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17Oriental Renaissance: Innovative, educational, natural and social sciences Scientific Journal Impact Factor Advanced Sciences Index Factor
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VOLUME 2 | ISSUE 4 ISSN 2181-1784 SJIF 2022: 5.947 ASI Factor = 1.7
WORLD WAR II AND EVACUATION TO THE EAST
Rustamov Dilmurod
NamSU, 2nd year Master's student
ABSTRACT
This study is devoted to the study of evacuation processes during the World War II, the purpose of which is to create an interactive map based on the study of the evacuation process during the Great Patriotic War.
Keywords: evacuation, business, personnel, East, Central Asia.
Ushbu tadqiqot ikkinchi Jahon urushi davrida evakuatsiya jarayonlarini o'rganishga bag'ishlangan bo'lib, uning maqsadi ikkinchi Jahon urushi davrida evakuatsiyajarayonini o'rganish asosida interaktivxaritaniyaratishdir. Kalit so 'zlar: evakuatsiya, biznes, kadrlar, Sharq, Markaziy Osiyo.
Данная исследовательская работа посвящена изучению процессов эвакуации в годы Второй Мировой войны целью которой, является составить интерактивную карту на основе исследования процесса эвакуации в годы Второй Мировой войны.
Ключевые слова: эвакуация, предприятия, кадры, Восток, Средняя Азия.
INTRODUCTION
The relevance of this topic lies in the need to interest young people and adolescents in the events of the Second World War. In our opinion, the interactive way of obtaining information is the most accessible and popular among teenagers, which led to the choice of the design of the practical part of the work. The study of evacuation issues, accommodation in rear areas, management of evacuated cultural institutions and industrial facilities is an urgent scientific problem. A large number of
IKKINCHI JAHON URUSHI VA SHARQQA EVAKUATSIYA
Rustamov Dilmurod
NamDU, 2-bosqich magistranti
ANNOTATSIYA
ВТОРАЯ МИРОВАЯ ВОЙНА И ЭВАКУАЦИЯ НА ВОСТОК.
Рустамов Дилмурод
НамДУ, магистрант 2 курса
АННОТАЦИЯ
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studies have been devoted to this topic. The special significance and novelty of the work lies in the study, generalization of these works affecting evacuated objects.
LITERATURE ANALYSIS AND METHODS
The subject of the article is studied on the basis of conceptual and methodological approaches, according to the problem-chronological principle. All the variety of research literature, archival materials, monographs, brochures, articles related to the research topic can be divided into two groups: 1) Literature of the Soviet period; 2) Studies of the period of independence1.
DISCUSSION AND RESULTS
The evacuation of productive forces to the east is one of the brightest pages of the Great Patriotic War. Although things were no better in the East itself, where the attitude towards personnel from the indigenous population desired the best. Thus, indigenous peoples were excluded from state-building and management, neither professional skills nor training of personnel were taken into account in the selection of personnel2. The evacuation of industrial enterprises and the population from the front line to the deep rear areas in order to preserve the basic funds of the national economy for the creation of a military economy was an integral, albeit forced, part of the restructuring of the socialist economy in a military manner.
The Hitlerite leadership hoped that with the seizure of important industrial and raw material centers of the USSR, Soviet industry would collapse, and the loss of agricultural bases would cause famine in the country. The Soviet government thwarted the enemy's plans by deploying an unprecedented evacuation of the country's productive forces to safe areas of the rear on a huge scale.
In the first days of the war, the government urgently took all necessary measures to evacuate the population, industrial enterprises, agricultural products, as well as transport from the war zone. The Soviet people were tasked not only to prevent the enemy from seizing the equipment of factories, plants, power plants, but also to take it all to the deep rear and restore it there.
On June 24, 1941, the Central Committee of the CPSU (b) and the SNK of the USSR decided to form an Evacuation Council to guide the evacuation of industry, agricultural facilities and the population of cities and villages from the front line. On
1 B MIRZAJANOV. Organization the mechanism of preparing the personnel by bolsheviks in Turkestan/ Scientific journal of the Fergana State University №5-18, 2018. -P.69-72.
2 Мирзаджанов Б. Национальные кадры: вопросы равного представления в государственных органах и учреждениях Туркестана. Oriental Renaissance: Innovative, educational, natural and social sciences. Volume 1 | Issue 2. www.oriens.uz - March 2021. - P. 162-171 -С.167.
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the same day, the Politburo of the Central Committee of the CPSU (b) reviewed and approved the resolution of the SNK of the USSR on the relocation of aviation industry enterprises to the rear and on accelerating the construction of stand-in aircraft factories in the eastern regions of the country. On June 27, 1941, the Central Committee of the CPSU (b) and the SNK of the USSR adopted a resolution "On the procedure for the removal and placement of human contingents and valuable property." These decisions and the subsequent GKO directive of July 4, 1941, which defined the main tasks of the party's economic policy in the conditions of forced evacuation, were an integral part of the unified program for the transfer of the national economy to military rails.
