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Abdykadyrova Suita.R.
Ph.D., Associate Professor Osh State University Osh, Kyrgyzstan Mamatalieva A. master's student Osh State University Osh, Kyrgyzstan
USING PARALINGUISTICS MEANS IN O. HENRY'S STORIES
Abstract
This study is devoted to the analysis of paralinguistic means in O. Henry's short stories. The purpose of this work is to study and analyze the language of nonverbal communication. The authors examined the use of paralinguistic means from the point of view of their reflection in a literary text using the example of O. Henry's short stories. The paper presents the features of the use of sign language in fiction using the example of the works of O. Henry.
Key words:
nonverbal language of communication, nonverbal communication, sign language, paralinguistics.
Абдыкадырова Сюита Рысбаевна
к.ф.н., доцент Ошский государственный университет Ош, Кыргызстан Маматалиева А. магистрант
Ошский государственный университет Ош, Кыргызстан
ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕ ПАРАЛИНГВИСТИЧЕСКИХ СРЕДСТВ В РАССКАЗАХ О.ГЕНРИ
Аннотация
Данное исследование посвящено анализу паралингвистических средств в рассказах О. Генри. Целью данной работы является изучение и анализ языка невербального общения. Авторы рассмотрели использование паралингвистических средств с точки зрения их отражения в художественном тексте на примере рассказов О. Генри. В статье представлены особенности использования языка жестов в художественной литературе на примере произведений О. Генри.
Ключевые слова:
невербальный язык общения, невербальное общение, язык жестов, паралингвистика.
Introduction. The growing interest of representatives of various areas of the humanities and social sciences in the study of the problem of communication in general, non-verbal communication in particular, is due to the fact that the sphere of communication occupies more and more space in the life of society. This situation predetermines the reason for the growing attention to the role and place occupied by paralinguistic components in interpersonal relationships, to the problem of communication as an element of social
integration. The sphere of communication occupies more and more space in the life of society. Every day people come into contact with each other, and it is speech, as a method of communication, that is the defining feature that distinguishes humans from animals. However, communication occurs not only through verbal contact. People convey information through the use of gestures, facial expressions, and postures.
Literature review. Therefore, the fact that paralingualisms are considered today as structure-forming components of speech activity is an indisputable reality and has its place. reflected in the works of such famous linguists as R. Jacobson, O. Sauvageau, R. Barth, C. Blanche-Benveniste, N.I. Zhinkin, E.A. Zemskaya, and others.
Methodology, results. In our work we widely use the following research methods:
1. Analysis and synthesis of material on the research problem;
2. Classification of paralinguistic means;
3. Generalization of the conclusions of analytical and empirical research.
Enough books have been written on the topic of nonverbal communication. The first book on body language was written in 1792 by the Swiss writer and theologian I. C. Lavater. The essay "Physiognomy" is the first to describe the dependence of a person's properties on his face and body. Many writers used this research to create images of their heroes. The most influential work is considered to be the work of Charles Darwin, "The Expression of the Emotions in Men and Animals," published in 1872. Charles Darwin wrote: "...expressive movements of the face and body contribute to the power of language...". It was this work that stimulated modern research in the field of nonverbal communication, and many of Darwin's ideas are recognized today by scientists around the world [1]
G.E. Kreidlin refers to gestures as "individually taken non-verbal units, which, in addition to the actual gestures - movements of the arms and legs, include facial expressions, postures and body movements" [2, c.101].
Now this phenomenon is the subject of study in various disciplines. Our work is at the intersection of two sciences - sociology and philology and reflects the growing interest of the humanities and social sciences in the problems of communication in general and non-verbal communication in particular.
The language of nonverbal communication includes the following elements:
- gait is a person's style of movement; By gait you can judge a person's well-being, his character, and
age.
posture is the position of the body. Posture shows how a given person perceives his social status in relation to the status of other persons.
-gestures are various movements of the hands and head.
- facial expressions are the movements of facial muscles that reflect a person's feelings at a certain moment.
