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Section 6. Agricultural sciences
https://doi.org/10.29013/AJT-20-9.10-39-43
Zaiets Sergiy Oleksandrovych, Candidate (Ph.D.) of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Irrigated Agriculture ofNAAS Е-mail: [email protected] Kysil Liudmyla Bohdanivna, Ph.D. student, and Non-irrigated Agriculture of the Institute of Irrigated Agriculture of NAAS
Е-mail: [email protected] Lykhovyd Pavlo Volodymyrovych, Candidate (Ph.D.) of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Irrigated Agriculture of NAAS Е-mail: [email protected]
WATER USE OF BARLEY VARIETIES DEPENDING ON SOWING DATES AND GROWTH REGULATORS IN THE CONDITIONS OF IRRIGATION IN THE SOUTHERN STEPPE OF UKRAINE
Abstract. Typical winter variety of barley Academichnyi and alternate variety Deviatyi Val were studied under sowing on October 1st and 20th, at treatment of the seeds and plants with growth regulators Humifield Forte Brix, MIR and PROLIS. Academichnyi variety needed 48-71 m3/ha more water for seed formation if sown on October 1st, and 3-20 m3/ha less than Deviatyi Val variety if sown on October 20th. The work scientifically substantiates and proves that the most effective water use was recorded in the variety deviatyi Val at sowing on October 1st and seed treatment with Humifield (0.8 L/t), MIR (6 g/t) and PROLIS (5 g/t), where the total water use was 2706, 2715 and 2718 m3/ha, and water use per 1 ton of grain - 390, 386 and 391 m3.
Keywords: winter barley, variety, sowing date, growth regulators, water use.
Introduction. Barley grain takes one ofthe impor- Ukraine has great potential for barley grain produc-
tant places in the world balance ofthe grain production. tion and opportunities to increase its exports and
In terms of sown area and gross grain yield, it occupies earn significant funds from it. And first of all it is
the fourth place in the world after wheat, rice and corn, necessary to expand the sowing area of winter bar-
and in Ukraine - the second place after wheat [1; 2]. ley, which is more productive, than spring one [3].
Nowadays, barley grain is in great demand and At the same time, the yield of winter barley in the
at a high price on the world market. In this regard, Southern Steppe of Ukraine remains low (3.4 t/ha)
and fluctuates greatly over the years [4]. One of the reasons for this is that changes in weather and climatic conditions, features of zonal and varietal technology of its cultivation, and, first of all, modern high-yielding varieties, terms of their sowing and preparations that increase winter tolerance of plants are not taken into account.
In the conditions of arid climate and moisture deficit in the Southern Steppe of Ukraine, winter barley can open its productive potential only under the irrigated conditions. Therefore, the cultivation technology of new winter barley varieties at irrigation, considering the emergence of new high-yielding varieties, innovative growth regulators and climate change, needs detailed research and improvement.
Analysis of literature, problem statement. In the recent years, there have been significant fluctuations in meteorological indices in the Southern Steppe of Ukraine due to the climate change, which is mainly associated with the phenomenon of global warming [5; 6]. Thus, the average annual air temperature for the last fifty years in this zone has increased by 1.8 °C, and in June and August by 3.1-3.9 °C, reaching the maximum daily average in August - 24.8 °C [7]. Besides, an increase is observed in the spring, especially in March - by 2.3 °C, as well as in September and October - by 2.0 and 1.4 °C, respectively. At the same time, there was a significant decrease in precipitation in 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2017 and 2018, in which its amount was 314.4 mm, 369.9, 332.9, 363.5, 310.0 and 409.4 mm, respectively, while the average for 50 years is 444.9 mm. In 2010, 2015, 2016 and 2019, the amount of precipitation increased, but it was mainly because of showers occurrence and its distribution was significantly uneven during the growing season.
Such agrometeorological conditions significantly affect the water supply of plants, their growth and development and formation of grain yield. Therefore, studies on water use of new high-yielding varieties and, first of all, at different sowing dates and growth
regulators application on the irrigated lands of the Southern Steppe of Ukraine are quite relevant.
Aim of the study - to investigate the influence of sowing dates and growth regulators on the total water use and water use per 1 ton of grain of new winter barley varieties on the irrigated lands of the Southern Steppe of Ukraine.
