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2. Представлена схема (рисунок) бунтовой площадки для складирования хлопка-сырца с
объемом бунта 2 800 м3 и весом до500 600 тонн.
Список литературы / References
1. Усманов Д.А. Исследование эффективности очистки хлопка-сырца от сорных примесей // Дисс. канд. техн. наук. Ташкент, 1981.
2. Холмурзаев А.А., Тохиров И.Х., Охунжонов З.Н. Движение летучки хлопка-сырца в зоне от вершины колка до отражающего козырька.// Проблемы современной науки и образования, 2019. №11(144). С. 57-59. [Электронный ресурс]. Режим доступа: https://cyberleninka.ru/artide/n/dvizhenie-letuchki-hlopka-syrtsa-v-zone-ot-vershiny-kolka-do-otrazhayuschego-kozyrka/ (дата обращения: 13.02.2020).
3. Усманов Д.А., Каримов Р.Х., Полотов К.К. Технологическая оценка работы четырехбарабанного очистителя. // Проблемы современной науки и образования, 2019. № 11 (144). С. 40-32. [Электронный ресурс]. Режим доступа: https://cyberleninka.ru/artide/n/tehnologicheskaya-otsenka-raboty-chetyrehbarabannogo-ochistitelya/ (дата обращения: 13.02.2020).
4. Усманов Д.А., Умарова М.О., Жумаев Н.К. Построение графика проекций поверхности отклика для типа барабана и формы сороудаляющей сетки очистка хлопка-сырца. // Проблемы современной науки и образования, 2019. № 11 (144). С. 48-50. [Электронный ресурс]. Режим доступа: https://cyberleninka.ru/artide/n/postroenie-grafika-proektsiy-poverhnosti-otklika-dlya-tipa-barabana-i-formy-soroudalyayuschey-setki-ochistitelya-hlopka-syrtsa/ (дата обращения: 13.02.2020).
5. Усманов Д.А., Умарова М.О., Абдуллаева Д.Т., Ботиров А.А. Исследование эффективности очистки хлопка-сырца от мелких сорных примесей./ / Проблемы современной науки и образования, 2019. № 11 (144). С. 54-57. [Электронный ресурс]. Режим доступа: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/issledovanie-effektivnosti-ochistki-hlopka-syrtsa-ot-melkih-sornyh-primesey/ (дата обращения: 13.02.2020).
6. Холмурзаев А.А. Формообразование и оптимальное проектирование оболочек на жесткопластическом основании: автореф // Дис. канд. техн. наук, 1992. Т. 5. № 01.
7. Усманов Д.А., Холмурзаев А.А., Умарова М.О., Валихонов Д.А. Исследование формы сороудалительной сетки колково-барабанного очистителя хлопка-сырца // Проблемы Науки, 2019. № 12-1 (145). URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/issledovanie-formy-soroudalitelnoy-setki-kolkovo-barabannogo-ochistitelya-hlopka-syrtsa/ (дата обращения: 13.02.2020).
8. Хусанбоев А.М., Ботиров А.А., Абдуллаева Д.Т. Развертка призматического колена. // Проблемы современной науки и образования, 2019. № 11 (143). С. 60-62. [Электронный ресурс]. Режим доступа: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/razvertka-prizmaticheskogo-kolena/ (дата обращения: 13.02.2020).
USEFUL PROPERTIES OF MINERAL FERTILIZERS FOR AGRICULTURE Mamajonov G.G.1, Tursunova D.I.2, Nurmatova Z.N.3 Em ail: [email protected]
'Mamajonov Gaybullo Gayratjohn ogli — Teacher, STORAGE TECHNOLOGY AND PRIMARY PROCESSING OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS DEPARTMENT; 2Tursunova Dilnozakhon Isroiljohn qizi — Student; 3Nurmatova Zulaykho Nabijohn qizi — Student, DIRECTION: CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY, FACULTY OF CHEMISTRY AND TECHNOLOGY, FERGANA POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE, FERGHANA, REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN
Abstract: the article under discussion deals with the issues of competent use of mineral fertilizers in agriculture. The authors of the article believe that mineral (chemical) fertilizers in agriculture are
used on vast areas, where they are more effective than organic. The competent application of mineral fertilizers in agriculture directly affects the yield. Even the most fertile soil is depleted over the years if it is constantly used for crops. It is possible to replenish stocks by applying special fertilizers. They will increase yields even on small areas, improve the taste and appearance of agricultural products. Keywords: mineral fertilizers, application, yield, increase, agriculture, sowing, fertile soil, extensive, efficient, improve, stock.
ПОЛЕЗНЫЕ СВОЙСТВА МИНЕРАЛЬНЫХ УДОБРЕНИЙ ДЛЯ СЕЛЬСКОГО ХОЗЯЙСТВА Мамажонов Г.Г.1, Турсунова Д.И.2, Нурматова З.Н.3
'Мамажонов Гайбулло Гайратжон угли — преподаватель, кафедра технологии хранения и первичной переработки сельскохозяйственной продукции;
2Турсунова Дилнозахон Исроилжон кизи — студент;
3Нурматова Зулайхо Набижон кизи — студент, направление: химическая технология, химико-технологический факультет, Ферганский политехнический институт, г. Фергана, Республика Узбекистан
Аннотация: данная статья рассматривает вопросы грамотного использования минеральных удобрений в сельском хозяйстве. Авторы статьи считают, что минеральные (химические) удобрения в сельском хозяйстве используются на обширных угодьях, где они проявляют большую эффективность по сравнению с органикой. Грамотное применение минеральных удобрений в сельском хозяйстве напрямую отражается на урожае. Даже наиболее плодородная почва с годами истощается, если постоянно использовать ее под посевы. Восполнить запасы можно, применяя специальные подкормки. Они позволят повысить урожайность даже на небольших площадях, улучшат вкус и внешний вид сельскохозяйственной продукции.
