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0VARIOUS SPECIALIZES OF ATHLETS AND THEIR MENTAL SELF-REGULATION
KOLOSHKINAVALENTINA ANATOLYEVNA
Vitebsk educational institution of the Order "Badge of honor" State Academy of Veterinary
Medicine Vitebsk, Republic of Belarus
KABANOV YURI MIKHAILOVICH
Vitebsk educational institution of the Order "Badge of honor" State Academy of Veterinary
Medicine Vitebsk, Republic of Belarus
DUDAREVA INNA MIKHAILOVNA
Vitebsk educational institution of the Order "Badge of honor" State Academy of Veterinary
Medicine Vitebsk, Republic of Belarus
Annotation. This article discusses research aimed to clarify how certain typical personality traits and psychological qualities of sportsmen of various specializations manifest themselves, their influence on the effectiveness of competitive activities.
Keywords: sports, sprint groups, process of sports activity.
Introduced. Until now, a unified general idea of the predominant manifestation of specific personality traits among representatives of various sports, which could be used in constructing their psychographic characteristics, has not been actually created.
The general properties of an individual were those that characterized its orientation, attitude to labor and sports activities towards people, themselves, and social phenomena (for example, citizenship, responsibility, diligence, sociability, responsiveness, courage, self-control in life situations, etc.) General personality traits are formed and manifested both in normal living conditions and in sports training and competition. The specific features of the personality are formed and manifested in the process of many years of training and participation in competitions in a certain sport under the influence of specific conditions and requirements characteristic of it. These include striving for high sports achievements and overcoming large loads, an increased level of sports claims, emotional stability in competitions, the ability to regulate negative (unfavorable) mental states in terms of performances and training sessions, etc. The level of formation of specific personality traits largely depends on the importance of the chosen type of sports activity, interest in success. Most of the general specific personality traits of athletes are in a positive relationship, but some may be in negative dependence (for example, such volitional qualities as courage, perseverance, initiative) [1, p.10-15; 2, p.182- 183; 3, 4].
Material and methods. Research has shown that great importance for the successful implementation and improvement of technical actions in various types of athletics has the character of mental self-regulation included in this process, in particular, emotional regulation, as well as focus of attention or on external objects - external type, or internal, i.e. mental form - internal type. It was established that for athletes who specialize in different types of athletics and systematically achieve high athletic performance, characterized by a certain combination of general and specific personality characteristics, parameters of emotional regulation and focus of attention. We consider these characteristics in more detail.
Sprint groups. According to the general personality traits of high-class athletes, this group is distinguished from less qualified athletes and representatives of other types of athletics with lower emotional stability, a tendency to lead, high self-control behavior; according to the specific properties of the personality, the ability for self-regulation and a high level of sports motivation, mental stability in the process of performance. This group is characterized by specific competitive emotional stability, which differs significantly from the corresponding indicator of athletes of other specializations. Its
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specificity lies in the fact that the maximum of emotional mobilization causes a certain decrease in emotional stability to the action of the accompanying competitive environment of stress factors (noise, spectators, rivals, judge, etc.), which can also lead to false starts. At the same time, the coincidence of the moment of the beginning of the performance of a competitive action with the moment of maximum emotional mobilization contributes to the achievement of a high sports result. Apparently, such a relationship has a steady trend, so one of the most important tasks of a coach is to teach an athlete to distract from external stimuli by the time he starts. According to the psychological characteristics of an individual technique, sprinters are characterized by the implementation of installation tasks in a speed - force mode, which is facilitated by the formation of an explosive type of regulation of emotional arousal with an internal focus of attention in the process of sports activity [2]. Research has shown that great importance for the successful implementation and improvement of technical actions in various types of athletics has the character of mental self-regulation included in this process, in particular, emotional regulation, as well as focus of attention or on external objects - external type, or internal, i.e. mental form - internal type. It was established that for athletes who specialize in different types of athletics and systematically achieve high athletic performance, characterized by a certain combination of general and specific personality characteristics, parameters of emotional regulation and focus of attention. We consider these characteristics in more detail.
