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9
Section 8. Agricultural sciences
https ://doi.org/10.29013/ESR-19-11.12-44-47
Koshekov Rashid Majitovich, Nukus branch of Tashkent state agrarian university Shimbergenova Gulzina Jaksilikovna, Nukus branch of Tashkent state agrarian university
E-mail: alliyar85@mail.ru
WATER-SAVING TECHNOLOGIES OF EULTIVATING GRAINS ON SLIGHTLY SALINIZED LANDS OF l<ARAKALPAKSTAN
Abstract. In this item are given materials and analysis comparison and analysis of the results of the systematic recordings of the supplied water for irrigation of rice indicates a significant difference in the rate of irrigation, depending on the degree of premeditated field and methods of cultivation (seeding) rice.
Keywords: Sary-Altyn, the Republic of Karakalpakstan, groundwater with mineralization, Plough pan, nutritious elements.
Carried out in the Republic of Karakalpakstan with chloride-sulphate type of salinity. Groundwa-
organizational and structural measures for consistent transition to market relations in the agricultural sector involve need to improve the use of available water and land resources, to widespread adoption of science-based agro-technology methods, to improve the productivity of irrigation areas and water resources which is spent to increase yield from growing cultivated crops. Considering this and the need to develop science-based water saving and sustainable system of crop rotation of grain crops, during 2005-2007 field experiments were carried out on the territory of the farm "Sary-Altyn" of Chimbay region.
The area of the experimental plot is 3.3 ha. The territory of the farm is consist of meadow-alluvial, slightly saline soils. In the upper 0-100 em layer of soil salt content before starting experiment (September 2005) was 0.46-0.58% on solid residue
ter with mineralization of 4.0-5.7 g./1. On solid residue in autumn 2005 lied at a depth of 0.9-1.2 m. From the soil surface. The mechanical composition of 0-120 em of soil layer is presented in the profile of iridescent loamy clay differences. Huge mass of arable soil in its initial state was 1.29 g/cm3, and the subarable soil was -1.49 g/cm3, which is caused by
the presence of compacted layer, so-called "Plough
»
pan.
Nutritious elements content of soil is generally not high. In the arable layer humus content does not exceed 0.8-0.9% of the weight of soil and they are classified as medium provision, and lower horizons are poor provision -0.40-0.73%. According to the content of mobile forms of Nutritious elements of the soil of experimental plot is classified as poor provision. Field experience is laid on the following scheme (Table 1).
Table 1.
2005 2006
Variants Background The technology of soil preparation for sowing Variety and productivity of wheat center/ha Seeding time The technology of soil preparation for sowing Variety and productivity of wheat center/ha. Seeding time
1. Zero tillage+ +Planning Planning, sowing with Brazilian seeding Machine Chillaki-10,0 15.IX Sowing with Brazilian seeding machine Polovchan-ka-21,5 27.X
2. Normal plowing+ +Planning planning, plowing, grading, cultivating. Chillaki-10,0 15.IX Plowing, grading, sowing, grading Polovchan-ka-20,3 27.X
3. Zero tillage without Sowing with Brazilian Chillaki-10,0 15.IX Sowing with Brazilian Polovchan-ka-16,4 27.X
planning Seeding machine seeding machine
4. Normal plowing without planning Plowing, grading, sowing, grading Chillaki-10,0 15.IX Plowing, grading, sowing, grading Polovchan-ka-16,5 23.XI
5. Traditional Technology Plowing, grading, sowing, grading Polovchanka-7,8 23.IX Plowing, grading, sowing, grading Polovchan-ka-16,1 23.XI
6. Steam Plowing, grading, sowing, grading Polovchan-ka- 2.XI
In the first year of experiment winter wheat yield at all variants of the experiment was rather low (7.810 centner/ha) which to some extent was explained by the unsatisfactory technical condition of existing drainage network. After cleaning, its water-salt regime in rooting layer ofsoil greatly improved, because of this winter wheat productivity after rice seedlings (2006) was 2 times higher (20.3-21.5 centner/ha.) compared to the previous year.
In 2006 and 2007, after the harvest of winter wheat in all variants of the experiment, was cultivated in regionalized medium ripening varieties of rice "Nukus-2 which is created by the breeders of Karakalpak branch of UzSRI of rice in 1986.
At I-VI variants of the experiment sowing of rice was done by seedling, and at controlled variants sowing was done by usual (seeds) method. Rice seedlings were grown in a seed plot of size 20 x 30 m,
where after seeding at the rate of 80 kg/ha, it was supported by a layer of10-13 cm of water.
Irrigation of rice in the seed plot and in controlled variant (both variants) were carried with shortened flooding.
