. Article CID e0303 DOI: 10.15275/rusomj.2019.0303_
Table 1. Frequency of HLA-B27 in Behcet disease based on Logit event rate, lower limit to upper limit
Continent Authors Event Rate (log) Lower limit to Upper limit Z value P-value
Pande I (1995) -2.90 (-4.07) to -1.74) -4.90 <0.001
Takano M. et al (1976) -4.99 (-7.77) to (-2.20) -3.50 <0.001
Ohno S. et al (1975) -4.48 (-7.27) to (-1.70) -3.10 0.002
Far East Chung Y-M. et al (1987) -246 (-3.48) to (-1.44) -4.70 <0.001
Cibo H. et al (1997) -1.35 (-2.09) to (-0.62) -3.60 <0.001
Subtotal -2.73 (-3.83) to (-1.63) -4.80 <0.001
Rawi Z. et al (1986) -4.79 (-7.57) to -2.01) -3.30 0.001
Mustafa TAA (2003) -1.42 (-1.87) to (-0.98) -6.20 <0.001
Brautbar C. et al (1978) -3.89 (-6.69) to -1.09) -2.70 0.006
Xavier JM. et al (2015) -3.63 (-4.03) to (-3.23) -17.90 <0.001
Fatemi A.et al (2015) -2.42 (-2.72) to (-2.12) -15.90 <0.001
Chams-Davatchi C. et al (2003) -2.32 (-3.24) to (-1.40) -4.90 <0.001
Amirzargar A.et al (2010) -1.87 (-2.73) to (-1.01) -4.20 <0.001
Davatchi F. et al (2010) -2.46 (-2.55) to (-2.37) -53.40 <0.001
Al-Okaily F. et al (2016) -4.07 (-6.05) to (-2.10) -4.04 <0.001
MiGGlB East Chang HK. et al (2002) -2.79 (-3.95) to (-1.62) -4.60 <0.001
Moon S-J. et al (2013) -2.42 (-3.60) to (-1.24) -4.03 <0.001
Yazici H. et al (1980) -1.82 (-2.76) to (-0.88) -3.70 <0.001
Muftuocl AU. et al (1981) -2.77 (-3.53) to (-2.00) -7.10 <0.001
Gul A. et al (2002) -3.33 (-4.14) to (-2.51) -8.02 <0.001
Pirim I. et al (2004) -2.27 (-3.05) to -1.49) -5.70 <0.001
Mizuki N. et al (2007) -3.46 (-5.45) to (-1.47) -3.40 0.001
Ombrelloa MJ (2014) -3.26 (-3.56) to (-2.95) -21.20 <0.001
Subtotal -2.65 (-2.98) to -2.32) -15.75 <0.001
Zouboulis CC. et al (2003) -3.68 (-5.09) to -2.28) -5.10 <0.001
Munoz-Saa I. et al (2006) -3.89 (-6.69) to -1.09) -2.70 0.006
Montes-Cano MA.et al (2013) -3.61 (-4.31) to (-2.90) -10 <0.001
Bettencourt A. et al (2008) -2.16 (-2.90) to (-1.43) -5.80 <0.001
Piga M.et al (2012) -2.63 (-3.81) to (-1.46) -4.40 <0.001
Europe Olivieri I. et al (1990) -2.19 (-3.65) to (-0.73) -2.90 0.0030
Chamberlain MA (1978) -2.25 (-3.70) to (-0.79) -3.02 0.0020
Lehner T. et al (1979) -1.96 (-2.70) to (-1.22) -5.20 <0.001
Caporn BN. et al (1983) -3.36 (-6.18) to (-0.54) -2.30 0.010
Chamberlain MA (1977) -1.09 (-1.95) to (-0.24) -2.51 0.010
Subtotal -2.51 (-3.10) to -1.80) -7.93 <0.001
Sakly N. et al (2009) -5.80 (-8.57) to -3.02) -4 <0.001
, . Radouane A. et al (2011) -1.87 (-2.39) to (-1.34) -6.90 <0.001
Africa Choukri F. et al (2001) -3.32 (-4.47) to (-2.16) -5.60 <0.001
Subtotal -3.20 (-4.91) to (-1.50) -3.60 <0.001
America 0'Duffy J D .et al (1976) -2.48 (-3.92) to (-1.04) -3.30 0.001
Results
In the systematic review, 496 articles were identified. Of these, 126 were excluded as duplicates, 312 studies were excluded after initial title and abstract reviews and 22 were excluded after full text review. A final total of 36 articles fulfilled the inclusion criteria as shown in the flow chart of search articles in Figure 1.
