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rocnoflaproâaHHA. 3MeHi±ieHHA piBHA peHTa6enbHOCTi aKTèâiâ CBiflHèTb neprnoro Heproro npo nepeHarpoMaflœeHHA aKTèâiâ, ïx HeeôeKTèBHe BèKopècTaHHA. PeHTa6enbHicTb BëacHoro KaniTa-ny uiKaBèTb noTeHuiéHèx aêuioHepiâ Ta BnacHèêiâ 6i3Hecy, 3Ha-HeHHA flaHoro KoeôMeHTa câiflHèTb npo iHBecTèuiéHy HenpèBa-6ëèBicTb Ha Hè3bKy eÔeKTèBHicTb Bèpo6HèHoï fliAnbHocTi. To6to Hepe3 HeeôeKTèBHy Bèpo6HèHy fliAnbHicTb, Hepe3 36èTKoâicTb arpoxonflèHrè BiflnyBaraTb fleÔiUèT BnacHèx ÔiHaHcoBèx pecyp-cíb, a ToMy 3MyrneHi BèKopècToByBaTè 3obhíi±ihí flœepena ÔiHaH-coBoro 3a6e3neneHHn, TaKi ak KpeflèTè Ta no3èKè.
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ÏpoTe icHyraTb HèHHèKè, BèKëèKaHi oco6nèBocTAMè cinb-cbKorocnoflapcbKoro Bèpo6HèUTBa Ta cepefloBèùa, b akomó 3fliècHraeTbcn fliAnbHicTb arpoxonflèHriâ, akí Bè3HaHaroTb oco-6nèBocTi ôiHaHcoâoro 3a6e3neHeHHA. flo Hèx HaneœaTb:
- BiflHocHo BècoKèé piâeHb HeBè3HaHeHocTi Ta MiHëèBocTi;
- icHyâaHHA npèpoflHoro pèTMy y Bèpo6HèUTBi;
- flèôepeHuiauin pe3ynbTaTiâ fliAnbHocTi 3aneœHo Bifl rpyH-ToBo-KniMaTèHHèx ómob;
- icHyâaHHA oco6nèBoro yênafly cinbcbKoï MicueBocTi;
- Ha6nèœeHicTb rany3i flo yMoB HècToï KoHKypeHuiï;
- KoHcepBaTè3M cinbcbKoro HaceneHHA;
- BèKopècTaHHA y Bèpo6HèUTBi poflroHocTi, ak xapaKTepèc-TèKè 3eMni;
- oco6nèBocTi flepœaBHoï noniTèKè ùoflo arpapHoro ceKTopy;
- floârocTpoKoâa TeHfleHuiA noriprneHHA yMoB Topriâni b cinbcbKoMy rocnoflapcTBi.
Âèñíîâêè
ÏiflcyMoByraHè, Heo6xiflHo 3a3HaHèTè, ùo flnA 3a6e3neHeH-ha Bèpo6HèHoï fliAëbHocTi arpoxonflèHrè BèKopècToByBanè 3o-bhÍ0hí flœepena, npoTe BèKopècTaHHA 3obhíi±ihíx flœepen ôiHaHcoâoro 3a6e3neHeHHA Mae pAfl no3èTèBHèx Ta HeraTèBHèx ôaKTopiB.
Ïo3èTèBHèM MoœHa BBaœaTè Te, ùo 3'ABëAETbcA ixièpoêa MoœnèâicTb 3anyHeHHA no3èKoBèx 3aco6iâ flnA flocTaTHboro ÔiHaHcoâoro 3a6e3neHeHHA, KpiM Toro 3a6e3neHyeTbcA 3poc-TaHHA noTeHuiany arpoxonflèHriâ npè Heo6xiflHocTi po30èpeH-ha éoro aKTèâiâ i 36inbrneHHA TeMniB pocTy o6cAriâ éoro rocno-flapcbKoï fliAnbHocTi.