In philology, paralinguistics deals with the means of nonverbal communication - a branch of linguistics that studies nonverbal means that, together with verbal ones, convey semantic information as part of a speech message, as well as the totality of such means. Paralinguistic means are not part of the language system and are not speech units, however, to one degree or another, they are represented in each speech unit, accompanying speech [3, c.22]
Our most famous book today is Allan Pease's book "Body Language". Allan Pease believes that nonverbal communication is usually spontaneous and unintentional. The effectiveness of communication between people is determined not only by the degree of understanding of the interlocutor's words, but also by the ability to correctly evaluate facial expressions, gestures, and postures of the participants in communication, that is, to understand the language of nonverbal communication. This language allows the participants in the dialogue to understand how they really feel about each other. A. Pease identifies basic
communicative gestures that are not recorded by our consciousness, but fully convey a person's mood and thoughts [4].
The use of paralinguistic means occupies a large place in fiction. One of the main tasks facing the writer is to create a reliable living space of the work, therefore the presence of paralinguistic phenomena in the text becomes an integral element of the reflection of reality. They emphasize the dynamism of artistic action, dramatize the narrative, and through them the author's concept becomes clearest. Having analyzed O. Henry's short stories, we conducted a study to determine which paralinguistic means the writer uses most often in his stories, and how the characters' gestures can be interpreted from the point of view of the classification of gestures.
For research we took several short stories
1. "Penny Fan."
Gesture - jaw tension:
Reflects the hero's internal tension, thoughtfulness -...he bit his lip with a dull pain at his heart...
Hair fingering gesture:
Reflects the internal state of the heroine, her indifferent attitude - ...said Masie, patting her side curls...
2. "Tildy's Debut"
Gesture expressing impatience:
Shows the excitement of the characters, their desire to see the girl as soon as possible - ... they writhed in their chairs to gaze around and over the impending form of Tildy...
Gesture expressing excitement:
Indicates the hero's embarrassment, his confusion - He plunged one hand into his hip pocket and the other into a fresh pumpkin pie.
3. "The Roads We Choose"
Expression of surprise:
In this case, it makes sense only in the context of the work - .he raised both hands in a gesture such as accompanies the ejaculation «Do tell!"
In fulfilling the task set for ourselves, in this work we studied the history of the issue and made the following conclusions:
1) The language of nonverbal communication is a phenomenon that is the subject of study in many disciplines, such as sociology, psychology, philosophy, philology.
2) In the process of interaction between people, from 60 to 80 percent of communication is carried out through non-verbal means of expression (gestures, facial expressions, etc.), and only 20-40 percent of information is transmitted using verbal ones.
3) Having studied the book by A. Pease "Body Language", we learned what non-verbal elements we should pay attention to in order to better understand the interlocutor.
We also studied scientific publications on the use of paralinguistic means in literary text and can claim
that:
1) The language of non-verbal communication, being an essential element of communication, occupies a large place in fiction in general, and in the works of O. Henry in particular.
2) The gestural behavior of the characters in O. Henry's stories is unusually diverse and the pages of his works describe commonly used gestures that have a stable meaning.
Examples from O. Henry's short stories can illustrate the most detailed classification of gestures, which we did using the material from A. Pease's book "Body Language."
Conclusions. Thus, having studied a large number of scientific publications on the use of non-verbal communication in works of art, we found that issues related to the reflection of paralinguistic phenomena in
literary text are in the initial stages of development; therefore, research in this area is extremely relevant. A paralinguistic approach to the interpretation of a work of art allows you to look at the text from a new position and provides the most vivid characterization of the characters in the work. References
1. Darwin, Ch. Expression of emotions in humans and animals / Ch. Darwin. — Text: electronic // World of Psychology: [website]. — URL: http://www.persev.ru/book/ch-darvin-vyrazhenie-emociy-u-cheloveka-i-zhivotnyh (date of access: 05/24/2023).
2. Kreidlin, G. E. Nonverbal semiotics: Body language and natural language. / G. E. Kreidlin. — Text: immediate // New Literary Review. - 2002. - No. 39. - P. 592.
3. Gorelov, I. N. Nonverbal components of communication / I. N. Gorelov. — 4th ed. - Moscow: LIBROCOM, 2009. - 112 p. — Text: direct.
4. Pease, A. Body language. / A. Piz. - Moscow: Eksmo, 2012. - 448 p. — Text: direct.
5. Henry, O. Short stories / O. Henry. — Text: electronic // American Literature: [website]. — URL: https://americanliterature.com/author/o-henry (access date: 05/24/2023).
© Abdykadyrova S.R., Mamatalieva A., 2024
