CC BY
9_НАСИЛИЕ НАД ЖЕНЩИНАМИ В СЛОВАЦКОЙ РЕСПУБЛИКЕ
Ивана Климентова
Магистр
Полонский
Проф. д-р. кандидат наук
Университет св. Кирилла и Мефодия в Трнаве Факультет социальных наук Кафедра социальных услуг и консалтинга
VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN IN SLOVAK REPUBLIC
University of SS. Cyril and Methodius in Trnava Faculty of Social Sciences Department of Social counseling Mgr. Ivana Klimentova, prof. PhDr.Dusan Polonsky CSc. АННОТАЦИЯ
Статья посвящена проблеме насилия над женнщинами, совершаемого в парных отношениях в Словакии. Содержательным анализом она стремится представить проблему Стамбульской конвенции, Конвенции Совета Европы о предупреждении и борьбе с насилием в отношении женщин и домашним насилием и также указывает на ее ратификацию в словацких условиях. В статье мы пытаемся представить оптимальную модель функционирования государственного аппарата с неправительственным сектором при решении проблематики насилия. Эта модель основана на минимальных стандартах Совета Европы при помощи жертвам насилия, когда в качестве главного эксперта выступает жертва насилия, которая в процессе реинтеграции играет, вероятно, самую важную роль. ABSTRACT
This paper deals with violence against women in paired relationships in
Slovakia..{By content analysis it tries to put forward the issue of the Istanbul Convention, Council of Europe Convention on preventing violence against women and domestic violence and fight against it and its ratification in Slovak conditions. In this article we try to refocus the optimal model for the functioning of the state apparatus with the non-governmental sector in dealing with the issue of violence.It is based on the minimum standards of the Council of Europe to work with victims of violence, where the main expert / expert woman is a victim of violence, which in the process of reintegration plays perhaps the most important role.
Ключевые слова: Пенсионеры. Компания. V4 страны. Социальная политика . Демография. Keywords: violence against women, the Istanbul Convention, ratification, assistance, intervention.
Violence against women is in line with the international concept of human rights taken as a violation of human rights and a form of discrimination against women; it is a form of gender-based violence that is directed against women because of their belonging to the female gender and it affects women disproportionately.Based on the findings of numerous studies and research throughout Europe, it is estimated that currently approx. 20 millions women experience violence in paired relations, out of the total number 230 million women living in the European Union (WAVE, 2008).
Violence against women does not avoid the Slovak Republic and it is a serious social problem getting more visible. Nowhere in the world are any precise statistics of the extent of violence against women. This stems mainly from the fact that cases reported to police are only such summit, and in many countries is not kept any statistics of the prevalence of various forms of violence against women. It is estimated that only 2-10% of violence committed on women are announced and revealed.[7] From scientific studies from EU countries results, that a quarter till a third of girls and women are exposed to male violence, what means, than only in the
European Union is a 42-56 millions women and girls.
[1]
More than 90% of all cases of violence against women are crimes committed by men against women. UNICEF estimates that through world, in some countries even
half of women and girls, experienced violence by intimate partner or family member (UNICEF, 2001).Statistics based on data from around the world show that violence against women generally occurs within families.Domestic violence is a major risk factor in the murders of women and murders committed by women. Estimates of the World bank about the global valetudinarianism suggests that in developed market economies the victimization results to the fact that women of childbearing age are sick every fifth day and gender-based violence is a significant cause of female morbidity and mortality. [4]
Data from the last representative research of occurrence and experience of women with violence in the Slovak Republic, which was realized in 2008 by the Institute for Labour and Family Research says that 21.2% of adult women aged 18-64 years who are currently have a partner, experience a violence.The occurrence of violence by former partners and spouses is even higher - violence from their former partner experienced 27.9% women. Research also indicates that almost 70% of women who experience violence by their current partner, live in a household with one child or more children. Regarding forms of violence against women in paired relationships, research indicates the prevalance of all forms of violence, usually several forms simultaneously. Physical violence by their current partner is experienced by 15% of women and 40% of women experienced it from his former partner. 9 % of women experienced violence by their current partner
and over 25% women had experienced sexual violence by her former partner. Psychological violence by the current partner states 36% of women and 64.2% by the former partner. Experience with economic violence by current partner have 21.9% of women and 42.9% women experienced this from their former partner. [10]
Violence against women represents for the economy of the state high costs.In Netherlands, government expenditures caused by violence against women costs every year 200 million Euro, in Switzerland, the violence against women costs the federal, cantonal and local authorities around 400 million Swiss francs a year. [1] According to the Finnish analysis of expenditure of the particular institutions, in
