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0Where does photonics meet acoustics and nanostructured materials for biomedical applications?
D.A. Gorin
Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow, Russia d.gorin@skoltech.ru
This report will review the combination of photonic and acoustic tools and nano- and microstructured materials that can be used for visualization of pathological tissue and organs, navigation of drug delivery carriers and remote-controlled release of encapsulated bioactive substances, and last but not least, the application of optical sensors for early diagnosis and evaluation treatment efficiency. There are many biological objects that can be used as markers of various pathological states including cancer. These comprise, but are not limited to, proteins, exosomes, and circulation tumor cells. Exosomes are a very promising marker for early cancer diagnosis and even for evaluating treatment efficiency. An exosome is a small vesical at 100 nm size produced by a cell. The exosomes can be sent by both normal and pathological cells. It can be used for early diagnosis of neuro, cardio, and onco-diseases. The combination of a photonic integrated circuits (PIC), a microfluidic devices (MF) and a surface modification improves not only the sensitivity but also the specificity of exosomes' detection [1].
The application of photonic and acoustic tools can be used for visualization, navigation of multifunctional carriers and remote-controlled release of bioactive substances. These particles will combine the ability to deploy drugs in a controllable manner with physical triggering, multimodal detection, and visualization as well as sensing of important biological markers. It is required to apply a new bottom-up method as layer by layer assembly [2] and freezing induced loading [3] and their combination [4]. It can be allowed us to vary the volume fraction of components and their chemical composition led to the control of the optical and thermal properties of multifunctional carriers [5]. Raman spectroscopy is perspective method for in situ monitoring of freezing induced loading method [6]. Physical targeting of carriers was realized by the magnetic field gradient [4], optical tweezers approach [7]. Acoustics has a good perspective for the same purpose. The carrier sensitivity to external influences such as laser irradiation, ultrasound (US) treatment can be changed by variation of volume fraction and chemical composition of inorganic nanoparticles and/or organic dyes in the carrier shells. The same approach is applied for drug delivery carriers imaging by MRI, fluorescence imaging (FI), USI and optoacoustics (OA) [4,8]. Additionally, there are some trends of modern biophotonics: 1) combination of OA, US and FI [9]; 2) transfer to mid-IR [10]; 3) preparation of multimodal contrast agents, that can be provided the contrast by some clinical methods including OA, FI, MRI, USI etc. [8]; 4) using minimally invasive OA [11,12] by developing PIC based US transducers [13] using biomimetic approach for preparation a sensitive part (membrane) of such type of sensors [14,15]; 5) using optical clearing approach [16]. In lecture will be presented also the results of in vivo optoacoustic applications and besides both optoacoustic mesoscopy and tomography. Particular attention will be devoted to the implementation of near and mid-IR for OA microscopy and endoscopy and the prospects for its application for in vitro and in vivo studies, for example, for the analysis of histological sections, as well as for determining the type of atherosclerotic plaques, respectively. Thus, the combination of photonic and acoustic tools with nanostructured materials has a good perspective for application in biology and medicine. This work was supported by Russian Science Foundation (RSF) grant № 22-14-00209.
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