During the evacuation from the threatened areas and the placement of enterprises in the rear, the advantage was given to factories that produced military products, as well as enterprises of the metallurgical and chemical industries. It was decided to relocate the productive forces of the western regions to the Volga region, the Urals, Western Siberia and the republics of Central Asia. In the east of the country, during the years of the pre-war five-year plans, a fairly powerful economic base was created. So, in 1940, almost 29% of the all-Union production of pig iron, 32% of steel, and 36% of coal were produced in the eastern regions. Here was the main base and non-ferrous metallurgy of the country. The share of the eastern regions in the All-Union production of military products amounted to 18.5 by the summer of 1941%3.
The People's Commissars were asked to assign personal responsibility to one of the deputy People's Commissars for the evacuation of their subordinate enterprises from the front line, as well as to develop plans for their relocation to the east. The Evacuation Council took into account all production, warehouse, administrative, educational and other public buildings in the rear of the country where evacuated enterprises could be located, and based on the plans of the People's Commissariats determined the cities and points where the enterprises were to relocate; He gave tasks to the NKPS to allocate wagons for equipment and for workers with families; appointed commissioners of the Evacuation Council from among the senior employees of the People's Commissariats, who went to the places and carried out the evacuation of enterprises.
On July 5, 1941, the Politburo of the Central Committee of the CPSU (b) approved the "Regulations on the evacuation point" developed by the Evacuation
3 Васильев А. Ф. Промышленность Урала в годы Великой Отечественной войны. 1941—1945 гг. — М.: Наука,
1982. — 279 с.
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Council. These points were charged with receiving and sending trains with evacuees, catering and medical care of the evacuated population.
A lot of preparatory work was carried out to receive and accommodate evacuated enterprises even before their arrival. The party, Soviet and economic bodies of the eastern regions of the country made appropriate decisions on the placement and rapid restoration of enterprises that worked for the needs of the front.
Evacuation of enterprises, their placement and restoration were considered as the most important military-political task of the party and the people. The evacuation of industry was of a scientific nature, carried out on the basis of Lenin's principles of the allocation of productive forces under the unrelenting control of the Central Committee of the Party and the Soviet Government. The socialist planned system of the economy made it possible to carry out the evacuation of productive forces according to a single plan, with a careful choice of the place for launching evacuated enterprises and taking into account the provision of links between enterprises.
The mass evacuation of industry from the frontline to the eastern regions was fraught with enormous difficulties. Great difficulties arose already at the stage of dismantling the equipment. There was not always enough time to evacuate the equipment in its entirety. Some equipment could not be dismantled at all and had to be taken out only individual, the most important units and assemblies. In essence, each unit of the metallurgical industry enterprises represented an entire plant. Dismantling and removal of equipment often took place under enemy artillery fire and bombing by fascist aircraft. Despite this, everything necessary was done to evacuate the population and in a short time to transport a significant number of enterprises from the vast territory, and above all the equipment of such large factories as Dneprospetsstal, Zaporizhstal, Novokramatorsky, Izhorsky, Leningrad Kirovsky, Nevsky named after V. I. Lenin, which had dozens of workshops, thousands of machine tools and machines, power units, etc.
The party, Soviet and military authorities of the frontline areas did everything possible to send the population, industrial and agricultural facilities to the rear. For example, the Central Committee of the CP (b) of Belarus and the Council of People's Commissars of the BSSR on the second day of the war decided to immediately evacuate enterprises and the population. However, due to the rapid advance of the enemy on Soviet territory, it was possible to evacuate only part of the enterprises from the eastern regions of the republic: Mogilev, Vitebsk, Gomel and Polesskaya. Equipment of 109 major industrial enterprises was evacuated from Belarus. 17 thousand units of industrial equipment, 5.5 thousand wagons of finished products,
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845 tons of non-ferrous metals, 44 km of power cable, as well as a significant number of public livestock, scientific and cultural values were sent to the rear4.
A lot of work on evacuation was carried out by the party and Soviet organizations of Ukraine. Only in June — July 1941, 335 thousand people were evacuated from Kiev, and in total about 4 million people left Ukraine. In the summer of 1941, 197 enterprises had to be taken out of Kiev, including the Bolshevik chemical engineering plant, the Gorky Machine tool plant, and the V. I. Lenin Arsenal plant. The most important metallurgical plants were sent from the areas of the Dnieper to the rear: G. I. Petrovsky, F. E. Dzerzhinsky, V. I. Krivorozhsky. Lenin, Nikopol trubny, Dnepropetrovsk trubny im. Karl Liebknecht, as well as the Dneprodzerzhinsk nitrogen-tuk plant, many power plants and machine-building plants. In the autumn of 1941, the evacuation of industrial enterprises of Kharkov and Donbass was carried out. In the western regions of the Ukrainian SSR, evacuation was almost impossible due to the rapid advance of the Nazi troops.
In total, about 550 large industrial enterprises were relocated from Ukraine and Crimea during June — December 1941. Only the factories of the People's Commissariats of machine tool construction, heavy and medium-sized machinery took out almost 9.5 thousand machines5.