Ключевые слова: минеральные удобрения, применение, урожай, повышать, сельское хозяйство, посев, плодородная почва, обширный, эффективность, улучшать, запас.
UDC 66'.'6
Currently, many farmers and agricultural workers use fertilizer to increase the yield of their fields, but few people know what a particular type of fertilizer is for. This article will be useful for all agricultural workers, in a convenient, readable form.
Mineral (chemical) fertilizers in agriculture are used on vast areas where they are more effective than organic fertilizers. Chemicals are produced by industrial methods. The main categories are phosphate, potash and nitrogen compositions with one active component, as well as complex additives with a combination of active substances. A separate group - microfertilizers containing zinc, iodine, manganese, iron and other components [1].
Competent application of mineral fertilizers in agriculture directly affects the yield. Even the most fertile soil is depleted over the years if it is constantly used for crops. It is possible to replenish stocks by applying special fertilizers. They will increase yields even on small areas, improve the taste and appearance of agricultural products.
Considering that the size of areas under crops on the planet is decreasing and the population is growing, one way to prevent the food crisis is to actively use chemical fertilizers in agriculture. Initially, farmers increased their yields by applying organic substances - compost and manure. These means were effective for some time, but not enough to meet the growing demand for agricultural products. Then scientists took up the task and invented chemical compositions that could saturate the soil with the right components.
For the effective application of chemical fertilizers in agriculture, it is important to consider the acidity of the soil. Most crops prefer a neutral or weak pH. The acidity factor can be adjusted by applying lime formulations. A similar problem can be solved, but for alkaline soils a plaster mixture helps.
The most popular mineral fertilizers in agriculture are nitrogen. They are made by synthesis of ammonia from oxygen with hydrogen (practically from air). Hydrogen is obtained from oil, natural gas and coke. The cost of producing nitrogen fertilizers is high due to energy costs. They produce nitrate and ammonium nitrogen supplements. The former are used on any soil regardless of the climate. The latter are used together with lime components because of their high acidity. Phosphate complexes are
made of natural phosphorites and apatite, as well as metal industrial waste. Difficult, water- and citrate-soluble phosphorus-containing chemicals (vivianites, superphosphates, precipitates respectively) are produced.
When using fertilizers in agriculture, potassium compounds are necessarily used. This is a popular element in farmers, produced by processing of potassium salt. There are raw and concentrated formulations that dissolve well in water.
Taking into account the number of active components, double, mixed, triple, complex compositions in granules, liquid form and suspensions are distinguished in complex supplements. Scientists have proved that the use of chemicals is the only way to preserve soil fertility today. Without the use of chemicals, the soil would have lost its fertility in the middle of the 20th century.
The global production and consumption of mineral supplements is growing annually, the largest use is in Japan, the Netherlands, the UK, South Korea and France [2].
The level of yield and the amount of supplements per 1 ha of land are in direct correlation. The highest dosage is used in France, England and also in Holland. The statistics speaks for itself: in terms of grain yields France reaches 74 cents per 1 ha, the UK - 70, and Holland - a record 83 cents. Such efficiency was achieved by an exclusively integrated approach - strict dosing of fertilizers, the use of pesticides and quality special equipment [3].
In addition to dosing, it is important to take into account the specifics of the production and storage of fertilizers for effective use. The State Standard regulates all kinds of supplements. If one of the parameters is exceeded, it is impossible to apply the composition in practice. The standard takes into account such properties and characteristics as:
• Hygroscopicity. The maximum threshold is 10 points. Nitrate is almost the highest, potassium chloride - 3.5 points, potassium sulfate - 0.2 points. The most hygroscopic compositions should be protected from moisture during transportation and storage as much as possible;
• Flowability - affects the possibility of use in seeders;
• Traceability. The maximum level - in powder superphosphate. When stored for a long time, it is tracked to a very strong stone.
The listed and other properties are determined by agronomists-chemists and indicated as a particle size distribution. In addition, the strength of the granules and such an indicator as dispersibility is assessed. The results obtained are used to calculate the dosage, to indicate recommendations for storage and use of fertilizers.
References / Список литературы
1. Khujaeva D.U., Tursunova D.I., Isakov S.R., Usmanalieva S.Sh. Impact of food production industry on the environment // Vestnik nauki i obrazovaniya, 2019. № 13-2 (67). [Electronic Resource]. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/impact-of-food-production-industry-on-the-environment/ (date of access: 17.03.2020).
2. Bondarenko A.M., Kachanova L.S. Forecast of the technological processes development of the organic fertilizers production and application in agriculture (in Russian) // Izvestia OGAU, 2018. № 2 (70). [Electronic Resource]. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/prognoz-razvitiya-tehnologicheskih-protsessov-proizvodstva-i-primeneniya-organicheskih-udobreniy-v-selskom-hozyaystve/ (date of access: 17.03.2020).
3. Levchenko G.V., Makarov S.A., Tyurin I.Yu., Dugin Yu.A. Condition of the organic fertilizers loading in agriculture// MPEIZh, 2016. № 1-3 (43). [Electronic Resource]. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/sostoyanie-pogruzki-organicheskih-udobreniy-v-selskom-hozyaystve/ (date of access: 17.03.2020).
