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WHAT IS LEXICOLOGY
Nigina Norqobil qizi Nazarova
Student, Karshi state university
Supervisor: Saida Bozorovna Avlaeva, Karshi state university
ABSTRACT
This article analysis Lexicology as a branch of linguistics, meaningful units and its semantic structure. Etymology often explores the history and development of a word.
Keywords: etymology, semantic, universal, evolution, constructive methodology, principal approach
Lexicology is the branch of linguistics that analyzes the lexicon of a specific language. A word is the smallest meaningful unit of a language that can stand on its own, and is made up of small components called morphemes and even smaller elements known as phonemes, or distinguishing sounds. Lexicology examines every feature of a word - including formation, spelling, origin, usage, and definition.
The term is composed of two Greek morphemes: logos - learning, Lexus - word, phrase. Thus the literal meaning of the term is the science of the word. LG is a branch of linguistics and has its own aims and methods of scientific research. Its basic task is to study and descript systematically the vocabulary in respect to its origin, development and current use. LG is concerned with words, variable workgroups, phrasiological units and with morphemes. Modern English LG investigates the problems of word structure and word formation in modern English.
The semantic structure of English words, the main principles underline the classification of vocabulary units into various groupings, the laws, governing, and the development of the vocabulary. It also studies the variation, existing between various lexical layers of the English vocabulary and the specific laws and regulations that govern its development at the present time. The source and the growth of the EV and the changes. Lexicology also considers the relationships that exist between words. In linguistics, the lexicon of a language is composed of lexemes, which are abstract units of meaning that correspond to a set of related forms of a word. Lexicology looks at how words can be broken down as well as identifies common patterns they follow. Lexicology is associated with lexicography, which is the practice of compiling dictionaries.
Etymology as a science is actually a focus of lexicology. Since lexicology studies the meaning of words and their semantic relations, it often explores the history and
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development of a word. Etymologists analyze related languages using the comparative method, which is a set of techniques that allow linguists to recover the ancestral phonological, morphological, syntactic, etc., components of modern languages by comparing their cognate material. This means many word roots from different branches of the Indo-European language family can be traced back to single words from the Proto-Indo-European language. The English language, for instance, contains more borrowed words (or loan words) in its vocabulary than native words. Examples include parkour from French, karaoke from Japanese, coconut from Portuguese, mango from Hindi, etc. A lot of music terminology, like piano, solo, and opera, is borrowed from Italian. These words can be further classified according to the linguistic element that is borrowed: phonemes, morphemes, and semantics
The General LG - the general study of words and vocabulary. Linguistic phenomena and properties common to all languages are generally referred as language universals. General lexicology is the broad study of words regardless of a language's specific properties. It is concerned with linguistic features that are common among all languages, such as phonemes and morphemes.
The Special LG - is the LG of a particular language. That's the study of and description of its vocabulary and vocabulary units. Special lexicology, on the other hand, looks at what a particular language contributes to its vocabulary, such as grammars. Altogether lexicological studies can be approached two ways:
The Historical LG - the evolution of any vocabulary. It discusses the origin of various words, their change and development, investigates linguistics and extra linguistics forces. The object - its single elements, modifying their structure, meaning and usage. Diachronic or historical lexicology is devoted to the evolution of words and word-formation over time. It investigates the origins of a word and the ways in which its structure, meaning, and usage have since changed.
The Contrastive and Comparative LG - their aims are to study the correlation between the vocabularies of 2 or more languages and find out the correspondences between the vocabulary units.
Synchronic or descriptive lexicology examines the words of a language within a certain time frame. This could be a period during the language's early stages of development, its current state, or any given interval in between. LG also studies all kinds of semantic grouping and semantic relations such as synonymy, antonymy, homonymy, semantic fields. Meaning relations as a whole are dealed within semantics - the Study of meaning. There are two principal approaches in linguistic science to the study of language material:
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The synchronic (historical). Concerned with the study and description of a language system at a certain time.
The diachronic. Deals with the changes and the development of the vocabulary on the course of time.
The two approaches are interconnected and interdependent. The synchronic state of a language is the result of a long process of linguistic evolution of its historical development.
Eg: to bag - bagger (closely connected with the history, bagger is borrowed from Old French).
These complementary perspectives were proposed by Swiss linguist Ferdinand de Saussure. Lexicology can have both comparative and contrastive methodologies. Comparative lexicology searches for similar features that are shared among two or more languages. Contrastive lexicology identifies the linguistic characteristics which distinguish between related and unrelated languages
The subfield of semantics that pertains especially to lexicological work is called lexical semantics. In brief, lexical semantics contemplates the significance of words and their meanings through several lenses, including synonymy, antonymy, hyponymy, and polysemy, among others. Semantic analysis of lexical material may involve both the contextualization of the word(s) and syntactic ambiguity. Semasiology and onomasiology are relevant linguistic disciplines associated with lexical semantics.
A word can have two kinds of meaning: grammatical and lexical. Grammatical meaning refers to a word's function in a language, such as tense or plurality, which can be deduced from affixes. Lexical meaning is not limited to a single form of a word, but rather what the word denotes as a base word. For example, the verb to walk can become walks, walked, and walking - each word has a different grammatical meaning, but the same lexical meaning ("to move one's feet at a regular pace").
Another focus of lexicology is phraseology, which studies multi-word expressions, or idioms, like 'raining cats and dogs.' The meaning of the phrase as a whole has a different meaning than each word does on its own and is often unpredictable when considering its components individually. Phraseology examines how and why such meanings exist, and analyzes the laws that govern these word combinations.
Idioms and other phraseological units can be classified according to content and or meaning. They are difficult to translate word-for-word from one language to another
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REFERENCE:
1. Dámaso Alonso (October 22, 1898 - January 25, 1990): Spanish poet, literary critic, and philologist
2. Barthes (November 12, 1915 - March 25, 1980): French writer, critic, and semiotician
3. Ghil'ad Zuckermann (born June 1, 1971): Israeli linguist and language revivalist
4. Babich, Galina Nikolaevna (2016). Lexicology : a current guide = Lexicologia angliskogo yazyka (8 ed.). Moscow: Flinta. p. 1. ISBN 978-5-9765-0249-9. .
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6. Babich, Galina Nikolaevna (2016). Lexicology : a current guide = Lexicologia angliskogo yazyka (8 ed.). Moscow: Flinta. p. 133. ISBN 978-5-9765-0249-9. OCLC 934368509.
