CC BY
19DOI: 10.6060/ivkkt.20216402.6300 УДК: 577.114.4
ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕ ПЕНТОЗАНСОДЕРЖАЩЕЙ ФРАКЦИИ НЕЙТРАЛЬНЫХ ЛИГНОСУЛЬФОНАТОВ ДЛЯ ПОЛУЧЕНИЯ ПРОИЗВОДНЫХ ФУРАНА
И.А. Четвертнева, О.Х. Каримов, Г.А. Тептерева, Э.Р. Бабаев, Н.С. Тивас, Э.М. Мовсумзаде
Ирина Амировна Четвертнева
ООО «Сервисный Центр СБМ», Университетский просп., 12, Москва, Российская Федерация, 119330 E-mail: [email protected]
Олег Хасанович Каримов
Кафедра физической химии МИРЭА - Российский технологический университет, пр. Вернадского, 86, Москва, Российская Федерация, 119571 E-mail: [email protected]
Галина Алексеевна Тептерева*, Наталия Сергеевна Тивас, Эльдар Мирсамедович Мовсумзаде Кафедра общей, аналитической и прикладной химии, Уфимский государственный нефтяной технический университет, ул.Космонавтов, 1, Уфа, Российская Федерация, 450062 E-mail: [email protected]*, [email protected], [email protected]
Бабаев Эльбей Расимович
Институт химии присадок им. Ак. А.М. Кулиева НАН Азербайджана, Баку, Беюкшорское шоссе, 2062-й квартал, Баку, Азербайджанская Республика, AZ1029 E-mail: [email protected]
В статье описана технологическая возможность и дана условная схема получения на основе углеводной части нейтрального лигносульфоната таких полезных продуктов, как фурфурол, фуран, тетрагидрофуран, свойства которых имеют ряд существенных физико-химических отличий от свойств лигносульфоната, получаемого в результате сульфитных варок. В статье рассматриваются особенности ароматической и углеводной составляющих нейтральных лигносульфонатов, мономерные звенья ароматической части, структура по-лисахаридных компонентов углеводной части, а также лигноуглеводной матрицы, характеризующей их сочетание в макромолекуле лигносульфоната. На этом основании изучена и экспериментально реализована возможность использования нейтральных ЛСТ в качестве пентозансодержащего сырья. В экспериментальной части статьи предложена методика фракционирования лигносульфонатов, в нашем случае лигносульфонатов нейтрально-сульфитного способа делигнификации древесного сырья. Пробы нейтрального лигносульфоната, который являлся объектом исследования, подвергали щелочному гидролизу, после чего проводили фракционирование методом эксклюзивной хроматографии или гель-фильтрации на Сефадексе марки 100. В качестве элюента использовалась вода. Фракции отбирались по объему, состав фракций, как ароматической, так и углеводной определяли методом УФ-спек-троскопии. Критерием состава фракции являлось наличие или отсутствие пиков на спектрограмме в области длин волн, характерных для гидроксильных фенольных групп ароматической части нейтральных лигносульфонатов и моносахаридов класса пентоз. Объединенные полисахаридные фракции, представленные, в основном, ксиланами (пентозаны), подвергались экстракции в органический растворитель с последующей разгонкой и отбором по температурам кипения фурансодержащих соединений. Составлен материальный баланс процесса получения производных фурана на основе пентозансодержащей составляющей нейтральных лигносульфонатов.