HeraTèBHèM e Te, ùo 3anyHeHHA no3èKoBèx koutíb noâ'A3aHo 3 ôiHaHcoBèMè pè3èKaMè, a caMe: 3HèœeHHA ôiHaHcoâoï cTié-koctí Ta BTpaTora nnaTocnpoMoœHocTi; a TaKoœ 3aneœèTb Bifl KonèBaHb KoH'raHKTypè ÔiHaHcoâoro pèHKy. Ïpè 3anyHeHHi ÔiHaHcoBèx pecypciâ o6oâ'A3KoBèM e cnnaTa BiflcoTKiB 3a Kopèc-TyBaHHA 3anyHeHèMè pecypcaMè, ùo HeraTèBHo BnnèBae Ha ÔiHaHcoâi pe3ynbTaTè fliAnbHocTi arpoxonflèHriâ, 3Hèxye flo-xifl arpoxonflèHriâ. KpiM Toro, caM npouec 3anyHeHHA koutíb e cênaflHora Ta floBroTepMiíoBora npoueflypora.
Cnéñíé áééípéñTaíéx flœepeë
1. ¥yfl3b O.e. ÔiHaHcoBi pecypcè cinbcbKorocnoflapcbKèx niflnpè-ëmctb [TeKcT]: MoHorpaôiA / O.e. Tyfl3b. - K.: HHMIAE, 2007. - 578 c.
2. flyêa A.n. ÔiHaHcoBe 3a6e3neHeHHA HayKoBo-TexHiHHoï Ta íhho-BauiéHoï fliAnbHocTi / A.n. flyêa // ÔiHaHcè yKpaïHè. - 2004. - No 11.
- C. 40-46.
3. KaweHKo O.Ë. CècTeMHe ynpaBniHHA ôiHaHciB [TeKcT] / O.Ë. Ka-rneHKo. - CyMè: floBKinnA, 2001. - 98 c.
4. CèHHaK B.n. OpraHi3auiA ÔiHaHcoâoro 3a6e3neHeHHA cinbrocnBè-po6HèêiB 3a yMoB iHTerpauiï y COT / B.n. CèHHaK, T. A. BiHcbKa // 36. HayK. npaub ÏoflinbcbKoro flepœ. arpapHo-TexH. yH-Ty. - T. 2. - 2009.
- Bèn. 17. - C. 684-689.
5. CTeuroK n.A. ÔopMyBaHHA ÔiHaHcoBèx pecypciB cinbcbKorocnoflapcbKèx niflnpèeMcTB [TeKcT] / n.A. CTeuroK // EêoHoMiêa AÏK. -2005. -№11. - C. 111-116.
6. ÔèHaHcû [TeKcT]: yHe6HèK / nofl pefl. B.M. PoflèoHoBoè. - M.: ÔèHaHcû è cTaTècTèêa, 1995. - 432 c.
I. PAVLENKO,
Doctor of Economics, Professor Department of Management of Innovative and Investment Activity,
Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv,
I. TYMCHENKO,
PhD Student, Department of Management of Innovative and Investment Activity, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv
Vertical integration as effective form of Coal industry restructuring: strategic imperatives
The paper defines objective and subjective factors that affect the operation of coal industry. The study determined the lack of complex approach to resolving issues of industry. Established that a significant number of administrative and support staff is inefficient carries out their functions, but the payment of labor this category of employees are needed substantial funds. Analysis of the economic state of most companies showed increase payables and receivables, increase budgetary subsidies, high production cost of coal. Authors formulated features of formation a comprehensive restructuring program that facilitate better the investment climate in the industry. Determined that the creation of a vertically integrated company from the former
© I. PAVLENKO, I. TYMCHENKO, 2015
ÔopMyBaHHfl pMHKOBMX bíahocmh b YKparni № 9 (172)/2015 71
coal mines will help pass sector to self-sufficiency and provide energy balance of fixed the volume of coal. Authors proved basic models of reform of the enterprise based to reduce the budget funding and to ensure social stability in region.
