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НОВЫЕ ДАННЫЕ О ЧЕКАНКЕ МОНЕТ ЭПОХИ ВИКИНГОВ: НОВЫЕ НОРВЕЖСКИЕ МОНЕТЫ СВЯТОГО ОЛАВА И ХАРАЛЬДА ХАРДРАДЫ ИЗ СМОЛЕНСКА
А.Н. Петров1, Ю.Г. Григорьева2, В.И. Галанов3
Жорвежская нумизматическая ассоциация (Осло, Норвегия) e-mail: petrov@infoera . no SPIN-код: 2637-8325
2Московский авиационный институт (национальный исследовательский университет) Россия, 125993, Москва, Волоколамское шоссе, 4 e-mail: yulia . grigori@gmail . com SPIN-код: 7170-8102
3Смоленский государственный музей-заповедник Россия, 214000, Смоленск, ул . Коммунистическая, 4 e-mail: sovetnum-vi@yandex. ru
АВТОРСКОЕ РЕЗЮМЕ
Две норвежские монеты эпохи викингов, обнаруженные в России в 2019-2021 гг. , подтвердили существование давних отношений между Норвегией и Смоленском - тогдашним городом Киевской Руси на берегах Днепра . Таким образом, Смоленск стал самым южным археологически подтвержденным пунктом, куда доходили ранние норвежские монеты . Одна из этих монет - чеканка Святого Олава из Рачевского клада - оказалась первой ранней норвежской монетой такого типа, найденной на территории Киевской Руси .
КЛЮЧЕВЫЕ СЛОВА: Киевская Русь, викинги, Норвегия, Россия, Смоленск, монеты, деньги, клад, Рачевский, Днепр, Улав, Улаф, Харальд Хардрада .
VIKING-AGE COINAGE REVISITED: NEW NORWEGIAN COINS OF ST. OLAVE AND HARALD HARDRADA FROM SMOLENSK, RUSSIA
Alexander Petrov% Yulia Grigorieva2, Vladimir Galanov3
nNorsk numismatisk forening (Oslo, Norway) e-mail: petrov@infoera . no
2Moscow Aviation Institute (National Research University)
Russia, 125993, Moscow, Volokolamsk highway, 4
e-mail: yulia . grigori@gmail . com
3Smolensk State Museum-Reserve
Russia, 214000, Smolensk, Kommunisticheskaya str., 4
e-mail: sovetnum-vi@yandex. ru
ABSTRACT
Two Viking-Age Norwegian coins discovered in Russia in 2019-2021 have confirmed the long-lasting relations between Norway and Smolensk (then a town on the banks of the Dnieper River in Kievan Rus'). Thus, Smolensk has become the archeologically verified southernmost outlet of the international silver money market, where early Norwegian coins were used . One of those coins - the St. Olave's penning from the Rachevsky Hoard - proved to be the first early Norwegian penning of this type found in the territory of Kievan Rus'.
KEYWORDS: Kievan Rus', Vikings, Norway, Russia, Smolensk, money, coins, hoard, Rachevsky, Dnieper, Olave, Olaf, Harald Hardrada .
The Rachevsky hoard was discovered in 1988 near the Malaya Rachevka river, also known as the Mavrinsky Stream, and had 4,278 whole coins as well as 841coin fragments (ne-
тров, Галанов 2021: 68-72). Most of the coins are Western European silver coins hammered in the X-XI centuries. In the first half of the XI century, the power of Norwegian
kings stretched to the west of the Scandinavian Peninsula and a group of islands in the North. Norway also claimed the royal power in England, and the kings of Norway -Olav Tryggvason, St. Olave and Harald Hardrada - started minting silver coins imitating English penny. Nevertheless, international financial and economic relations between the Smolensk region and Norway under the reigns of Olav Tryggvason, St. Olave and Harald Hardrada were never systematically studied. Even the penetration of Norwegian coins into the financial markets of Kievan Rus as a whole did not receive a systemic overview. An exception was the book of V.M. Potin, a researcher at the State Hermitage Museum, - "Kievan Rus and European States in the X-XIII Centuries: Historical and Numismatic Sketch", which was published in Leningrad (USSR) in 1968. Even there, in contrast to the detailed description of coins from Germany, England, Denmark and a few other countries, the analysis of Norwegian coin finds in Eastern Europe fit on the book only one page (noTUH 1968). This was due to the insignificant number of attributed coins. Norwegian coins in Eastern Europe were registered in 10 discoveries with 19 coins. In Estonia, there were 2 finds with 2 coins, on the territory of Latvia 1 find with 2 coins (their attribution is doubtful), on the territory of Kievan Rus 7 finds with 15 coins.
All hoards with attributed Norwegian coins on the territory of former Kievan Rus were previously discovered only in the Russian Leningrad and Pskov regions. Now Smolensk proved to be included in the Viking-Age Norwegian coin topography. New Norwegian coins have moved the Norwegian currency penetration much further southwards. It is obvious that the Viking-Age Smolensk became a southernmost city for the silver money market, where early Norwegian coins circulated. South of Smolensk the very first pennings from Norway are still not registered. In the book "European Denarii in Rus (X-XII centuries). Part 1. Southern and Southwestern Rus", published in St. Petersburg in 2019, A.R. Mikhelson and O.V. Trostyansky described coins in 13 hoards and 64 single finds. All the studied coins were found on the territory of modern Ukraine. Norwegian pennings were not mentioned there (Muxe.nbcoH, TpocTbAHCKMM 2019).