Ключевые слова: лигносульфонат, лигноуглеводная матрица, гель-фильтрация, пентозаны, фу-ранпроизводные
USE OF PENTOSAN-CONTAINING FRACTION OF NEUTRAL LIGNOSULFONATES FOR OBTAINING FURANE DERIVATIVES
I.A. Chetverneva, O.Kh. Karimov, G.A. Teptereva, E.R. Babaev, N.S. Tivas, E.M. Movsumzade
Irina A. Chetverneva
Service Center SBM LLC, Universitetskiy ave., 12, Moscow, 119330, Russia E-mail: [email protected]
Oleg Kh. Karimov
Department of Physical Chemistry, MIREA - Russian Technological University, Vernadsky Avenue, 86, Moscow, 119571, Russia E-mail: [email protected]
Galina A. Teptereva*, Natalia S. Tivas, Eldar M. Movsumzade
Department of General, Analytical and Applied Chemistry, Ufa State Petroleum Technical University, Cos-monavtov st., 1, Ufa, 450062, Russia
E-mail: [email protected]*, [email protected], [email protected] Elbay R. Babayev
Academician A.M. Guliyev Institute of Chemistry of Additives NAS of Azerbaijan, Beyukshor Highway, Block 2062, Baku, AZ 1029, Republic of Azerbaijan E-mail: [email protected]
The article describes the technological possibility and gives a conditional scheme of obtaining, based on the carbohydrate part of neutral lignosulfonate, useful products such as furfurol, furan, tetrahydrofuran, properties which have a number of significant physicochemical differences from the properties of lignosulfonate obtained as a result of sulphite brews. The article discusses features of aromatic and carbohydrate constituents of neutral lignosulfonates, monomeric units of aromatic part, structure of polysaccharide components of carbohydrate part, as well as lignocar-boxylic matrix characterizing their combination in macromolecule of lignosulfonate. On this basis, the possibility of using neutral LSTs as pentose-containing raw materials was studied and experimentally realized. The experimental part of the article proposes a method offractionation of ligno-sulfonates, in our case lignosulfonates of the neutral-sulfite method of delignification of wood raw materials. Samples of the neutral lignosulfonate that was the subject of the study were subjected to alkaline hydrolysis, after which fractionation was carried out by exclusive chromatography or gel filtration on Sephadex grade 100. Water was used as eluent. Fractions were taken by volume, the composition of fractions, both aromatic and carbohydrate, was determined by UV spectroscopy. The criterion for the composition of the fraction was the presence or absence ofpeaks on the spectrogram in the wavelength region characteristic of the hydroxyl phenolic groups of the aromatic part of neutral lignosulfonates and monosaccharides of the pentose class. The combined polysaccharide fractions represented mainly by xylanes (pentosans) were extracted into an organic solvent, followed by distillation and boiling of the furan-containing compounds. Material balance of the process of producing furan derivatives based on pentose-containing component of neutral lignosulfonates is drawn up.
Key words: lignosulfonate, lignocarboxylic matrix, gel filtration, pentosanes, furan derivatives
Для цитирования:
Четвертнева И.А., Каримов О.Х., Тептерева Г.А., Бабаев Э.Р., Тивас Н.С., Мовсумзаде Э.М. Использование пенто-зансодержащей фракции нейтральных лигносульфонатов для получения производных фурана. Изв. вузов. Химия и хим. технология. 2021. Т. 64. Вып. 2. С. 73-80 For citation:
Chetverneva I.A., Karimov O.Kh., Teptereva G.A., Babaev E.R., Tivas N.S., Movsumzade E.M. Use of pentosan-containing fraction of neutral lignosulfonates for obtaining furane derivatives. Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved. Khim. Khim. Tekhnol. [Chem-ChemTech]. 2021. V. 64. N 2. P. 73-80
It is known that LST is the lignin derivative. LST is a by-product of wood pulping (delignification) and the main substance of sulfite liquor. The composition of sulfite liquor is complex and quite diverse, moreover, it highly depends on the method for deligni-fication of wood.
The lignin macromolecule is a symbiosis of aromatic and carbohydrate components connected by various bonds and it can be represented as a product of polymerization of p-hydroxycinnamic alcohols - p-Coumaryl (I), Coniferyl (II) and Sinapyl (III), which are primary structural units of lignin [1-4].
The formation of the lignin macromolecules in a plant (lignification) is a system of complex biological, biochemical and chemical processes. The carbohydrate part of the macromolecule is cellulose and hemi-cellulose [4, 6, 8].
In chemical terms, the following substances can be considered as analogs of these components: for lignin - phenol, vanillin, guaiacol; for cellulose - glucose; for hemicellulose - arabinose and xylose (pentose), galactose and mannose (hexose), which is reflected by the structure diagram of the ligno-carbohy-drate matrix [5, 6, 8].