Keywords: vertical integration, restructuring, organizational structure, coal industry, transaction costs.
1.1. ПАВЛЕНКО,
д.е.н., професор кафедри менеджменту iнноваи/йноï та ¡нвестицмно'! щяльност!, Ки1вський нацональний университет¡м. Тараса Шевченка,
1.П. ТИМЧЕНКО,
аспiрант кафедри менеджменту iнновацйноï та iнвести^йноïдяльност!, Кивського нацонального унверситету ¡м. Тараса Шевченка
Вертикальна ¡нтегращя як ефективна форма реструктуризацм вугшьно! промисловосл: стратепчш ¡мперативи
У статт визначено об'ективнi та суб'ективнi фактори, що впливають на функцюнування вугльноï промисловост'1. До-спдженням встановлено в'1дсутн'1сть системного подходу до розв'язання проблем галуз'1. Встановлено, що значна к!ль-ксть адм^стративного та допом'жного персоналу неефективно виконуе сво'1' функцИ', однак на оплату прац uieï категорИ' працвниюв необхiднi значн кошти. Аналiз економiчноï стану б'1льшостi п>дприемств показав зростання дебпорськоï та кредиторсько'1' заборгованост'1, зростання бюджетних дотаций, високу собiвартiсть вуплля. Встановлено, що створення вертикально iнтегрованоïкомпанн ¡з колишн'к вупльних шахт допоможе перейти галуз на самоокупн>сть та забезпечити енергетичний баланс держави фксованими обсягами вуплля. Обгрунтовано основн альтернативи реформування п!д-приемств з урахуванням скорочення бюджетного фнансування та забезпечення со^ально!' стабльност в регiонi.
Ключов'1 слова: вертикальна Ытегра^я, реструктуриза^я, органiзаuiйна структура, вугльна промисловсть, трансак-цйн! витрати.
И.И. ПАВЛЕНКО,
д.э.н., профессор кафедры менеджмента инновационной и инвестиционной деятельности,
Киевский национальный университет им. Тараса Шевченко,
И.П. ТИМЧЕНКО
аспирант, кафедры менеджмента инновационной и инвестиционной деятельности, Киевский национальный университет им. Тараса Шевченко
Вертикальная интеграция как эффективная форма реструктуризации угольной промышленности: стратегические императивы
В статье определены объективные и субъективные факторы, влияющие на функционирование угольной промышленности. Исследованием установлено отсутствие системного подхода к решению проблем отрасли. Установлено, что значительное количество административного и вспомогательного персонала неэффективно выполняет свои функции, однако на оплату труда этой категории работников необходимы значительные средства. Анализ экономического состояния большинства предприятий показал рост дебиторской и кредиторской задолженности, рост бюджетных дотаций, высокую себестоимость угля. Установлено, что создание вертикально интегрированной компании из бывших угольных шахт поможет перейти отрасли на самоокупаемость и обеспечить энергетический баланс государства фиксированными объемами угля. Обоснованы основные альтернативы реформирования предприятий с учетом сокращения бюджетного финансирования и обеспечения социальной стабильности в регионе.
Ключевые слова: вертикальная интеграция, реструктуризация, организационная структура, угольная промышленность,
TpaHcaKU/AOHHbie M3flepxKM.
Problem statement. Restructuring of the coal industry is a strategic challenge for Ukraine's economy. Under the conditions support operations against terrorism, 61% of enterprises that remaining on the territories under control, the country lost anthracite mine, some companies were subjected to flooding and can not be recovered. Mines that remain reduced to the minimum volume of production, increased receivables for sold products, of wages, generally entries factors contribute to the growth of social tension.
Economic crisis of makes it impossible to finance coal industry from the state budget, there is a need to review and create new economic program of reforming area. Priority of should be self-sufficiency and suspension finance industry. Coal industry is a strategic factor of energy security and plays an important role in increasing the competitiveness of the national economy.