Sprint groups. According to the general personality traits of high-class athletes, this group is distinguished from less qualified athletes and representatives of other types of athletics with lower emotional stability, a tendency to lead, high self-control behavior; according to the specific properties of the personality, the ability for self-regulation and a high level of sports motivation, mental stability in the process of performance. This group is characterized by specific competitive emotional stability, which differs significantly from the corresponding indicator of athletes of other specializations. Its specificity lies in the fact that the maximum of emotional mobilization causes a certain decrease in emotional stability to the action of the accompanying competitive environment of stress factors (noise, spectators, rivals, judge, etc.), which can also lead to false starts. At the same time, the coincidence of the moment of the beginning of the performance of a competitive action with the moment of maximum emotional mobilization contributes to the achievement of a high sports result. Apparently, such a relationship has a steady trend, so one of the most important tasks of a coach is to teach an athlete to distract from external stimuli by the time he starts. According to the psychological characteristics of an individual technique, sprinters are characterized by the implementation of installation tasks in a speed - force mode, which is facilitated by the formation of an explosive type of regulation of emotional arousal with an internal focus of attention in the process of sports activity
Results and discussion. Endurance Group. For the general personality traits of athletes of this group are characterized by: a high level of leadership, self-control, increased anxiety; for specific personality traits - a high level of competitive emotional stability, the ability to regulate one's mental state, a significant sporting motivation, contributing to the full dedication of the runner in training and competition. In the group of endurance runs there is a wide variety of types of regulation of emotional arousal, and more often than others there is a mixed version of the implementation of the installation tasks. However, it should be noted some advantages of the speed variant over the power variant with an equal type of regulation of emotional arousal and mixed orientation of the psyche in activity.
Athletics throwing group. The general personality traits of throwers are characterized by emotional stability, decisiveness, and lower anxiety than, for example, in jumpers. The complex of specific properties of the personality of the thrower is distinguished by a high level of sports motivation, the ability to self-regulate, mental stability in competitive conditions, and specific competitive emotional stability. For athletes of this group, the speed-power method of solving installation tasks is characteristic, with a mixed type of regulation of emotional arousal and a pronounced inner mental orientation in activity.
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Group of athletics jumps. Athletes of this group have such common personality traits as emotional stability, decisiveness, a tendency to lead, a high level of self-control behavior. The specific properties of a jumper personality are characterized by a high level of sports motivation and self-regulation, the ability to arbitrarily regulate shifts in the emotional, motor and vegetative spheres. In the group of speed - power types of athletics (sprint, jumping, throwing) only this complex of specific personality traits, in which, apart from the above properties, specific competitive emotional stability everywhere, can provide an athlete with the opportunity to "explode" in a certain short period of time. For athletes, jumpers are characterized by a pronounced speed version of the implementation of the installation tasks, which contributes to the formation of an explosive type of regulation of emotional arousal with an internal mental orientation in the activity [3].
Athletics group all-around. Track and field athletes have a pronounced desire for domination, leadership, they are distinguished by determination, a high level of self-control. They are emotionally stable in competition, able to regulate their condition, mentally stable, although not always sporty motivated during a two-day competitive marathon, which, apparently, is connected with the need, in this kind of athletics, the ability to distribute strength on all types of all-around; especially important are the stability of emotions in the competitive environment, the ability to regulate in the emotional, motor and vegetative spheres. In track and field multiathlon, a variety of sports disciplines require athletes to display certain qualities inherent to sprinters, jumpers, throwers, and racers. Nevertheless, it is possible to note the tendency to choose a speedy way of implementing installation tasks, a mixed type of regulation of emotional arousal with an internal type of focus of attention in activities.
Conclusion. Thus, in the process of many years of preparation, a complex of specific psychological qualities of a highly qualified athlete is formed, including general and specific personality traits, optimal individual ways of performing emotional regulation and distribution of attention, contributing to the effective performance of sports activities.
Studies of personality traits and mental self-regulation of athletes in athletics can be used to compile model psychological characteristics, identify the most optimal combinations of their indicators for activities, compare individual psychological indicators of athletes with them, evaluate their capabilities, and develop ways to improve weak links. in the psychological preparedness of athletes training.
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