As the enemy troops approached the Baltic States, the dismantling and removal of plant equipment was carried out together with workers, employees and their families. For example, about 13 thousand units of various equipment, 65 steam locomotives and motor locomotives, 5,425 cars, more than 750 thousand meters of cotton fabrics, and total material assets worth over 600 million rubles were evacuated from the Estonian SSR to the interior of the country. In general, about 120 thousand people were evacuated from the Baltic Republics by rail alone6.
With the approach of the enemy to Leningrad, the evacuation of primarily local defense industry enterprises and the population began. Over 300 thousand children and almost 100 thousand adults were taken out during the month alone. From June 29, i.e. from the beginning of the evacuation, until August 27, 1941, when the railway connection with the country was interrupted, 636,283 people managed to leave Leningrad. Evacuation was also carried out through Lake Ladoga by vessels of the
4 Серазетдинов Б. У. К историографии вопроса о размещении эвакуированных предприятий на Урале в годы Великой Отечественной войны // Урал и Западная Сибирь в годы Великой Отечественной войны 1941—1945 гг.: (Тыл второй мировой войны): Материалы науч. конф. — Сургут, 1996. — С. 59
5 http://www.nnre.rU/istorija/yekonomika_sssr_v_gody_velikoi_otechestvennoi_voiny_1941_1945_gg/p5.php#d3
6 Бубнов В. И. Об источниках по истории заводов и фабрик периода Великой Отечественной войны (1941— 1945) // Из истории заводов и фабрик: Сб. ст. Вып. 1. — Свердловск, 1960. — С. 115
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Scientific Journal Impact Factor Q SJIF 2022: 5.947
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North-Western Shipping Company and the Ladoga Military Flotilla. In the navigation of 1942 the population was evacuated, not connected with the work to meet the needs of the Leningrad Front and the ships of the Red Banner Baltic Fleet, as well as the equipment of factories, locomotives, tanks. During the navigation of 1942, 795 thousand people were sent from Leningrad, and a total of 1,743,029 people were evacuated from Leningrad from June 23, 1941 to April 1, 1943.7.
The secretary of the Leningrad Party Organization, L. A. Zhdanov, reported to the State Defense Committee that from July 1941 to October 1943, Leningrad was evacuated to the interior of the country: 70 enterprises (fully), 22 design, 11 design and 7 construction organizations, 70,319 units of metal-cutting, metal-smelting, technological and other equipment, 58 thousand electric motors, 22 sets of boiler units, 23 hydro and turbo generators, thermal power plants with a total capacity of 30 MW, 93 steam locomotives, 6 thousand railway cars. Finished products and semi— finished products were sent to the rear for 2,051,900 thousand rubles, ferrous metals (rolled, armor, long sheet, etc.) — 125 thousand tons, non-ferrous metals (rod, sheet, tape, pig, etc.) - 31 thousand tons
Despite the attempts of the Nazis to prevent the evacuation of the population and equipment from Leningrad, in general, the evacuation process was successful. The evacuation of equipment of such large Leningrad factories as Kirov and Izhora was carried out in October and even in November 1941, and already at the end of 1941 these factories were restored in the east and began to produce heavy KV tanks.
CONCLUSION:
In conclusion, we emphasize that although the evacuation to the USSR during the Second World War was accompanied by many, often inevitable losses, its main goal - to save millions of Soviet citizens, the bulk of industrial and agricultural resources and other material values from the Fascist invaders - was successfully achieved.
REFERENCES
1. B MIRZAJANOV. Organization the mechanism of preparing the personnel by bolsheviks in Turkestan/ Scientific journal of the Fergana State University №5-18, 2018. -P.69-72.
2. Мирзаджанов, Б. Т. (2021). НАЦИОНАЛЬНЫЕ КАДРЫ: ВОПРОСЫ РАВНОГО ПРЕДСТАВЛЕНИЯ В ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫХ ОРГАНАХ И
7 http://www.nnre.ru/istorija/yekonomika_sssr_v_gody_velikoi_otechestvennoi_voiny_1941_1945_gg/p5.php#d5
93
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УЧРЕЖДЕНИЯХ ТУРКЕСТАНА. Oriental renaissance: Innovative, educational, natural and social sciences, 1(2).
3. Бубнов В. И. Об источниках по истории заводов и фабрик периода Великой Отечественной войны (1941—1945) // Из истории заводов и фабрик: Сб. ст. Вып. 1. — Свердловск, 1960. — С. 113-118.
4. Серазетдинов Б. У. К историографии вопроса о размещении эвакуированных предприятий на Урале в годы Великой Отечественной войны // Урал и Западная Сибирь в годы Великой Отечественной войны 1941—1945 гг.: (Тыл второй мировой войны): Материалы науч. конф. — Сургут, 1996. — С. 59-
5. Васильев А. Ф. Промышленность Урала в годы Великой Отечественной войны. 1941—1945 гг. — М.: Наука, 1982. — 279 с.
62.