1998 the direct expenditures related to violence against women costed 260 millions Finnish marks, of which 40 million accounted for the health sector, 88 million to social services, 158 million costed frais of prosecution and 10 million other costs [5]. An important step towards a genuine end to gender- based violence against women is sign of the Council of Europe Convention of preventing violence against women and domestic violence and fight against it by Slovak Republic in Istanbul on 11. May 2011. After ratification of the Convention, Slovak Republic would legally and financially commit to the establishment of standards for the prevention, protection of victims and punishing the perpetrators.Currently the legislative analysis of the Convention regarding to changes in Slovak legislative resulting from the possible ratification of the Convention by Slovak Republic is in progress. [2] That time then and also current Minister of Justice, Mrs. Zitnanskâ, committed herself by governmental resolution no. 297/2011 and so affirmed, that until the end of 2013 should be a proposal about ratification of this Convention adduced.After approval by the Government the Convention should have been submitted to parliament for a vote of approval to the ratification and then to the President for ratification. Nevertheless, it was not yet certain whether the Istanbul Convention will be valid because the condition of the Convention is to be ratified by at least 10 States signatories, including at least eight member states of the Council of Europe. [8]
Receiving the Istanbul Convention takes place in Europe but also in Slovakia with enormous difficulties.That is why, e.g. European Wommens Lobby, feministoriented organization launched a campaign in support of the Convention, whereas the signing has been two and a half years ago and still the conditions for its widespread acceptance were not filled. . It should be noted that the Convention applies not only on women. [9]
In Slovakia the ratification of the Istanbul Convention is carried out by NGO Option of choos, together with a network of NGOs, women's organizations "Safe women's network", which tries to promote and support the ratification of the Istanbul Convention.But organizations met with strong resistance "anti-choise" movement, such as the "Alliance for the Family" and "Forum for Life", which has embarked on an anti-campaign.Parties of the Convention are encouraged (Commission gave the explanation that women are given as examples of the most vulnerable group, but also expressly appoint the others) that their protective framework should also apply to children, men and elderly people who are exposed to domestic violence. [9] The reasons for the Council meeting said a representative of
the Ministry of Justice: 105 subjects asked the Ministry of Justice to suspend or total interruption, not only of NGOs, but also businesses subjects.Ministry of Education prepared the study, legal analysis, which accomplishes analysis of the legal environment that needs to be harmonized. This study is the internal review procedure. On the other hand, several already realized changes accepted the terms of the Convention, for example the criminal law. Harmonization is a long process and because in 2015, is to take relatively a lot of legislative changes, it is not realistic to accept the Istanbul Convention before 2016. [8] By now it has been ratified by eight countries, Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Portugal, Austria, Serbia, Italy and Turkey. The process of ratification of the Istanbul Convention is slowed. Originally it should have been signed until the end of this year, the latest term is in 2016.
Most of the violent acts against women is committed at home behind closed doors, where except children are not present anywitnesses.Sensitivity and complexity of the problem of violence against women, so the persistence of stereotypical concepts about the role of women and men in the family as well, have contributed to long-term taboo of topic and its absence in the public and political discourse.The resulting misunderstandings and attitudes of the society, and also executives to violence against women itself meant an absence of coordinated services and specialized assistance to victims of such violence. The situation began to change early last decade under the influence of women's NGOs. An important milestone was two years of the campaign Fifth woman, which meant a breakthrough in understanding the problem of violence against women in intimate relationships.The campaign created conditions for the amending of several laws in 2002, which created conditions for a more efficient legal punishment of perpetrators and to improve the protection of victims.Despite this favorable legislative environment the most of the identified causes remained under the influence of prejudices not addressed, even in prosecuting authorities.The result was several publicized cases of murders and/ or children.The smaller is the percentage of cases in which the woman picks up the courage to report violence to the police or prosecution.In our professional praxis we have carried out, whether in Crisis counseling or in National project, we can see that women who report violence to the police encounter with much resistance and pressure in society.There were cases (I know them personally) when public officials themselves, such as police tried to convince a woman who was for many years both physically and psychologically, economically abused, to pull back the criminal proposal to his partner. Society, and often the closest surroundings, family, friends, acquaintances, mark the victim of violence as a "provocateur, a person who disrupts a family, or simply a woman who fakes, because she has some problems and she wants to command an attention." Very rarely happens that family of the victims of violence can provide adequate space, support and some form of care.
Where the family is failing and close friends as well, and one found himself in a social situation that requires expertise and often crisis intervention, is expected to take the state as the protector of human rights and agreements, minimally the state should protect the freedom and lives of their citizens (women). In practice, however, can often
meet the exact opposite.The individual who cannot cope with his problems and cannot see the waz out, in many other cases lose hope and gradually becomes apathetic, resigned to the fact that this situation can not change[3].