Comparison and analysis of the results of the systematic recordings of the supplied water for irrigation of rice indicates a significant difference in the rate of irrigation, depending on the degree of premeditated field and methods of cultivation (seeding) rice. Thus, in 2006, irrigation norm of rice in I variant, where planning was carried out using a laser system, was 14679 m3/ha, and in 2007, 14506 m3/ha, or 36% and 28% less compared to the control variant, respectively. In II variant, where rice was cultivated also in well-planned field, irrigation norm was 26% less compared to the controlled variant.
Noted decrease of rice irrigation norm is also due to the adopted in experiment, seedlings method of growing plants is widely used in the world practice of rice cultivation.
It was noted above that the content of water-soluble salts in the rooting layer of soil of experimental plot belong to the low and medium saline category. According to the data of systematic observation, during the period of the experiment, as a whole significant: changes in soils salt regime did not happen.
During the period of the experiment there was a decrease in mineralization of ground water compared to its initial state. Thus, prior to the experiment mineralization of groundwater varied between 3.9-5.8g/l. when its average value through the pond was 5.0 g/l. through solid residue (0I.III.2005). By the fall of 2007 (29.IX) average groundwater mineralization was 2.75 g./l. in the range of its change within the experimental field from 1.80 g/1, to
3.84 g/1, through solid residue. Reduction in ground water mineralization is due outgoing filtering of the irrigation water which constantly takes place on a flooded rice field.
Separate calculation of rice yield according to the method, which is used in similar researches, allowed to establish the presence of significant differences between the variants of experience. The highest yield of rice was received in the I and II variants of the experiment, where rice is grown on carefully planned field by seedling method of seeding - 56.1-60.1 centner/ha. In the III and IV variants, where the planning of the field was not carried out, but was also used seedling method of rice cultivation, amount of yield was significantly lower and amounted to 46.3-55.8 centner/ha. In the control variant, where rice was cultivated by traditional technology, productivity did not exceed 42.3-45.1 centner/ha. (Table. 2)
Table 2.- Irrigation water consumption to create one center of grain yield at various technologies of soil preparation and sowing seeds
Variants of experiment 2006 2007
Irriga-tion norm of wheat, M3/ha. Irriga- tion norm of rice, M3/ha. Total volume of water provided for I ha, m3 Total harvest of grains center/ha. Water consumptions for production of I center of grain, m3 Irrigation norm of wheat, M3/ha Irriga-tion norm of rice, M3/ha. Total volume of water provided for I ha, m3 Total harvest of grains center/ha Water consump-tions for production of I center of grain, m3
I 1150 14679 15829 67.2 235.5 14506 14506 81.6 177.8
II 1850 17002 18852 66.1 285.2 14871 14871 77.8 191.1
III 1850 21251 23101 64.7 357.0 20104 20104 71.2 282.3
IV 1850 21251 23101 54.3 425.4 17152 17152 64.3 266.7
Control 1850 22900 24750 52.9 467.8 20120 20120 58.4 344.5
Note: After harvesting rice the area wasn't watered before planting winter wheat
It was noted above that the main purpose of the organizing the experiment was to study experimentally the possibility of increasing the productivity of irrigated fields and irrigation water during the cultivation of grains on salt affected lands,
by using advanced technology of soil preparation and seeding. Comparison and analysis of results of the experiment shows that the total harvest in the context of variants in 2006 varied in the range of S2.9 centner/ha. (in control method) -
67.2 centner/ha. (in I variant), and in 2007 from 58.4 centner/ha. to 81.6 centner/ha., respectively. The highest total harvest of grains is obtained: at zero tillage and carefully planning of the field, by planting winter wheat in given norms, and rice by planting in seedlings method.
In the experiment, the lowest consumption of water to create a centner of crop (grain) was achieved in variant at zero tillage, by planning the field with laser equipment, by sowing the seeds ofwheat n given norms, and planting the rice by seedlings. In the con-
trol variant, water consumption per unit of harvest is almost 2 times higher (Table 2).
Outlined above suggests the possibility of a significant increase in the productivity of water and irrigated hectare by applying modern technology during the preparation of field (zero tillage, laser leveling of fields), by the method of sowing given norm (exact seeding) for seeds of wheat, by planting rice by seedlings, by cultivating grains according to intensive schedule of alternating grains cultures, and by creating favorable conditions for the main crop rotation.
References:
1. Nurbekov A. Manual on conservation agriculture practices in Uzbekistan / - Tashkent, 2008.- 35 p.
2. Кошеков Р. М. Водосбeрегающая технология в возделывания зернокосоловых культур. Ж/Л Сельскохозяйство Узбекистана - Ташкент, № 1.- 39 c.
3. Кошеков Р. М. Научное и организацианно-технологические основы сельскохозяйственого водопользовения в условиях их дефецита.- Ташкент, 2010.- 227 c.
