CC BY
78USE OF PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS
Shakhnoza Tohirovna Karshieva
Master student of foreign languages and literature (English) Chirchik state pedagogical institute
ANNOTATION
The present article has reviewed an overview of phraseological terms and analysis by various scholars in the field. Attempts have been made to prove theories through examples of phraseological terms.
Keywords: phraseological units, phraseological terms, idioms, phrases, sayings, wise sayings, etc.
INTRODUCTION
Phraseology is the study of the phraseological structure of language in its current state and historical development. The object of phraseology is the phraseological unit. The lack of general ideas about the object of phraseology and the inconsistency of terminology make it significantly difficult to study it. The inclusion of proverbs, parables, and catchphrases in the phraseological structure is the most controversial. Phraseologisms reflect the worldview, national culture, customs and beliefs, fantasy and history of the people who speak it. Phraseology is the study of descriptive words in the field of linguistics, such as idioms, phraseological verbs, and other types of lexical units. Each language has its own phraseological units, and these units arise and continue to form from the culture, way of life and customs of each language or nation of that language. The essence of the object of phraseology is still debated among linguists. Therefore, differences in views are observed in the interpretation of phraseological units.
LITERATURE REVIEW
According Professor A.V. Kunin, "Phraseology is the science of phraseological units, that is, about stable combinations of complex semantic words that cannot be created by creating structural-semantic models of variable compounds."
Not every phraseological term can be translated directly. According to Collins (author of the Books of English Idioms), the phraseological units of English used in written and oral speech today are an important part of the language that enriches and adorns the language. It is also an important and well-founded element that should be used with care in a particular language. Careful use is an important warning, as a
speech full of phrases loses its charm. Although they are brought in ready for speech, their frequent repetition loses the luster of speech and causes it to become obsolete. It is also impossible to understand the general meaning of these words through their meaning.
It is also difficult to find the exact equivalent when translating phrases from English to other language. In general, the origin and use of each phraseological term depends on the culture of the language nation. Accordingly, there have been various discussions about the naming of phraseological terms, and the terms are found differently. For example:
- set expressions
- phrases
- set phrases
- fixed word groups
- collocations.
METHODOLOGY
The stability of phraseological units is the degree to which the various aspects of the phraseological level do not change.
Minimum stability indicators at the phraseological level:
- sustainability of use, that phraseological units are not only individual expressions used by one or another author, but language units that are common property in a particular language community;
- structural-semantic stability based on the stability of the lexical structure of phraseological units, their structural-semantic modeling. It is formed both structurally and semantically according to models specific to a particular stage of language development.
- stability of lexical structure of meaning and phraseological units, fully or partially revised.
- syntactic stability of phraseological units in a stable word order.
It should be noted that the full or partial revision of the direct meaning of the components, the stability of their application, the structural and semantic modeling are combined with the following phenomena, depending on the type of phraseological units:
- invariability of lexical structure of phraseological units;
- existence of the same invariant meaning in phraseological variants;
- existence of semantic invariant, general meaning with possible differences in structural synonyms;
- variant phraseological units have a lexical invariant, an irreplaceable important word;
Many Russian scholars use the term Phraseological units, introduced by Academician Vinogradov. Western scholars use the term idioms, but according to Russian linguistics, it is only a part of the phraseological units. Russian scientist V. Vinogradov semantically classifies phraseological units based on their meaning and divides them into 3 types:
1. Phraseological fusions are units, the general meaning of which cannot be deduced from the meaning of the word structure. The meaning of phraseological fusions is considered to be unmotivated at the present stage of language development. red tape (bureaucrats), a mare's nest (distraction)
2. Phraseological unities - these are expressions, the meaning of which can be deduced from the structure of words. The general meaning will be based on the figurative meaning. to show one's teeth, to stand to one's guns. They are motivational expressions.
3. Phraseological collocations - these are phraseological compounds that are not only motivated, but one of the words is used in the correct sense, and the other is figurative to meet requirement to attain success.