Long-term practice shows something absolutely different, a state with a shortage of professional, qualified assistance that victims of violence necessary need. From government departments under the Act 305/2005 Coll. n.of social and legal protection and social guardinaship (the SPOaSK) implies an obligation to deal with cases of violence against women.Labour, Social Affairs and Family office monitores annually the number of cases and a number of measures accomplished under 305/2005 Coll.Although most measures apply to minors, a specific module (module 20 statement) tracks the number of cases in which the measures were accomplished under this coll. by selected reasons. Among them is the implementation of measures due to victims of violence. [2]
Equally Act 448/2008 Coll. of social services, where is exactly specified services providing to victims of violence. (according to 448/2008 by the SS). In October until November 2012 was conducted a monitoring of social services for women experiencing violence.Monitoring is the first phase of a detailed survey on the level and quality of support services for women experiencing violence and their children with regard to minimum standards of the Council of Europe [6].
The aim here was not only to find the number of registered victims of violence in objective institutions / organizations, but also verify the level and quality of registration of clients (i.e. whether providers keep evidence of this specialized target group) and whether if it would be possible to submit this information in their documentary statistics. For this research showed that non-specialist facilities only rarely keep a detailed evidence about the recipients of social services by type of problem- violence against women. [2] Based on the incomplete specification of the type of social service we can hardly compare the quality of social services. Therefore, it is extremely important to setup the system of assistance for these women, as well as personal and professional approach to helping workers.
According to the minimum standards of the Council of Europe is clearly definable the main expert in working with victims of violence and that are the victims of violence themselves- women experiencing violence.When working with victims of violence, it is necessary to identify the needs of the victim because the victim alone (female) knows best what she needs in a kind of situation and how it is appropriate to provide the necessary intervention.The task of counselors, what in this case are professionally qualified experts from the helping professions, is to help the victim identify situations in which she is.And also help identify her needs in dealing with the social situation of victim.Similarly supportively guide the victim during the process of solving the social situation.
The role of the public sector according to the Council of Europe Convention on preventing violence against women and domestic violence and the fight against it (the Istanbul Convention) is to guarantee social services and the necessary social, psychological and economic support for victims of violence.Public sector should be flexible effective in responding to the needs arising from the social situation of women who are victims of violence.The role of the state, whether through their competencies or departments
or private support- the third sector is to respond to the "social contract services- victims of violence themselves." It means to provide such social services, counseling and protection that would be effective and clearly addresses their social situation. Therefore would be provided social, psychological and economic needs to the victims arising from social situations.
In working with victims of violence it is very important to answer the question- whether the system of support and help responds to the real needs of victims of violence, as the victims themselves are considered experts on the issue of violence, and they know with the help of experts and women experts best define their needs and aims based on the social j situation.The part of the analysis should be a comparison of the existing situation and solving the issue of violence from the perspective of national reference framework of a country other than the Slovak Republic. The counterpart of auxiliary framework in addressing this issue would be appropriate to choose countries with similar social-economic culture, such as Visegrad Group- Czech Republic, Poland, Austria, Hungary.We have to ask as well whether the services provided to women answer the basic principles of Minimum standards of work with victims of violence. In identifying the reaction on the needs of victims of violence, it is appropriate to compare the situation in the state providers SS and SPOaSK and third sector NGOs. As a basic evaluation criterion of support and assistance in the provision of SS and SPOaSK we will use Minimum standards of the Council of Europe. (Istanbul Convention).
REFERENCES
[1] APPELT, B., V. KASELITZ, LOGAR R. (ed.) Sensitisation and Training of Professionals on
Violence Against Women. Vienna, WAVE 2000th
[2] BODNARVA B, FILADELFIOVA, J and HOLUBOVA B.(2011) Representative survey of the incidence and experience with women violence against women (VAW) in Slovakia.Bratislava: Institute for Labour and Family Research and UNIFEM Slovakia.
[3] HABANIK, T. 2015th Social exclusion and its root cause.In. Bocakova, O., KUBiCKOVA,
D. (ed.)Social risks in the 21st century and possibilities of their solutions.Nemsova: Ing. Jozef
Kubascik - J + K Press, 2015, p.51-61, ISBN 978-8089788-01-9
[4] HEISE L. L., PITANGUY, J., A. GERMAIN Violence against women. Hidden bodily harm.