The further development of coal industry is impossible without updating state program that will regulate investment and innovation policy, environmental, protectionist with the
aim of restructuring - access to self-sufficiency industrial enterprises and termination of state support for area. Global trends establishment of vertically integrated state-owned companies in the energy sector as a tool to reduce transaction costs is relevant for Ukraine.
Analysis of recent studies and publications. The study of on reforming coal industry in the context of the definition of strategic alternatives for its further development, those engaged in domestic and foreign scientists: A. Amosha [1, 2] L. Starichenko [1, 2] I. Yampolsky, IV Pavlenko, L. Rassuzhday A. Yanovsky, N. Kononenko, Gerasymchuk D., L. Aruzi [3] D. Black [4] A. Bryan, S. Walker [5] R. Davidson, M. Cuba, S. Foterhill, D. Heller and others. Application of vertical integration as one of the most effective forms of restructuring are the subject of research of scholars such as A. Williamson [6] V. Zakharchenko, G. Kozachenko, R. Coase [7], D. North and R. Greenberg, M. Dzhakobayds [8], John. Wallace and others.
72 Формування ринкових вщносин в УкраУнл № 9 (172)/2015
Purpose of this paper. Aim of the paper is to determine the evaluation of strategic alternatives for restructuring the coal industry priority in the formation of vertically integrated structures in the context of sustainable economic development and reduction of public funding.
The main part. Critical state of coal industry caused by several factors, so how objective and subjective (Fig. 1, Fig. 2). However, this is not the whole list of factors. The main of them is in our view the absence of a systematic approach to solving the problems of the coal industry. Issues absence of an effective owner, sufficient investment to overcome the crisis, the inadequacy of price of coal production costs are key, after solving them can move on to problems such as the loss-making mines, low volume production, upgrade the technological level of enterprises, greening production, implementation of clean coal technologies and others.
Consider the structure of the coal industry, relating to Minenergouglya (Fig. 3). Total number of employees is 60,000 of which 52,000 - is directly miners, the other eight thousand workers support services, repair enterprises, research & project organizations. This number of administrative staff and support workers were not properly fulfilled its function and the
absence of of appropriate funding in general is inefficient, the cost of it can be attributed to non-profit - loss. Thus, the question of optimization human resources policy in coal industry: There are several ways to solve it: first, is the reduction all administrative personnel are not properly fulfilled its tasks and recruitment of the estimated need for each company; secondly, the release of only those personnel services operation which does not affect the profitability of coal enterprises. In most cases unprofitable state-owned mines with low power layers and high cost of production, to the missing mines that produce coal grade «A».
State mines produced for the first quarter in 2015 - 1650 t. of coal, 2040 tons of the plan, as we see the plan implemented by only 76%, while the indebtedness for goods shipped 998.1 mln. UAH., general receivables of 1405.0 mln UAH. The increase of receivables caused growth payables: at the end of the first quarter it is 8 967.0 mln. UAH, including 2 201.0 mln. UAH. - for electricity and 1 222.0 mln. UAH. - for salary.
As we see the increase of accounts payable does not coincide with the level of receivables, the industry is unprofitable for losses and necessary expenses of the state budget. the amount of spending increases each year (Figure 4)., in 2013
Figure 1. Objective factors influencing the coal industry*
* Compiled by author.
Figure 2. Subjective factors influencing the coal industry*
* Compiled by author.
ÔopMyBaHHfl pèHKOBMX b^hocmh b YKpaÏHi № 9 (172)/2015 73
Figure 3. Structure of coal enterprises that subordinated Minenergouglya at the beginning of 2015
* Compiled by the author based on [9].
it achieved 15.3 bln. UAH., about 2014, the amount of expenditures decreased due to the loss of 55 companies and total or temporary stop operating.
