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Bulletin of Medical Internet Conferences (ISSN 2224-6150)
2021. Volume 11. Issue 12
ID: 2021-12-28-T-19472 Тезис
Tyan A.L.
Vaccination: Some Facts from the History
Saratov State Medical University n.a. V.I. Razumovsky Scientific supervisor: Rodionova T. V.
The practice of immunisation dates back hundreds of years. Buddhist monks drank snake venom to confer immunity to snake bite. The Chinese used inoculation techniques for smallpox as early as 1000 AD in the following way: physicians gave children dried crusts from the lesions of people with smallpox. While some developed immunity, others developed the disease. By the 1700s variolation had spread to Africa, India and the Ottoman Empire, followed by the UK and America, where the method of vaccination was a skin puncture.
The first vaccine was introduced by British physician Edward Jenner, who in 1796 used the cowpox virus to confer protection for smallpox in humans. In 1798, the first smallpox vaccine was developed. Following the findings of Jenner as the first scientific attempt to control disease by vaccination, the smallpox vaccine went through many iterations, with the newer vaccines produced by modern cell culture techniques.
The first laboratory-created vaccine was developed for avian cholera by Louis Pasteur, French chemist and microbiologist, in 1879. In 1881 he demonstrated immunization for anthrax by injecting sheep with a preparation containing attenuated forms of the causative bacillus. In 1885, Pasteur created the rabies vaccine, beginning an active period of vaccine development for human illnesses: against typhoid (1899), cholera (1911), diphtheria (1914), tuberculosis (1921), tetanus (1924), etc. Vaccines for polio (1955), measles (1963), mumps (1967) and rubella (1969) followed in the mid-20th century, an active period for vaccine research and development. Methods for growing viruses in the laboratory led to rapid discoveries and innovations. Chemical inactivation began to be applied to viruses: inactivated vaccines for polio, hemophilic influenza type B, hepatitis A, meningitis and encephalitis were developed.
Bacteriological and chemical analysis showed that many pathogens were surrounded by a polysaccharide capsule and that antibodies could promote phagocytosis. The first use of this information to make a vaccine was the development of meningococcal and pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccines. All of the capsular polysaccharide vaccines generated serum antibodies that prevented bacteremia, with resulting control of both invasive infections and spread of the pathogenic microorganisms.
Keywords: history, vaccination, protection against diseases
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