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69Journal of Siberian Federal University. Humanities & Social Sciences 3 (2011 4) 309-314
УДК 796.56
Winter Sports for Olimpic Program Addition
Aleksandr Yu. Bliznevsky and Valentina S. Bliznevskaya*
Siberian Federal University 79 Svobodny, Krasnoyarsk, 660041 Russia 1
Received 4.03.2011, received in revised form 11.03.2011, accepted 18.03.2011
In the given article we consider the order of Olympic Games program extension in accordance with the rules of the Olympic Charter. We define the most perspective kinds of sport for their inclusion in the Program of the 2018 Winter Olympic Games - ski-orienteering and bandy. Besides, we have formulated the advantages of these kinds of sport inclusion for the Russian Federation, and also the level of their development on the territory of the Krasnoyarsk Region.
Keywords: Winter Olympic Games, sports, international Sports Federations, Olympic Games Program, ski-orienteering, bandy.
Topicality: The history of the modern Olympic Games development is more than 100 years old. The first Games of Olympiad (OG) took place in summer 1896. Winter Olympic Games (WOG) were started to be run only since 1924. The Olympic Charter is a Code of fundamnetal principles, rules and official explanations, which have been accepted by the International Olympic Commette (IOC), and its latest amendments were made at the 122-d Session of IOC on 11 February, 2010. The Charter regulates the structure, mechnism of action and processes of the Olympic Movement and defines the conditions of the Olympic Games staging. In particular, IOC reveiws the Program after every concrete Olympic Games. Competent organs of IOC correct the standards of inclusion or exclusion of sports and sport disciplines. The decision concerning the inclusion of a new kind of sport in the Program of the future Olympic Games must be made not later than at the
Session of IOC, choosing the city-organizer of the Olympic Games staging.
What concerns the Winter Olympic Games, the next amendments of the list of sports of the Program can be made at the Session of IOC on 6-9 June, 2011 in Durban (RSA), where they will define the city-organizer of the 2018 WOG staging. According to point 6.2 of the Olympic Charter «winter kinds of sport are only those sports, which competitions among the sportsmen take place on a natural snow surface or flat ice». By virtue of the mentioned circumstances, the target of the given research is to define the most perspective sports in order to include them in the Program of these Olympic Games.
Methodology of research: on the basis of the carried analysis of development of the winter sports disciplines, being world-wide cultivated and accepted by IOC, archive materials, historical facts, current legal materials of IOC and the Olympic Charter, legal normative documents of
* Corresponding author E-mail address: bliznevskaya@mail.ru
1 © Siberian Federal University. All rights reserved
Table 1. The Program of the 2010 Winter Olympic Games in Vancouver
International Sports Federations (ISFs) № Sports The year of inclusion in the Program The number of disciplines in the Program The number of types of competitions in the Program
1 International Skating Union (ISU) 1 Figure skating 1908 3 4
2 Speed-skating 1924 6 12
3 Short-track 1992 4 8
2 International Ice Hokey Federation (IIHF) 4 Hockey 1920 1 2
3 International Federation Of Bobsleigh and Tobogganing (FIBT) 5 Bobsleigh 1924 2 3
6 Skeleton 1928 1 2
4 International Ski Federation (FIS) 7 Ski races 1924 6 12
8 Nordic combined 1924 3 3
9 Ski jumping 1924 3 3
10 Mountaineering 1936 5 10
11 Freestyle 1992 3 6
12 Snowboard 1998 3 6
5 International Biathlon Union (IBU) 13 Biathlon 1960 5 10
6 International Luge Federation (FIL) 14 Luge 1964 2 3
7 World Curling Federation (WCF) 15 Curling 1924 1 2
TOTAL: 48 86
the Ministry of Sports and Tourism of the Russian Federation, we have shown the evolution of the Program content of the Winter Olympic Games and have defined additional kinds of sport for its extension by means of comparative-analytical method and ranking.
Results and discussions: since 1924 up to 2010 they have organized 20 Winter Olympic Games. At the first WOG, in France in Chamonix, they played 15 sets of medals in 8 kinds of sport. Every kind of sport includes one or several sport disciplines (a part of the kind of sport, including one or several competitions). In its turn, every kind of competitions represents a contest, which ends by the placement and medals handling.