The appropriations industry in the following amounts is ineffective: if consider the structure of state financing of enterprises, it appears, that cost recovery - Is 85% of the funds investments - 3%, labor - 10% payable - 1%. 85% of the funds - to cover the cost, indicates the high cost of coal in 2014, it amounted to 1600 UAH. for 1 ton, the market, the price was 1,100 UAH. for 1 ton, the state pays the difference. Significant investments will not update any production facilities or technology market is not effective.
Considering the foregoing is possible to define key issues state enterprises in the coal industry:
- low competitiveness and investment attractiveness of enterprises due to the high cost of coal, a large accounts payable and high sulfur content, which reduces export potential;
- outdated mining assets that require significant funds for its renewal;
- considerable loading on the state budget through cost recovery of coal production, which is caused by imbalance of the market which makes it impossible to the break-even mining;
- long term implementing programs to close unprofitable mines due to lack of funds for the social security of the population of the regions.
The basic task of the state is to develop an integrated program of restructuring of the coal industry, the characteristic features of which should be:
- implementation of effective of marketing policy (refocusing CHP to coal);
- encouraging investments in industry to optimize of production processes and upgrading the coal mining assets;
- sale of coal to CHP of state share;
- the use of clean coal technologies (further processing of energy coal).
In our view, it is advisable to form and to consider some alternatives to the restructuring of the coal industry, which will be based on the principles of sustainable development, economic efficiency.
The essence of the first alternative is planned development of the coal industry with complete control of the state, with constant funding for the restructuring of the state budget - and for covering partially the cost of finished marketable products and conservation of mines.
Disadvantage of this is the lack of alternative of economy of public funds, a significant load on the state budget, which is important in terms conducting of counterterrorist operation, but in the absence of government subsidies have negative economic, social and environmental consequences, the elimination of which requires much more financial costs.
The advantage is a complete state control over the sector, determine the volume of mining production for fuel balance state, the pricing of products and tariffs.
Second option implies the full privatization of promising mines and their development through private investment, and the closure of unprofitable and resources exhausted mines by government funding.
Figure 4. State funding for the coal industry
* Compiled by the author based on data [10].
74 OopMyBaHHA pmhkobmx bíahocmh b YKparni № 9 (172)/2015
The downside of this alternative is the inability to regulate the production, which is unacceptable in terms of foreign policy challenges, to enhance energy security. The absence of government regulation may cause instability in the coal industry, plant closures, dismissal of employees and environmental disasters.
This strategic alternative is attractive in terms of absence in respect of the field at the side of the state. State finances the social protection of employees, processes, mine closure and liquidation of ecological consequences of their closure.
The third alternative is available by optimization of state support restructuring of the coal industry, the growth of production through optimization of state support and the transition to self-sufficiency by 2020. At forecasting of development of the coal industry appropriate to provide the termination of state subsidies for the industry, attracting private investment to ensure energy security. Considering the economic conditions in country it is advisable to abolish public financing in the second half of 2016, enterprises of the industry will operate in market economy conditions.
Disadvantage of this alternative is cost overruns or spending in the coming year due to state budget in crisis and funding the final stage of restructuring can not be executed due to lack of funds. Consequently, for effective implementation of profitable state support need to use new approaches to optimization of state subsidy coal industry.
Restructuring of the coal industry should be performed based on the principles of optimization, conservation and liquidation of coal enterprises.
In our case, optimization is characterized by formation of an efficient organizational structure, personnel release by administrative and support staff. According to offered restructuring program 24 mine (perspective) - Industrial reserves of coal are 1.0 milliards t - to transfer to self-sustaining a profile and to transfer to the State coal company - vertically integrated structure that controls coal assets, with the exemption are subject 7424 employees.
Conservation implies complex operations relating to cessation of functioning of mines due to economic inexpediency economic activity for a long period, with the possibility of recovery upon the occurrence of favorable economic conditions. Under such conditions it is advisable to transfer 5 mines in conservation because they require significant amounts of capital investment and have a low potential forecasted production.