Data from BD patients in the Far East, Middle East, Europe, Africa and America were pooled separately. The analysis showed the overall heterogeneity among continents and countries where I2>60% expectation of UK is shown in Table 1. The pooled overall frequency of HLA-B27 in BD patients globally was 7.4% [(CI 95% 5.8-9.4), P<0.001] for a total of 11,483 samples (Table 2).
The results showed the pooled frequency of HLA-B27 was more common in European than in the Middle East, Far East and Africa, which suggests a difference among regions. Comparison among countries indicates that the UK had higher combined HLA-B27 than Iran and Turkey (Table 1). The higher pooled frequency of HLA-B27 was related to Chamberlain MA in UK [13]. Moreover, Middle East populations had a higher BD patient rate than others and results showed similar samples among subgroups.
Up to the year 2000, the overall frequency of BD patients, HLA-B27 and articles were calculated 683 (6%), 49 (6%) and 15 (30%), while these items, after the year 2000 were calculated 10800 (94%), 723 (94%) and 36 (70%), respectively. Indeed, it indicates increasing the number of BD patients and improving the detection of the
pathogenic mutations in deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). Comparison between continents showed further reports has been published in the Far East before 2000 year and in Africa after this year.
A meta-regression was performed based on the date of publication. Meta-regression results showed that the HLA-B27 frequency decreases by 2% per year (P<0.001) (Figure 2).
Furthermore, ArcGIS Version-9.3 mapping software as a geo-referenced digital map was used for analyzing and depicting geographic and mapped information in a database. A neighbor-joining tree (dendrogram) has been drawn for country and continents (Figure 3).
Discussion
BD is a common autoimmune disease globally [14] with multifactorial pathogenesis such as genetic factors play a critical role. There is a strong correlation between BD and human MHC [3]. This systematic review and meta-analysis was carried out to investigate the distribution of HLA-B27 in BD and Behcet Diseases in subgroups as defined by continents and countries. To the best our knowledge, this is the first study was conducted on the distribution of B27 and Behcet's Disease.
The current study has shown that the HLA-B27 frequency was 7.4% in BD patients and the number of individuals affected by BD was 11,483 cases.
ISSN 2304-3415, Russian Open Medical Journal
2019. Volume 8. Issue 1. Article CID e0303 DOI: 10.15275/rusomj.2019.0303_
Table 2. Characteristics of articles related toHLA-B27 in Behcet disease across the world
Continents
Authors
Places
Cases N=36 Papers Sample Size HLÄ-B27 F (%)(Case) F(Case)
Pooled rate
Effect'size and"95% " confidence interval
Heterogeneity
df (Q) P-value I2
Pande I (1995) [28] India 58 (0.5) 3 - - - -
Takano M. et al (1976) [29] Japan 73 (0.6) 0 - - - -
Ohno S. et al (1975) [30] Japan 44 (0.4) 0 - - - -
Far East Chung Y-M. et al (1987) [31] China 51 (0.4) 4 - - - -
Cibo H. et al (1997) [32] China 44 (0.4) 9 - - - -
Subtotal 270 (2.4) 16 6.4 (2.1-19.4)%, P<0.001 4 0.010 69.69
Rawi Z. et al (1986) [33] Iraq 60 (0.5) 0 - - - -
Mustafa TAA (2003) [34] Jordan 124 (1.1) 24 - - - -
Brautbar C. et al (1978) [35] Israel 24 (0.2) 0 - - - -
Xavier JM. et al (2015) [36] Iran 973 (8.5) 25