It is seen that the structure of the ligno-carbo-hydrate matrix is due to the presence of hydrogen, carbon-carbon, ether chemical bonds of aromatic and carbohydrate components. Since cellulose and lignin are thermodynamically incompatible substances, they
form microheterogeneous zones surrounded by hemicellulose gel [6, 8, 9, 11]. It is known that if two components are incompatible, then when a third which is compatible with each of the two separately, is added, the incompatible components become compatible.
Among the wood components, hemicelluloses seem to be the third component that contributes to the compatibility of incompatible biopolymers - cellulose and lignin.
In this case, hemicelluloses play the role of compatibilizers due to the formation of a transition layer on the surface of elementary cellulose fibrils and its limited thermodynamic compatibility with lignin [6, 8, 9].
In fact, this is a polymer composition, the mechanical strength of which is imparted by the interlocking of segments of lignin and hemicellulose macromol-ecules both with each other and with cellulose.
Thus, in general, according to K. Freudenberg, the lignin formula, which takes into account the presence of both aromatic and carbohydrate components
[4, 11].
During sulfonation in the process of delignification, the sulfogroup HSO3- occupies the a, P or y position in the propane chain of lignin (PPU) [1-4, 11].
The objective of the research is the practical separation of the carbohydrate component of LST (lig-nin sulfoderivative) from the aromatic part by gel-filtration method. The production of lignin sulfoderiva-tives - LSTs from wood raw materials can be represented by the following block diagram (Fig. 1):
The mainproduct-ceiuiosic product
Préparai inn uf wood raw materials (debarking, chopping, etc.
Ж
Sulfitepulpingto 135-150,C„4-12 hours. Active agent HSQ-Selectionofthe targetproduct 45^»%. By-prod, uct - sulfite Liquor (ниш substanее - lignosulphonate) The carbohydrate component is represœted. mainly by ш a DDose (4 №4)
Neutral suLEtepufemg at 1№-1B0|IC,20-24 hours. Actire agent SOi. Selection of the targetprodua SO-iSlft By-product- nerfral sulfite liq uor (the main substance is Lig no sulsfb nate) The carbohydrate component is represented niaicb by xylose(£M4)
T
The main p^oductis cellulose p^'odud
Fig. 1. Distinctive features of the carbohydrate part of LSTs obtained by various methods of delignification of wood raw materials Рис. 1. Отличительные особенности углеводной части лигносульфонатов, полученных различными способами делигнифика-
цией древесного сырья
During sulfite pulping wood hemicelluloses almost completely turn into the composition of the target product in the form of monosaccharides [5, 10, 16-20]. During neutral sulfite pulping, hemicelluloses almost completely remain in the composition of sulfite liquor as polysaccharides. This is a significant difference between the carbohydrate part of the LSTs obtained by
the sulfite and neutral sulfite methods of wood raw materials pulping [1, 2, 10, 11, 16, 17].
Earlier it was found that carbohydrate part in the composition of LSTs obtained by the neutral method was represented mainly by xylans (pentosans). The quantitative content of xylans in LSTs of sulfite and neutral sulfite pulping is shown in Fig. 2.
Mannose 48% Xylose 22% Glucose 9% Arabinose 6% Rhamnose 5%
а)
Mannose 2% Xylose 82% Glucose 4% Arabinose 5% Rhamnose 2%
Манноза 48% Ксилоза 22% Глюкоза 9% Арабиноза 6% Рамноза 5%
Манноза 2% Ксилоза 82% Глюкоза 4% Арабиноза 5% Рамноза 2%
b)
Fig. 2. Composition of monosaccharides of a carbohydrate part of the lignosulphonates received by cookings: a) sulphitic and b) neutrally sulphitic
Рис. 2. Состав моносахаридов углеводной части лигносульфонатов, полученных варками: а) сульфитной и b) нейтрально сульфитной
This confirms the presence of a significant amount of monosaccharides of the pentosan class - xylose (C5H10O5), in the carbohydrate part of neutral LSTs, which suggest that neutral LSTs is a promising pentosan-containing raw materials containing the polysaccharide xylan. One of a number of known practical components here is the possibility of obtaining, as a result of the hydrogenation of hemicellulose hydroly-sates of pentosan-containing raw materials, xylite -CH2OH(CHOH)3CH2OH - a polyhydric alcohol (pen-tanpentanol), widely known and used for many decades in pharmaceuticals and medicine as a sugar substitute [12].
