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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.20534/ESR-16-9.10-253-255
Karlibaeva Gu mira Ermekbaevna, Karakalpak State University named after Berdakh, candidate of the philological sciences E-mail: tleuniyazova@inbox.ru
Using metaphors in the works of the great poet-classic Ajiniyaz
Abstract: The article deals with the study of the lexical stylistic device — metaphor in the poetic works of the famous Karakalpak poet-classic of the XlX-th century Ajiniyaz. Individual genuine metaphors are of a great importance, because they are coined by the poet and show the peculiarities of the individual style of the poet.
Keywords: metaphor, language metaphor, figurative metaphor, individual genuine metaphor.
Ajiniyaz Kosibay Uli is one of the greatest Karakalpak poets of the XlX-th century who made great contribution to the development of the Karakalpak poetry and the East poetry as well. His poetic works are well-known not only to the Karakalpak people, but to the Uzbek, Kazakh, Turkmenian and other peoples. The President of the Republic of Uzbekistan I. A. Karimov, appreciating the talent of the poet, writes that "The bright lyricism of Ajiniyaz is the unfaded artistic monument of the youth, beauty and good" [1, 1].
Ajiniyaz Kosibay Uli (his pen name was Ziyar) was born in 1824 in Muinak region in the village of the Kiyat and Ashamaili in the place "Kamis boget", the lower reaches of the Amu-Darya river on the Southern shore of the Aral Sea. His father Kosibay was a poet, he knew the history of his country well and he was fond of hunting. His mother Nazira was a sharp-tongued and witty woman of her time. Ajiniyaz was fond of poetry and read with great interest the masterpieces of the oriental classical literature: Nizami, Dekhlevi, Navoi, Fizuli, Hafiz, Saadi, Mashrab, Andalib, Makhtumkuli and others. The time of his study in Khiva was the period of the flourishment of his poetic talent, here he got acquainted with the works of the Arab, Pharsi and Turkic literature: Agakhi, Munis, Bayaniy, Kamil, Shunasiy, Maznab [4, 10].
Ajiniyaz was greatly impressed by the poems of Dekhlevi, he called him "The Indian magician". As Dekhlevi and Navoi, Ajiniyaz tried to find rich, changeable, flexible dynamic forms corresponding to the themes of his poems. One of the famous Karakalpak scholars — academician M. K. Nurmukhamedov writes that "It's impossible to analyze the peculiarities of the poetic works by Ajiniyaz without knowing the works of Navoi, Fizuli and other poets" [4, 16]. Ajiniyaz left us the invaluable works, the heritage consisting of many lyrical poems. The study of the expressive means and stylistic devices in the lyricism of Ajiniyaz is of a great importance and one of the actual issues in Karakalpak Stylistics. The main aim of this article is to study a metaphor- one of the lexical stylistic devices based on the principle of identification of two objects. The term metaphor means transference of some quality from one object to another. From the times of ancient Greek and Roman rhetoric the term has been known to denote the transference of meaning from one word to another.
Metaphors, like all stylistic devices, can be classified according to their degree of unexpectedness. The famous Karakalpak scholar, professor E. Berdimuratov distinguishes three types of metaphor: 1) language, trite metaphors, which are commonly used in speech; 2) figurative metaphors, which are absolutely unexpected, unpredictable and 3) individual, genuine metaphors which are subjective, they are usually coined individually by certain writers and poets [2, 23]. In the lyrical poems by Ajiniyaz there are different types of metaphor [3]. In the following lines we can see metaphors:
1. Саргайып керинген дагныц кулаги, Дегрэсинде элуан-элуан булагы ... [2, 113] The mountain's ear, yellow and round, With colourful clouds around.
2. Дэулетиц жылдан, Мецеш, жылга толсын, Озицниц вмиржасыцузин болсын. [2, 223] Menesh, let your life be long,
I wish you luck in my song.
3. Ма^тангандай бул кагаздыц жузине... [2, 105] It's worth praising on the paper's face...
4. Кара дагньщ уша басы,
Карлы болур, ^арсыз болур. [2, 131] On the top of the mountain There is white snow, Or there snow there is no.
In the lines given above, there are language, trite metaphors: дагныц кулагы (mountain's ear), вмир жасыцузын болсын (let your life be long), кагаздыц жузине (paper's face), дагныц уша басы (on the top of the mountain). They are time-worn and well rubbed into the language. They help the poet to enliven his work and even make the meaning more concrete.