Fatemi A.et al (2015) [37] Chams-Davatchi C. et al (2003) [14] Iran Iran 577 (5.0) 56 (0.5) 47 5 7.2% (4.5-11.7), P<0.001 4 <0.001 88.42
Amirzargar A.et al (2010) [38] Iran 45 (0.4) 6
Davatchi F. et al (2010) [39] Iran 6500 (56.6) 511
Middle Al-Okaily F. et al (2016) [40] Saudi Arabia 60 (0.5) 1 - - - -
East Chang HK. et al (2002) [41] Moon S-J. et al (2013) [42] Yazici H. et al (1980) [43] Muftuocl AU. et al (1981) [44] Korea Korea Turkey Turkey 52 (0.5) 37 (0.3) 36 (0.3) 119 (1) 3 3 5 7 - - - -
Gul A. et al (2002) [19] Turkey 174 (1.5) 6 5.9 (3.6-9.9)%, 5 0.021 62.34
Pirim I. et al (2004) [15] Turkey 75 (0.7) 7 P<0.001
Mizuki N. et al (2007) [18] Turkey 33 (0.3) 1
Ombrelloa MJ (2014) [45] Turkey 1190 (10.4) 44
Subtotal 10135 (88.3) 695 7.0 (5.0-9.8)%, 16 <0.001 83.09
P<0.001
Zouboulis CC. et al (2003) [46] Greece 82 (0.7) 2 - - - -
Munoz-Saa I. et al (2006) [47] Spain 24 (0.2) 0 - - - -
Montes-Cano MA.et al (2013) [48] Spain 304 (2.6) 8 - - - -
Bettencourt A. et al (2008) [49] Portugal 78 (0.7) 8 - - - -
Piga M.et al (2012) [50] Italy 45 (0.4) 3 - - - -
Europe Olivieri I. et al (1990) [51] Italy 20 (0.2) 2 - - - -
Chamberlain MA (1978) [52] UK 28 (0.2) 7
Lehner T. et al (1979) [53] UK 65 (0.6) 8 16.7 (8.6-33.1)%, 3 0.200 29.63
Caporn BN. et al (1983) [54] UK 14 (0.1) 0 P<0.001
Chamberlain MA (1977) [13] UK 21 (0.2) 2
Subtotal 681 (5.9) 40 8.0 (4.3-15.0)%, P<0.001 9 0.001 66.69
Sakly N. et al (2009) [7] Tunisia 165 (1.4) 0 - - - -
Radouane A. et al (2011) [55] Morocco 120 (1.0) 16 - - - -
Africa Choukri F. et al (2001) [56] Morocco 86 (0.7) 3 - - - -
America Subtotal 0'Duffy J D. et al (1976) [57] USA 371 (3.2) 26 (0.2) 19 2 4.0 (0.7-22.1)%, P<0.001 2 0.003 82.73
Total
11483(100)
772
7.4% (5.8-9.5), P<0.001
35.00 <0.001 76.67
The pooled frequency of HLA-B27 in BD patients was greater in Europe, followed by the Middle East, Far East and Africa. Among countries, the UK ranked first, followed by Iran and Turkey. The highest number of samples has been recorded in the Middle East, especially Iran, and the proportion in other continents and countries was similar or lower. Previous meta-analyses have reported on the strong correlation between HLA-B51 and BD, but the current analysis suggests the necessity of investigation of B27 in BD [6, 15, 16]. Likewise, Gul believed that, despite the strong association of HLA-B51 with BD, there is controversy about this association due to a role of the MHC class I variants [17].
It is not known whether HLA-B51 is a BD susceptibility gene itself or if this strong association displays linkage disequilibrium with another gene or other HLA-B genes [16, 17].
BD is known as the Silk Road disease because it spread along that ancient and historical route from the Far East (Japan, Korea,
China) to the Mediterranean basin (Turkey, Tunisia, Morocco) [3, 4]. On the other hand, -B51 frequency was observed first in Arabs, Turks and Jews and in the Far East [6]. According to reported papers, the geographical distribution of genes, such as HLA-B51 or others at near it, is potentially related to the global distribution of BD [18, 19]. This distribution is more solid in B51, because of it's strongly association. In this study, the distribution of HLA-B51 differs slightly with BD. Nonetheless, the pool of BD in peoples carrying a high frequency of HLA-B51 could relate to the fact that genetic susceptibility to BD is secondary either to HLA-B51 subtypes or to genes near LD with HLA-B51 [6].