Tasks and methods of the study. Field experiments were conducted during 2015-2019 at the Institute of Irrigated Agriculture of NAAS, which is located in the area of the Ingulets irrigation system. The soil is typical for the irrigated lands of the Southern Steppe of Ukraine and is represented by the dark-chestnut middle-loamy slightly-saline soil. The fore-crop for winter barley was soybean (early-ripening variety Diona). The experiments were conducted with accordance to the generally accepted cultivation technology ofwinter barley in the Southern Steppe of Ukraine, excepting technological measures that were studied. Observations, analyzes and records were performed in accordance with the methods of the field and laboratory experiments on the irrigated lands [8].
The study was performed using typically winter variety of barley Academichnyi and the alternate variety Deviatyi Val (factor A), which are included in the State Register of Plants and Varieties Suitable for Use in the Steppe in 2011 and 2015, respectively [9]. Sowing was carried out in two dates: October 1st and 20th (factor B). The seeds were treated with growth regulators Humifield Forte Brix (0.8 L/t), MIR (6 g/t) and PROLIS (5 g/t) before sowing (factor C) and the crops were additionally treated through spraying with these preparations (respectively, 0.4 L/ha, 6 g/ha and 2 g/ha) in the early spring.
Humifield Forte Brix contains 60 g/L of seaweed extract and 135 g/L of humic acid salts, incl. amino acids - 20 g/L, potassium (K2O) - 20 g/L and trace elements - 5 g/L. It has a complex effect on the plant as an anti-stress and growth stimulator [10]. MIR -multi-purpose immunoregulator of growth is created on the basis of synthetic compounds and has a wide range of microelements in a chelatic form [11].
PROLIS - L-a proline aminoacid. PROLIS is used to prepare plants for winter, in order to repair them after winter and avoid the effects of negative environmental factors: cold, frost, drought, waterlogging. The preparation is intended for biotic and abiotic reduction of plant stress. It regulates the assimilation of macro-and micronutrients, as well as stimulates the immune system of plants, significantly increases plant productivity and crop quality [12].
Soil moisture in the plots was determined to the depth of 1.0 m by gravimetric method in two non-adjacent repetitions. The total water use for the spring-summer growing season was determined by the method of water balance. The water use coefficient was calculated as a ratio of the total water use during the growing season to the grain yield of winter barley.
the greatest deficit of soil moisture in the Southern Steppe of Ukraine. Therefore, to obtain complete sprouts and good condition of the crops before the winter period, in the autumn of 2017 and 2018 it was necessary to conduct water-charging (500 and 400 m3/ha), and in 2017 additional sprout-provoking (250 m3/ha) watering.
To maintain the moisture content in the soil layer of 0-50 cm at the level of 70% FC in the spring-summer growing season in 2017, the crops required two vegetative irrigations at a rate of400 m3/ha each, and in 2018 - three irrigations with a total irrigation rate of 1350 m3/ha. This allowed to form a well-developed green mass with a sufficient number of productive stems. In the spring vegetation period of 2019, there was 136.1 mm of precipitation, which is almost one
Discussion of the study results. The results of and a half times higher than the average long-term
the study discovered that the water use of new winter values. Therefore, in such humid weather conditions,
barley varieties by each year had its own peculiari- there was no need for vegetative watering.
ties. An important role is played by pre-sowing soil The study has determined that due to significant
tillage and sowing conduction. In most cases, after rainfall the total water use of winter barley in 2019
harvesting the forecrop and the initial period of au- was the greatest and averaged to 2833-3295 m3/ha,
tumn vegetation, soil moisture supply is unfavorable and the lowest it was in 2017-2271-2481 m3/ha
for obtaining sprouts timely, in this period there is (Table 1).