Ajiniyaz was skill in using figurative and individual, genuine metaphors. The topic of Motherland and love for his country takes an honorary place in the lyricism of the poet. In the following example from the historical poem "Bozatau", he describes the country, using a metaphor:
Ел ;эм жер билэндур, жер ;эм ел билэн, Жерсиз елдиц вмири дэрбэдэр билэн, ©мир етти ЖYректеги шер билэн, Щэдириц сениц бизге втти, Бозатау. [2, 26] A country is in unity with land, The land cannot be without a country now A country cannot live without land. We love and miss you, Bozatau.
The poem conveys the spirit of patriotism with great force, therefore it became the hymn of the Karakalpak people in their struggle for freedom and independence. Philosophic thoughts and ideas about the role and meaning of a man in the society are in the centre of attention in his poems.
Ajiniyaz is one of the poets who spent the most part of his life travelling to other countries. After graduating from Khiva madras-sahs Ajiniyaz had been travelling for several years in Kazakhstan, he also was in Turkmenistan. Being far away from his native country, the poet missed and expressed all his feelings and love in his poems. As a poet — humanist he looked forward to the happy future of his people. Many poems devoted to the country were written in the
Section 12. Physics
form of narration. They are: "Ellerim bardi" (It's my country), "Dau-ran bolmadi" (There wasn't time), Megzer" (It's like), "Barmeken" (If there is), "Bardur" (There is), "Kashkash" (Tulips), "Khoshlasiu" (Saying good bye) and others. The poem "Ellerim bardi" was written on the request of one of the richest men in Kizil-Horde Khojban, when Ajiniyaz was in Kazakhstan. He tells about his country and people with love and proudness:
1. Сейлегенде шекер етер свзицди, Кергенде биймагрур етер езицди, Базары тойдырар еки квзицди,
Лэйли, ЗYлэйхадай ^ызлары барды. [2, 33]
When you speak to them
They make your words sweet
When you see them
You are lost, indeed.
Spring flashes your eyes
Their girls as Layli, Zuleykha, so nice.
2. Аналар, йыгламац квз жасты твгип, Кезицди яшартып, багрыцды свкип, Кдйгы-;эсирет билэн ;эм нардай шекип, Жолга ^арап, гам шекпециз, аналар [2, 61]. Mothers, don't cry, shedding tears,
Your hearts are full of grief and sadness, Making you bend like camels in loneliness.
3. Щанлы яшца толып еки квзлериц, Капалы^та саргайып тур йузлериц, Багрымны тиледи айт^ан сезлериц, Кдйгыу-;эсиретте ЖYрген аналар [2, 62]. Your eyes are full of bloody tears,
Sadness your face wears. Your words made me sad.
The examples given above may serve as illustrations of figurative metaphors: in the 1-st example: шекер етер свзицди (make your words sweet means "meaningful, effective"), тойдырар еки квзицди (flashesyour eyes means "to delight"), in the 2-d example: багрыцды свкип (hearts are full of grief and sadness). The metaphor may also be developed through a number of contributory images so that the whole of the utterance becomes one sustained metaphor. A skillfully written example of such a metaphor we see in the 3-d example from the poem "Mothers" by Ajiniyaz. The central image- mothers is developed through a number of images: цанлы яшщ толып еки квзлериц (your eyes are full of bloody tears), саргайып тур йузлериц, (sadness your face wears), багрымны тиледи (your words made me sad).
Individual genuine metaphors deserve attention for the investigation, they differ from the common-used language metaphors by additional connotative meanings. In his lyrical works Ajiniyaz writes not only about the humanistic ideas, moral ideas, dreams and sufferings of the people, but also about the beauty and charming of the Karakalpak women. In the poems devoted to love and women "Gozzallar", "Bir periy", "Harkimsening yari bolsa", "Bir Janan", "Beri kel", "Bozatauli nazalim" we find a lot of examples of metaphor and some techniques of versification used by the great Uzbek poets Alisher Navoi, Mashrab and others. In his poems we find the rhyme "Khachu" which was widely spread in the oriental versification and many allusions on Farhad and Shirin, Leyli and Medjnun from the books ofA. Navoi.The lyrical works ofAlisher Navoi became a "guiding star" for Ajiniyaz [4, 14-15]. Ajiniyaz used different types of metaphor, describing and creating the portraits of beautiful girls and women:
Жаца зордан свнген журектиц отын,
Кайтадан жандырып кеттиц, сэудигим [2, 26].