Today, HLA-B27 is a subject of study in medicine as related to the pathogenesis of diseases such as BD. This antigen has several subtypes with variety frequencies, distributions and clinical manifestations in different populations and ethnicities due to impression other MHC and non-MHC genes [20]. This systematic
ISSN 2304-3415, Russian Open Medical Journal
2019. Volume 8. Issue 1. Article CID e0303 DOI: 10.15275/rusomj.2019.0303_
review highlights the role of B27 and other factors. A higher pooled frequency of HLA-B27 was found from the data in Europe than in other places.
The spread of HLA-B27 and BD in Europe, especially in the UK was an interesting finding of this study. The UK has invested in molecular diagnostic techniques and the management of information. The improvement in molecular diagnosis and recording information from sources such as hospitals, laboratories and medical clinics could justify this alternation.
Of notes, a review study reported that BD is prevalent in the Middle East, followed by the Far East, North Africa, Europe, the USA and Australia because it was spread by human migration along the Silk Road from the Far East to the West [6]. The Silk Road contributed strongly to the spread between the East and West because of the economic, political, religious, and cultural exchange that elevated immigration from East to West [21]. Therefore, this finding relates to the number of Asian migrants to these places. The proximity of Europe to the Mediterranean region and increased migration between these areas has increased the gene flow and the spread a number of diseases. It is likely that genetic diversity and some types of disease in Europe and even America are associated with these events [22]. It is suggested that this disease was spread by Turks from northern China to Iran, Turkey, Europe, Africa and America [23].
A founder effect can occur during migration. This can result in genetic isolation and inter-ethnic marriage that allows the frequency of the allele for BD to persist and increase over time [24]. America has been exposed to these changes at much lower rate.
It is possible that the emergence of BD has declined due to random events such as genetic drift [25], Bottleneck effect [26] environmental factors [27] and failure to report. Moreover, it is likely that BD cases with other backgrounds have been seen in these regions and it is necessary to carry out further investigation.
The difference in the frequency of disease and related genes should be investigated in demographic studies among immigrants. Takeuchi et al. determined that the frequency of BD among Turkish immigrants dropped to less than the Turkish people, but was more than in Germans [16].
Strength and Limitation
The advantage of the current study is the use of pooled data for analysis and, for the first time, different geographical regions were compared for HLA-B27 subject to BD.
This study was limited by incomplete information that prevented subgroup analysis for sex and age. Ultimately, this study surveyed the incidence of BD with a HLA-B27 background. Analysis ofHLA-B27 frequency independent ofHLA-B51, in a subset of BD or in control and cases groups is recommended.
Conclusion
The results show the pathogenic role of other HLA-B genes, such as B27, on BD in addition to HLA-B51. A higher frequency of HLA-B27 in Europeans in Asia and Africa has been documented. To determine a possible higher frequency of patients in the Middle East than in Europe and Africa and using more publications from the Far East to up to the year 2000, several hypotheses could be considered, including the effect of migration, other genetic factors, environmental factors, improvement in the detection of
pathogenic mutations in DNA and increased reporting. Moreover, identification of the geographical distribution and how different causes can effect healthcare system planning and government decisions such as implementation of BD care programs or the design of molecular diagnostic kits should be considered. Other studies comparing the frequency HLA-B27 between BD patients and controls and the determination of pooled frequency of HLA-B27 independent ofHLA-B51are needed.
Conflict of interest: none declared.
Acknowledgments
We would like to thank all authors that have been used their results of studies in this study and Leila Khabbazi for editing our manuscript.
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Authors:
Alireza Khabbazi - Associate Professor of Rheumatology, Connective Tissue Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9482-6967. Azizeh Farshbaf-Khalili - PhD of Nutrition Sciences, Assistant Professor, Aging Research Institute, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5754-4613.
Leila Vahedi - MD, PhD, Assistant Professor of Medical Genetic, Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Centre, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0661-5885.
ISSN 2304-3415, Russian Open Medical Journal
2019. Volume 8. Issue 1. Article CID e0303 DOI: 10.15275/rusomj.2019.0303