Correspondingly, the Program of all the following WOGs has been gradually added not only with new kinds of sport, but has been extended with sports disciplines of already existing kinds of sport. In the result, the Program of the latest WOG, which took place in Vancouver in 2010 consisted of 15 kinds of sport of seven International Sports Federations, and they played 86 sets of medals. In Table 1, we represent the list of international sports federations and kinds of sport included in this Program, and also the number of sports disciplines and types of competitions, constituting the Program.
Most of kinds of sport, being included in the Program, have almost exhausted all their
possibilities for the Olympic mission growth. Though, 86 sets of medals are far from the limit of Olympic Games. For comparison, at the 2008 Olympic Games, in Peking there were presented 39 kinds of sport and played 302 sets of medals. As for today, one may observe a misbalance between the Programs of Olympic Games and Winter Olympic Games; thereat, according to point 33 of the Olympic Charter, continuation of any Olympic Games must not exceed sixteen days.
Taking into consideration the climatic and geographical conditions of this country for cultivation of winter kinds of sport, the Russian Federation must be interested in making amendments in the Program of WOG by adding new kinds of sport. Moreover, in recent years, some winter kinds of sport (trampoline ski jumping, ski mountaineering, and short track) have got almost no Olympic medals.
In order to develop and promote the principles of the Olympic Movement, IOC carries out the procedure of acceptance of kinds of sport by the International Olympic Committee in accordance with the article of law 29 of the Olympic Charter, which allow gradual extension of the Programs of OG or WOG. National sport federations for these kinds of sport are included into the National Olympic Committees of their own countries. All the international sports federations (ISFs), which kinds of sport have undergone such a procedure, join the Association of Recognized International Sports Federations (ARISF), which was organized in 1984, and which is recognized by IOC. After having sent their written applications and their statuses having been checked and accepted by IOC, these international sports federations become members of АRISF, which is appealed to actively support them in their striving to be included in the Program of Olympic Games. As far as at least one sport discipline of any kind of sport, being accepted by IOC, is included in the Program of
Olympic Games, this ISF automatically loses the status of a member of АRISF and acquires the status of a member of IOC.
ISFs can manage one or several kinds of sport on the international level, as it is shown in table 1, and include organizations, which manage these kinds of sport on the national level. ISF's Charter, practice and activiy, which are accepted by IOC and which are whithin the Olympic Movement, must correspond to the Olympic Charter, and it also conserns the acceptance and application of the World Anti-Doping Code. Therat, every ISF preserves its indepedendence and autonomy in the management of its own kinds of sport.
Today, the Association of Recognized International Sports Federations, recognized by IOC, includes 32 kinds of sport of corresponding international sports federations. Analysis of the sport disciplines of these kinds of sport has shown that only 4 ISFs represent winter sports disciplines from all the mentioned list (Table 2). Correspondingly, only disciplines of these kinds of sport can be included in the Program of the above mentioned Olympic Games.
In Table 2, we define the dates of formation of international sports federations of perspective kinds of sport for their inclusion in the Program of the 2018 Winter Olympic Games, and also the number of national sports federations, which are their part. There are also represented the data of statistic reporting form 1-®K of the RF Minsportstourism, characterizing the degree of development of these kinds of sport in this country. The number of people, going in for these sports and staff coachers, working in the mentioned kinds of sport, - all these data testify of the fact that skiing disciplines have the biggest number of advantages, such as ski-orienteering and bandy. Besides, the above mentioned sports disciplines have been already presented in the cultural Programs of the Winter Olympic Games of previous years.
Table 2. International Federations, Representing Winter Sports Disciplines in the Association of Recognized International Sports Federations recognized by IOC
The Name of the International Federation The year of formation The number of national federations The number of people being involved in RF in 2009. The number of staff coachers in RF in 2009. Exhibition Demonstration of the kind of sport in the cultural program of WOG
1 International Federation of Mountaineering and Climbing 1932 52 9 782 40
2 International Bandy Federation 1955 25 38 253 344 1952 14 - 25 February Norway Oslo
3 International Orienteering Federation 1961 71 134 381 722 1998 7 - 22 February Japan Nagano
4 International Motorcycle Federation 1904 98 No data No data
If we compare these sports, then ski-orienteering leaves bandy behind in its popularity, as in the world, so in the Russian Federation. For today, international federation of bandy includes 25 national sports federations, while international federation of ski-orienteering accounts for 71 national sports federations, which includes Africa, Asia, Europe, Northern America, Southern America, and Pacific Region, and it correspondingly influences the number of involved people. At the World Bandy Championship they played only one set of medals, and at the World Ski-Orienteering Championship - eight sets of medals in four disciplines: mass-start, sprint, long and three-stage relay. Today, as it is well-known, «medal-capacious» kinds of sport have strong influence on the unofficial team classification in the Olympic Games Program. In the recent years, sportsmen of the national team of the Russian Federation have been leading in the unofficial team classifications at the World Ski-Orienteering Championships.