Study material prepared for the World Bank. Bratislava, Aspect / Humenne, Pro Familia 1998
[5] PISPPA, M., HESKANEN, M. The Price of Violence. The costs of Men's Violence against
Women in Finland.Helsinki, Yliopistopaino 2,001th
[6] KELLY, L. And UBOIS D, L.(2 00 8). What Bata m n g in iole n ce aga i n st w o m e n: m and i m u m stan d ards or f su p p o rt s e r v ic e s, C oun cil of E u rope P UBL and c a tion. Strasbourg, F r a nce; do s t u p ne n a: h tt p : //ww w .coe.i n t / t / dg2/e qu al i t y /do m e stic v iole n ce c a m p ai g n/ Sou r c e/E G - V A W -C O NF%2 82 00 7 % 2 9 St ud y % 2 0 re v .en. pdf
[7] SOPKOVA, E .: Violence against women and its consequences. In: J. Cvikova, Juranova J.
(ed.)The fifth woman. Aspects of violence against women. Bratislava, Aspect 2001
[8]http://trnovec.blog.sme.sk/c/344872/Istanbulsky-
84
dohovor-ano-ci-nie.html28.08 .2015.20: 30
[9] http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc. do?CRE type = & reference = 20131008
& sec = ondRef ITEM-015 & language = EN 28/08/2015
21:44
[10] http://www.fenestra.sk/fenestra/vyskyt-nasilia-pachaneho-na-zenach-v-parovych-vztahoch 30.08.2015,16:07
ПОЛЕВАЯ СОЦИАЛЬНАЯ РАБОТА В КАЧЕСТВЕ ПРАКТИЧЕСКОЙ ПОМОЩИ _ЛЮДЯМ, ЖИВУЩИМ НА ОБОЧИНЕ ОБЩЕСТВА
Ленка Махыниакова
Моника Мачкинова
профессор, Д-р философии Университет имени Санкт. Кирилл и Мефодий в Трнаве
Факультет социальных наук Кафедра социальных услуг и консалтинга STREET WORKAS A PRACTICAL HELP TO PEOPLE LIVING ON THE MARGINS OF SOCIETY University of SS. Cyril and Methodius in Trnava Faculty of Social Sciences Department of Social Services and advice PhDr. Lenka Machyniakova, prof.PhDr. Monika Mackinova, PhD.
АННОТАЦИЯ
В данном выступлении обсуждается о проблематике полевой социальной работы в качестве практической помощи людям, оказавшимся на обочине общества. Мы отметили, что бездомность в настоящее время представляет собой огромную и тревожную проблему, требующую срочного решения. Проблематику бездомных можно решать с помощью форм и методов социальной работы, которые становятся неотъемлемой ей частью. Полевая социальная работа как один из методов социальной работы является важным аспектом помощи людям без крова, как это заключается в поиске лиц в их естественной среде, воюющих с серьезными социальными проблемами.
ABSTRACT
This paper discusses the issue of the terrain social work as a practical help to people who find themselves on the margins of society.We can notice that homelessness currently represent an enormous and alarming problem that requires urgent solution.The issue of homelessness can be addressed through forms and methods of social work, which are becoming an essential part of it.street work as one of the methods of social work is an important aspect of helping homeless people as it consists in search of individuals in their natural environment, struggling with the serious social problems.
Ключевые слова: бездомность, бездомный, подевая социальная работа, фазы подевой социальной работы, социальная помощь.
Keywords: homelessness, homeless, terrain social work, phases of social work, social assistance.
Generaly the homelessness can be typed to extreme forms of poverty and is a manifestation of social exclusion. In the narrowest meaning it is understood as a complete absence of the abode, and in a wider context as the absence of adequate and decent housing abode.In general we can say that terms such as homeless,or homeless woman are used for appointing of individuals who do not own a home. [6] Home can not be considered only in the material - technical meaning.Home to mostly perceived as the complete picture of a circle of relatives and closest people associated with the material environment that is filled with a sense of companionship, safety, backgrounds and security.To have a home means having an adequate abode, where an individual may apply exclusive property, where the privacy is ensured and a place, where he can maintain his relationships. On the other hand, to be homeless means to not have any place to go and to have no one to help the individual to come out of the vicious circle of existential problems. [7] In the context, the significant role has the street work carried out by workers in the natural
environment of the client, literally on the street.
Street work with homeless people
A precondition of civilization development of society, without exclusion, is particularly satisfying basic needs of all members of our country and therefore the most vulnerable as well, homeless people.People who found themselves at the bottom of society, whether their own or foreign guilt, survive day by day. A crucial role to resolve the issue is a complex approach.This means to address the problem at all levels, from material side through social and law side to health side.In our society, there are various forms of assistance that indicate certain spectrum of social care for the homeless.Through forms of assistance are retained a range of people who seek help themselves, but also the range of those who can not find their own way to social assistance.One effective form of work with the homeless is certain terrain social work - street work, which focuses on finding, contacting and motivating people on the margins of society.Through the street work, it is possible to reach out and affect people who do not seek help themselves but