In the Norwegian coin analysis, V.M. Potin points out that it is the coins of Harald Hardrada that have been found most frequently. Therefore, the coin of his reign identified in the Rachevsky Hoard is quite a natural discovery. On the contrary, the St. Olave's penning from Smolensk is utterly unique. This silver penning let us enlarge the list of Norwegian kings whose coins circulated on the Eastern European markets during the Viking Age. The St. Olave's coin is much older than the coin of Harald Hardrada and confirms the supposed decades-long usage of St. Olave's currency in the international money markets. Moreover, the St. Olave's penning from the Rachevsky Hoard turned out to be the first penning of this type found in former Kievan Rus.
St. Olave
Obverse
+VNLAFI XEX A NOR (+ Unlafi King of Normans)
+VNLAFI - king name UNLAFI
XEX - REX
A - A(N)
NOR - NOR(MANNORUM) Reverse
+ASDRID MO NOR (+ Asdrid Monetary of Normans) +ASDRID - ASDRID MO - MO(NETARIUS) NOR - NOR(MANNORUM)
Harald Hardrada Obverse
ALD RE+EX NO (Harald Ki+ng of Normans)
ALD - (HAR)ALD
RE+EX - REX
NO - NO(RMANNORUM)
Reverse
ON LDO + DII NO HL X ON - IN
LDODII - Lo(n)d(Jn)iJ, locative of Londinium i.e. London NO - NO(RMANNORUM) HL - H(ARA)L(D) X - (RE)X
On the Harald Hardrada coin's reverse side there is a double cross and a shortened Latin inscription "In London Harald King of Normans". On the obverse "Harald King of Normans".
The deciphering we suggest is justified by Harald's dynastic claims to the English throne. He died in the battlefield in England in 1066, as the head of the Norwegian army fighting for the English throne. His desire to legitimize the claims to the English royal power could well have been reflected in his domestic coinage. In Harald Hardrada's view, silver coins hammered in Norway should have carried a vital information about his monetary policies not just as the King of Norway, but also as the King of England. Therefore, this was a proclamation that he acted as a ruler in London.
Approximately at the same time as Kievan Rus merchant class finally consolidated, the St. Olave financial reform was a formative period for further sustainable modernization of Norwegian coinage (nepxaBKo 2000: 17). Harald Hardrada resumed minting coins in Norway around 1047, thus ending a two-decades' pause after death of St. Olave. As a result of his monetary reform, the Kingdom of Norway received, for the first time, large numbers of entirely Norwegian coins: the population of Norway in the XI century was about 150,000 people, and on average there were three silver pennings per capita (Gullbekk, S^ttem 2018: 41; Gullbekk 2011). It is one of those numerous coins that has been found in Smolensk. As a result of the reform, an amount of silver money in the Norwegian domestic market for the first time became predictable, thus positively affecting international trade, exports and imports. As the Rachevsky treasure testifies, the Norwegian pennings of St. Olave and Harald Hardrada got to the remote markets in Kievan Rus.
Norwegian silver money grew in demand along with Kievan Rus growing imports, while the goods from Rus were exported to Byzantium, Hungary, Germany, Poland, the Czech and England (nepxaBKo 2000: 18). Meanwhile, during the XI century, silver as the coin metal continuously reduced in the Rus monetary circulation, especially in the south. To
the north, this shortage was not so acute due to the arrival of the Western European silver coins, which generally explains such great accumulation of various Scandinavian coins in Smolensk. The bulk of the silver money in the Rachevsky Hoard consists of Western European silver denominations of the X-XI centuries, among which there are the two Norwegian pennings. The total weight of the treasure exceeds 12.5 kg of silver, it was hidden in Smolensk around the 60s of the XI century. For monetary production under Harald Hardrada, such amount would have been enough to mint pennings for six months, since 500 kg. of silver was sufficient to hammer coins over 20 years (1047-1066). By Norwegian standards, the value of the silver hoard was incredibly high. So, the international trade in the Smolensk region was conducted on a grand scale involving sufficiently large capitals.