Ski-orienteering disciplines are as spectacular and attractive for the TV audience as ski racing and biathlon. At the new Millennium, World Ski-Orienteering Championships are held in large ski stadiums or biathlon complexes, using their ski-routes and preparing an additional net of ski-runs for distances planning. Monitoring with the help of GPS-devices let us see the routes of the sportsmen over all the distance, and estimate their selected variants of running and their mistakes. All these facts make ski-orienteering to be a superior kind of sport for TV translations.
Ski-orienteering and bandy are also very well developed in the Krasnoyarsk Region. Krasnoyarsk bandy has had a long and glorious history for more than 70-ty years on the arena of the Soviet Union and since 1993 on the Russian arena. The Krasnoyarsk bandy club «Yenisei» is one of the most award-winning clubs in this country. There are more than 30 wins
in international and all-Russian (All-Union) tournaments on the team's account.
What concerns ski-orienteering, on the territory of the Region it has been developed since 1963, and it is almost simultaneously with the start of its cultivation in this country. In the course of the last 25 years, the Krasnoyarsk Regional team has had its representatives in the national teams of Russia (senior and junior ones), and since 2004, it has been unchangeably winning individual-team championships of Russia.
In case these kinds of sport are included in the Program of WOG and taking into account the achievements of the Krasnoyarsk sportsmen in these kinds of sport, contribution of the Krasnoyarsk Region in the Olympic national team can significantly increase.
Conclusion: Evolution of the International Olympic Movement and intensity of the Olympic Games Program prompt us a possibility to extend it significantly by means of new kinds of sport inclusion. Besides, inclusion of new kinds of sport in the Program of WOG will not interfere with increase of the number of sport disciplines of the sports, which constitute the Program today. The next amendments of the list of sports of the Olympic Games Program will be done at the session of IOC in summer 2011.
Ski-orienteering and bandy are the most perspective sports disciplines for inclusion in the Program of WOG, and these sports competitions are run on the natural snow surface or flat ice. Both kinds of sport can be strongly presented at the Olympic Games, as for the moment, they are highly developed on the territory of the Krasnoyarsk Region.
If we speak about the right of priority, then ski-orienteering has several advantages at some points. Though, according to the Olympic Charter, Olympic Games are the competitions among separate sportsmen, but not among national teams, nevertheless, unofficial team classification (according to the number of won medals of various denominations) between the countries-participants is of high value for most countries. That is why, ski-orienteering is of our special interest, as far as beyond four disciplines according to the program of the world championship, there is an opportunity to run pursuit races (the system of Gunderson), mixed relays, and super-sprints.
Today, administration of the sports branch of the Russian Federation, which has a high potential in winter kinds of sport development, can make utmost efforts for extension of the Program of WOG with the kinds of sport, being perspective for this country.
References and resources of information:
The Olympic Charter / accepted at the 122 Session of IOC dated 11 February 2011. Printed by the company «DidWeDo S.à.r.l.». Lausanne. - 46 p.
The Charter of the Association of Recognized International Sports Federations recognized by IOC / accepted at the General Assembly Session of ARISF dated 6 April 2006. Helsinki. - 11 p. www.minstm.gov.ru www.hc-enisey.ru www.kfso.ru
Зимние виды спорта для пополнения олимпийской программы
А.Ю. Близневский, В.С. Близневская
Сибирский федеральный университет Россия 660041, Красноярск, пр. Свободный, 79
В статье рассматривается порядок расширения Программы Олимпийских игр согласно правилам Олимпийской хартии. Определены наиболее перспективные виды спорта для включения в Программу зимних Олимпийских игр 2018 г. - лыжное ориентирование и хоккей с мячом. Сформулированы преимущества включения этих видов спорта для Российской Федерации, а также уровень их развития на территории Красноярского края.
Ключевые слова: зимние Олимпийские игры; виды спорта; международные спортивные федерации; Программа Олимпийских игр; лыжное ориентирование; хоккей с мячом.