The fire in my heart
Put out just now,
You blazed up in my heart
Again my beloved, now.
©мир ^лим, кеуил тогым, Журегиме салган шогым, Кермей сенбес жанган отым, Кэдирданым, сен ^айдасац... Та^ат етпей шыбын жаны, Журектиц гилти ^айдасац... [2, 58] Where are you, my dear? Your're a flower in my life, You make me happy Blazing up a fire in my heart The soul is intolerant Where is the heart's key ? I ask you, thee.
Жанын алсын жэллад квзи, Хош мYлайым болсын ези... [2, 62] Caught by suffering eyes, Let him be gentle and wise.
Сени керип яр ^умары тутанды,
Хабарыц бер пэрийзадым, йол болсун... [2, 49].
Seeing you, the passion blazed up
In the heart of a beloved, once.
Oh, beauty, quickly wake up,
Give him your answer at once.
In the lines given above there are individual genuine metaphors: свнген журектиц отын (the fire in my heart put out just now), журегиме салган шогым (blazing up a fire in my heart) журектиц гилти (the heart's key), жанын алсын жэллад квзи (caught by suffering eyes,) тутанды (the passion blazed up), which have the subjective character and we can see them only in the poetic works by Ajiniyaz.
The novelty, distinguishing features and peculiarities of the poetry of Ajiniyaz is in introducing into the Karakalpak poetry of such genre forms and poetic devices as gazel, mukhammas, masnauiy, mu-rabba, aytis and rubaiy. Speaking about the unrepeated lyricism of Ajiniyaz, the outstanding Karakalpak poet I. Yusupov writes: "Ajiniyaz has both: the deep knowledge and culture of the poet. Every his work presents the whole world. His poetry is clear like a river's water, subtle like a flower, his ideas are meaningful and make our hearts feel" [6, 5]. In his poem "Sing me Ajiniyaz song" he writes:
Айт сен Эжинияздыц ^осыцларынан! Жыласын яр ыш^ы бауырын кескенлер. Ециресин елинен айра тускенлер, Айт сен Эжинияздыц ^осыцларынан! Sing me Ajiniyaz song! Let those cry whose hearts Were pierced by an arrow of the bow Parting with Motherland and sorrow Sing me Ajiniyaz song! [5, 18].
The works by Ajiniyaz were published in the collections of poems in the Karakalpak, Uzbek, Russian languages and even in Georgian in the book «Idet Djeon» in 1970. Now they are being translated into English and in our article we have used the translations of some his works from Karakalpak into English [5]. Transla-
tions of the works of the great poet into English will give the people all over the world good opportunities to get acquainted with the creative work of the famous Karakalpak poet.
Coming to the conclusion, we can say that the main peculiarities of the creative work of Ajiniyaz are the following:
- he made great contribution not only to the development of Karakalpak written literature and folklore, but to th development of oriental poetry as well;
- a stylistic device metaphor was widely used by the poet in his works;
- he enriched the Karakalpak poetry by the individual genuine metaphors, which characterize the individual style of the poet, he
was skill in using different types of metaphor, especially figurative and individual, genuine metaphors;
- it should be emphasized, that in translations of the poet's works from Karakalpak into English, the interpretors tried to keep his style and use of the stylistic device metaphor.
The poet's love to the Motherland, humanistic ideas, subtle lyricism and great poetic skill let him reach to the top of the Karakalpak poetry. The heritage of the poet-classic, his well-known epigram "The best creation of the world is a human-being" (Бул дуньяньщ керки адам баласы) remain valuable today, they play a great role in the upbringing and education of the young generation in our country.
References:
1. Karimov I. A. The speech in honour of the jubilee- the 175-th anniversary of the poet Ajiniyaz. The newsapaper «Erkin Karakalpakstan», December 21, - № 150 (17278), - 1999.
2. Ajiniyaz. Selected works. Nukus, Publishing house «Karakalpakstan», - 1988.
3. Berdimuratov. E. Modern Karakalpak language. Lexicology. Nukus, - 1994.
4. Kalimbetov A. Lyricism ofAjiniyaz. Tashkent, - 1981.
5. Rzaeva R. K. Issues of literary translation. (a reading book for the students of general educational schools, academic lyceums, colleges and higher educational institutions). Nukus, NSPI, - 2015.
6. Yusupov I. The poet singing the people's sorrow and a person's dreams. The article in the book: Ajiniyaz. Selected works. Nukus, Publishing house «Karakalpakstan», - 1994.