Professor A.I. Smirnitsky classifies phraseological units structurally and characterizes them semantically and grammatically as highly idiomatic word descriptors that function as word equivalents. It offers 3 types of phrases available:
1. Traditional phrases (nice distinction, rough sketch);
2. Phraseological combinations - phraseological structures (to fall in love, to get up);
3. Idioms- idioms (to wash one's dirty linen in public);
The second group divides into two more subgroups:
1. one-top phraseological units, ie consisting of one key word;
a) verb: to give up, to bring up, to try out, to look up, to drop in, etc;
b). to be helper: to be surprised, to be up to, etc;
c) prepositional conjunctions: by heart.
2. two-top phraseological units, composed of compound words. These units can be equated to a noun, a verb or a form:
brains trust, white elephant, blind alley;
to know the ropes, to take place;
ups and downs, rough and ready, flat as a pancake;
Professor A.V.Kunin, on the other hand, distinguishes phraseological units, phraseological units, and mixed cases. Phraseological units change their meaning in
whole or in part, and phraseological units are used in its literary sense. They are both characterized by phraseological stability, which differs from free phrases and compound words. Prof. A.V. Kunin developed the theory of stagnation in the following ways:
1. Stability of usage- a phraseological unit that is ready to be processed in speech that is not created in speech;
2. Lexical stability is a composition of partially or completely unique phraseological units in phraseological variation.
3. Semantic stability is based on the lexical stability of phraseological units. Despite some changes, the meaning of the phrase is preserved. It can be strong, weak, clear or vague.
4. Syntactic stability. In this case, the characteristics of phraseological units can be as follows:
1. Prepared copy;
2. Structural division;
3. Morphological instability;
4. Lexical content does not change;
5. Semantic unity;
6. Syntactic flexibility.
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, it should be pointed out that the evidence shows that when two languages come into contact with each other, the language shift situations will occur including lexical, phraseological terms. Language contact takes place in situations. It is clear from the above classifications that all sentences and phrases used in a figurative sense and ready to enter speech are phraseological units and include all fixed units, proverbs and sayings, phrases and idioms. The phraseological layer of each language is formed on the basis of the culture, customs and way of life of the language nation and enriches its language. Phraseology is an extremely complex phenomenon, the study of which requires a specific research method, as well as the use of other disciplines - lexicology, grammar, stylistics, phonetics, language history, history, philosophy, logic and regional studies. Linguists differ on a number of phraseological problems, and this is natural. Nevertheless, the important task of linguists working in the field of phraseology is to unite efforts and find a common language in the interests of both phraseological theory and the practice of teaching foreign languages. The phraseological fund of the English language is so large that its full study does not fall within this scope of work. Nevertheless, using the example of
phraseological units considered, it is possible to clearly imagine how different the semantics and expressiveness of phraseological units in modern English are. There are now many phraseological units in the English language, both in the UK and throughout the world, thanks to the literary works of writers and poets. But it should not be forgotten that the English language has also received many phraseological units from the history and culture of different countries of the world.
REFERENCES
1. Kunin A.V. English phraseology. Theoretical course. - M., 1981.
2. Kunin A.V. Modern English phraseology. - M .: International Relations, 1996.
3. Kunin A.V. English-Russian phraseological dictionary. 3rd edition, Stereotype.
4. Smirnitskiy A.I. Lexicology of English. - M., 1996.
5.Vinogradov V.S. Introduction to Translation Studies. - M., 2001.
6. Kunin A.V. Курс фразеологии современного английского языка. - M. 1986.
7. Narimonova Z. On the translation of phraseological expressions. - T .: UzMU collection. 2007.
8. Sapir, Edward. Language, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014. Print.
9. Ellis, R.(2000). Task-based research and language pedagogy. Language Teaching Research, 4(3), 193-220.
10. Harmer, Jeremy. 2007. How to Teach English. Edinburg. Pearson Longman.
11. Oxford dictionary of idioms Published in the United States by Oxford University Press Inc., New York © Oxford University Press 1999, 2004
12. Raxmatullayev Sh. Phraseological dictionary of the Uzbek language. - T .: General edition of encyclopedias. 1982.