Table 1.- Winter barley water use from the meter soil layer depending on the variety and growth regulators (average for 2016-2019)
Variety (A) Sowing date (B) Growth regulators (C) Total water use, m3/ha
2017 2018 2019 average
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Control 2481 2784 2945 2737
Humifield (seeds) 2481 2796 3029 2769
MIR (seeds) 2481 2788 3043 2771
October 1st PROLIS (seeds) 2481 2788 3029 2766
Humifield (plants) 2481 2794 3057 2777
MIR (plants) 2481 2793 3036 2770
Academichnyi PROLIS (plants) 2481 2786 3022 2763
Control 2313 2715 3211 2746
Humifield (seeds) 2313 2727 3267 2769
MIR (seeds) 2313 2725 3281 2773
October 20th PROLIS (seeds) 2313 2723 3288 2775
Humifield (plants) 2313 2725 3281 2773
MIR (plants) 2313 2719 3288 2773
PROLIS (plants) 2313 2718 3295 2775
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Control 2397 2818 2833 2683
Humifield (seeds) 2397 2831 2889 2706
MIR (seeds) 2397 2831 2917 2715
October1st PROLIS (seeds) 2397 2832 2924 2718
Humifield (plants) 2397 2833 2889 2706
MIR (plants) 2397 2831 2903 2710
Deviatyi Val PROLIS (plants) 2397 2837 2917 2717
Control 2271 2801 3225 2766
Humifield (seeds) 2271 2807 3239 2772
October 20th MIR (seeds) 2271 2812 3253 2779
PROLIS (seeds) 2271 2815 3267 2784
Humifield (plants) 2271 2814 3260 2782
MIR (plants) 2271 2805 3253 2776
On average, in 2016-2019, the total water use of Academichnyi winter barley variety from a meter layer of soil ranged from 2737 to 2777 m3/ha, and of the variety Deviatyi Val - from 2683 to 2784 m3/ha. The total water use of winter barley varieties was slightly different. Thus, the variety Academichnyi required 48-71 m3/ha more water for the seed formation at sowing on October 1st, and 3-20 m3/ha less than the variety Deviatyi Val at sowing on October 20th, due to their varietal features.
Biological properties of the varieties had different water demand depending on the sowing date. Academichnyi variety plants had minimal difference in total water use by the date of sowing, or used almost the same amount of moisture per unit area, while Deviatyi Val required 55-83 m3/ha more water of sown on October 20th.
The value of the total water use of winter barley varieties was also affected by the application of growth regulators. They contributed to a better formation of vegetative mass of the plants, resulting in the consumption of a significant volume of water and, as a result, increased the total water use by 23-40 m3/ha in the variety Academichnyi and by 6-35 m3/ha for the variety Deviatyi Val.
The highest values of the total water use of2782-2784 m3/ha were recorded for the variety Deviatyi Val at sowing on October 20th and application of PRO-
LIS preparation for the seed treatment and Humifield spraying of the plants. In the variety Academichnyi the highest total water use of 2777 m3/ha was also recorded under spraying the plants with the growth regulator Humifield, but at sowing on October 1st.
Application of the growth regulators led to the lowest total water use (2706 m3/ha) on the variety Deviatyi Val at sowing on October 1 and treatment of the seeds and plants with Humifield, and on the variety Academichnyi (2763 m3/ha) - at sowing in the same term and spraying the plants with PROLIS preparation.
Due to higher productivity on the variants with application of the growth regulators, water per unit of the yield was used more economically. Thus, at their application the coefficient of water use of the varieties on average over the years of the study was 386-515 m3/t while without them - 413-538 m3/t.
Deviatyi Val used water per the unit of grain more economically. At sowing of this variety on October 1st, the most efficient water use was in the variant of the seed treatment with MIR, Humifield and PROLIS - 386, 390 and 391 m3/t, respectively, which is 27, 23 and 24 m3/t less than in the control variant.
At sowing on October 1st, the variety Academichnyi showed the best performance when Humifield and MIR were applied, both for the seed and plant treatment - 420 and 422 and 425 and 426 m3/t,
respectively, as well as the seed treatment with PRO-LIS - 428 m3/t. At sowing on October 20th, due to lower yields, the water use coefficient was higher, but also all the growth regulators contributed to the economical use of water - 502-515 m3/t, which is 23-36 m3/t less than in the control variant.
Analysis of the balance of the total water use in 2016/17 and 2017/18 for the spring-summer growing season of winter barley varieties testifies that when growing them after soybean in the irrigated conditions, on average by factor C (growth regulators), the share of soil moisture was 19.0-22.9%, precipitation - 36.8-39.2% and irrigation - 40.2-42.1%.
That is, the total water use of winter barley varieties depended on irrigation and precipitation during the growing season.
Conclusions. Thus, among the studied varieties, the best water use efficiency was observed for the variety Deviatyi Val at sowing on October 1st and seed treatment with Humifield (0.8 L/t), MIR (6 g/t) and PROLIS (5 g/t), where the total water use was 2706, 2715 and 2718 m3/ha, and water use per 1 ton of grain - 390, 386 and 391 m3. The variety Academichnyi formed slightly lower grain productivity than Deviatyi Val, so its total water use at sowing on October 1st and seed treatment with Humifield, MIR and PROLIS, as well as at spraying the plants with Humifield and MIR were 2769, 2771, 2766, 2777 and 2770 m3/ha, respectively, and the water use coefficient was 420, 426, 428, 422 and 425 m3/t.
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