CATALOGUE OF NORWEGIAN COINS IN THE
RACHEVSKY HOARD
St. Olave (1015-1030)
Konge Olav II Haraldsson, Olav Digre (1015-1030)
Type I: Long Cross (c. 1017-1025)
Obv.: bust to the left, king's name and title +VNLAFI XEX A NOR
Rev.: large double cross, mint master name and title +ASDRID MO NOR
1. AR., 1,118 g., 20 mm., peckmarks 0/1. Rachevsky Hoard, USSR, Smolensk, 1988. Stored: Smolensk Museum Reserve, SMZ KP 35809/... (Malmer 1997: 9.198.1113; Skaare 1976: p.61, 63; Skaare 1995: 2). SMZ KP 35809/... (35809 is the number of the Rachevsky Hoard, the coin number is still to be put because of the COVID pandemic)
King Harald III Sigurdsson, Hardrada (1045-1066)
Konge Harald III Sigurdsson, Hardrade (1045-1066)
Type: Triquetra (c. 1047-1066)
Obv.: triquetra, king's name and title + EX NO ALD RE
Rev.: double cross and inscription + DII NO HL X ON LDO
1. AR., 0,847 g., 16,5-17 mm. Rachevsky Hoard, USSR, Smolensk, 1988. Stored: Smolensk Museum Reserve, SMZ KP 35809/... (Adv. Skaare 1995: 12; Rev. Skaare 1976: 65). SMZ KP 35809/... (35809 is the number of the Rachevsky Hoard, the coin number is still to be put because of the COVID pandemic)
Fig . 1. Norwegian penning of St. Olave in the Rachevsky Hoard (Olav Haraldssons s0lvpenning fra Smolensk) ©2022 Smolensk State Museum and Reserve CC BY 4 . 0 Photo: A. Nesterov
Fig. 3 . Penning of Harald Hardrada in the Rachevsky Hoard, obv. (Harald Hardrädes solvpenning fra Smolensk, adv. ) ©2022 Smolensk State Museum and Reserve CC BY 4 . 0 Photo: V. Galanov
Fig. 4. Penning of Harald Hardrada in the Rachevsky Hoard, rev. (Harald Hardrädes s0lvpenning fra Smolensk, rev. ) ©2022 Smolensk State Museum and Reserve CC BY 4. 0 Photo: V. Galanov
ЛИТЕРАТУРА
Михельсон, Тростьянский 2019 - Михельсон А.Р., Тростьянский О.В. Европейские денарии на Руси в X-XII веках. Часть I. Южная и юго-западная Русь . СПб . : НП-Принт, 2019. 396 с .
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Петров, Галанов 2021 - Петров А., Галанов В. Норвежские монеты Улава Здоровяка и Харальда Сурового из собрания Смоленского государственного музея-заповедника: актуальные вопросы международной торговли Смоленщины в XI в . // Край Смоленский. 2021. № 1 . С . 68-72.
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Хейвуд 2017 - Хейвуд Д. Люди Севера: История викингов, 793-1241 / Перевод с английского. М. : Альпина нон-фикшн, 2017.452 с .
Gullbekk 2011 - Gullbekk S.H. Monetisation in Medieval Scandinavia // XIV International Numismatic Congress Proceedings, Nick Holmes (ed. ) . Glasgow, 2011. S . 1458-1463.
Gullbekk, Sattem 2019 - Gullbekk S.H., Sattem A. Norske myntfunn 1050-1319: Penger, kommunikasjon og fromhetskultur. Oslo: Dreyer Forlag, 2019. 566 s.
REFERENCES
Gullbekk 2011 - Gullbekk S.H. Monetisation in Medieval Scandinavia, in: XIV International Numismatic Congress Proceedings, Nick Holmes (ed. ), Glasgow, 2011, pp . 1458-1463 [in English].
Gullbekk, Sattem 2019 - Gullbekk S.H., Sattem A. Norske myntfunn 1050-1319: Penger, kommunikasjon og fromhetskultur [Norwegian coin finds 1050-1319: money, communication and piety culture], Oslo, Dreyer Forlag Publ. , 2019, 566 p . [in Norwegian].
Hejvud 2017 - Hejvud D. Lyudi Severa: Istoriya vikingov, 793-1241 / Perevod s anglijskogo [People of the North: The History of the Vikings, 793-1241 / Translated from English], Moscow, Al' pina non-fikshn Publ. , 2017, 452 p . [in Russian]. Mihel'son, Trost'yanskij 2019 - Mihel'son A.R., Trost'yanskij O.V. Evropejskie denarii na Rusi v X-XII vekah. CHast' I. YUzhnaya i yugo-zapadnaya Rus' [European denarii in Russia in the X-XII centuries. Part I. Southern and Southwestern Russia], Saint-Petersburg, NP-Print Publ. , 2019, 396 p . [in Russian].
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Петров Александр Николаевич
- Кандидат исторических наук, Норвежская нумизматическая ассоциация (Берген, Норвегия; Сергиев Посад, Россия).
Alexander Petrov
- Candidate of Historical Sciences, Norsk numismatisk forening (Bergen, Norway; Sergiev Posad, Russia). petrov@infoera . no
Григорьева Юлия Геннадьевна
- Кандидат исторических наук, Московский авиационный институт (национальный исследовательский университет), кафедра лингвистики и переводоведения И-12 (Москва, Россия) .
Yulia Grigorieva
- Candidate of Historical Sciences, Moscow Aviation Institute (National Research University), Department of Linguistics and Translation Studies I-12 (Moscow, Russia).
yulia . grigori@gmail . com
Галанов Владимир Ильич
- Смоленский государственный музей-заповедник (Смоленск, Россия). Vladimir Galanov
- Smolensk State Museum-Reserve (Smolensk, Russia). sovetnum-vi@yandex. ru