The elimination process implies output available resource mines and their closure provided further loss of business. 6 state mines where there are no explored in commercial reserves of coal and end the existing reserves of coal and capital-intensive process of production is subject to the physical elimination of the current year (Fig. 5) while the exemption covered 6008 employees.
Formation of a vertically integrated company need for centralized decisions on energy policy in the coal industry, regulation of coal production correlated with the energy balance state, implementation of environmental programs areas fulfill international requirements according to Kyoto Protocol, to ensure social security redundant employee and implementation strategic innovation development programs
The elimination
6 mines
Inventories 26,470,000. tons.
The number in water outflow mode - 75 people.
Conservation 5 mines Inventories -151.0 mln. Tons. The number in the mode of water outflow -1200 people.
State enterprise "State coal company" 24 mine. Inventories - 1.098 bin. tons. The number - 42,106 people.
Figure 5. Optimization of restructuring process of coal industry*
* Compiled by the author based on data [11].
Figure 6. Structure of enterprises after restructuring*
* Updated the author based on data [11].
ÔopMyBaHHA pèHKOBèx b^hocmh b YêpaÏHi № 9 (172)/2015 75
taking into account the structure of territorial complexes. Therefore, the elimination seven of administrative apparatus of production units of state enterprises with a reduction in administrative staff 733 employee an effective means of of economy public funds. According to the geographic structure of production management are three: West, Donetsk and Lugansk and formation the independent allocation of four state enterprises as separated units SE «State coal company» (Fig. 6) with a total of 42,106 employees and explored reserves 1,100 million tons of coal.
The transfer of mines to conservation and elimination lead to the release of a significant number of employees, so necessary to develop social security programs. One aspect of process of elimination and conservation of mines is optimization of ancillary companies, focus their activities on innovative technology, industry funding for institutions involvement in the production of intellectual, resource and scientific-technological potential.
Social challenges require thoughtful actions, because social tension in the coal regions is high, social security employees, must first be used to repay arrears of wages and the further employment.
Since the release falls under 13,432 employee are 1989 work in the mines in pumping mode, 7363 employees retire, still 4080 employees in need of social guarantees. Analyzing international experience appropriate to use the program, which at one time used Poland, Germany and the United Kingdom, namely of disposable providing of economic assistance in the form of payment of wages for five business organization; also paid annually within five years 80% compensation payroll employees laid off from the mines covered by the conservation and liquidation.
According to current legislation social support laid— off workers provides training, retraining and qualification; employment of Employment Service to vacant jobs; of disposable payment of unemployment benefit for the organization of business; employment compensation through single social contribution. Overall social support laid-off workers needs about 1129.34 mln. UAH. As finance the restructuring occur from the funds state budget spending optimization 20152016, would be approximately 8.5603 billion. UAH: funds will be primarily focused on: capital construction (completion Novovolynsk mine number 10); technical upgrading, the cost of cost; arrears of wages; expenditure on social security and labor protection; the cost of a restructuring program.
Conclusions
Thus, the implementation of the program optimize the process of restructuring the coal industry should ensure that tasks such as, firstly, the formation of investment-attractive, competitive, profitable state coal company, which since 2020 will be able to carry out economic activities without state subsidies; secondly, the effective implementation of programs of social support of employees of coal enterprises that subject to conservation and elimination; thirdly, reducing administrative staff in coal enterprises, ancillary enterprises and other non-core institutions in the optimization of their work; fourth,
reduce the cost of coal production and increase production volumes; fifthly, to increase in the next five years funding for programs social support of employees, the environment, health and restructuring of the coal industry; sixth, to optimize government support industry and of specialized enterprises activities; seventh, ensuring the stability of coal production that is necessary to maintain a sufficient level of energy security and of state power, high-quality products.
Management of assets of the coal industry in the structure of vertically integrated companies will promote the formation of sustainable socio-economic base of structural changes in the industryoperating activity, restoration of vertical and horizontal technological links between enterprises and strengthen the scientific and methodological support of organizational change.
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