With the aim of practical use of the pentosan-containing fraction of neutral LSTs isolated as a result of fractionation by the gel filtration method, the preparation of furan derivatives has been successfully tested in laboratory conditions [13, 14]. The separation of aromatic and carbohydrate components was carried out on Sephadex 75, 100, 150. It was taken into account that each brand of Sephadex fractionated high-molecular substances in a certain limit of molecular weights. So, large-porous gels G-25, G-50 mainly fractionate in the low-molecular-weight region. Fine-porous ones G-100, G-200, having a wider range of fractionation, mainly separate the high-molecular part, therefore it is recommended to use a mixture of Sephadex 75, 100, 200 in a ratio of 25:25:50. Fractionation by the gel filtration method is based on the fact that fractions of LST with a lower molecular weight are successively washed out (eluted) with solvents from the swollen Sephadex gel [13, 14].
When a prepared LST sample is eluted through Sephadex (alkaline hydrolysis, pH 8.0-8.5), water is used as a solvent.
The separation technique by gel filtration method is as follows:
1. 3 ml of 1% LST solution is added to a column of 500 mm length and 16-20 mm diameter, filled with Sephadex pre-swollen in a water bath or Sephadex mixture.
2. The sample is placed on the surface of the wet gel and immediately after its penetration into the gel is poured with a solvent and elution continues until all the colored solution leaves the column.
3. Fraction samples are taken by an automatic collector, which rotates after a certain time, substituting the next test tube. The selection of fractions begins immediately after applying the LST sample to the gel.
4. After the end of the fractionation, the volume of each fraction is measured with a 5 ml measuring cylinder and its optical density is measured on a spectrophotometer in 1 ml layer thickness ditch.
5. A curve representing the molecular weight distribution of a given LST sample is plotted. The values of the optical density Dj of each fraction are plotted on the ordinate, and, the number of milliliters corresponding to the volume of the elute taken from the beginning of the experiment to the j fraction (XVj), half the volume of the j fraction (0.5 Vj) on the abscissa.
The ratio of fractions obtained by gel filtration method is 48-55% for the first fraction (aromatic alcohols), 25-30% for the second (pentosans). The separation of the carbohydrate part was controlled on SPECS-700 device at a wavelength of 280 nm, characteristic for the aromatic part (phenolic hydroxyl groups of coniferyl alcohol - LST PPU) [2, 13, 14]
The separation process by gel filtration method can be represented by the following block-diagram (Fig. 3):
Preparation of а chromatographic column Filling the coluninwiib a neutralLST sample hydrolyzed in ail alkaline medium => Washing the column with LSI sample with portions of the eluate
О
Combining fractious by the presence or absence of с hara с re ris tic peaks С Measuring optical density of each fraction Automatic selection of fractions by function
4
Direction of pentosan-containing fraction as raw materials for further processing
Fig. 3. Basic technological scheme of the separation of neutral LST with the isolation of the pentosan-containing fraction Рис. 3. Принципиальная технологическая схема разделения нейтральных ЛСТ с выделением пентозансодержащей фракции
The process of obtaining furan and its derivatives from LST obtained by neutral method, carried out by us in laboratory conditions, boils down to several main stages:
1. preparation of raw materials:
stirring neutral LST sample, quartering a sample weighing at least 500-600 g;
2. fractionation of raw materials:
neutral LST sample weighing 100 g was treated with a weak alkali solution (5% NaOH solution) to pH 8.0 and fed into a pre-prepared glass column of 2 cm diameter, filled to 2/3 of its volume with Sephadex-100 granules for fractionation. The essence of the gel filtration process consisted in the priority passing aromatic alcohol molecules between the Se-phadex granules - fraction 1 was selected. Xylose molecules penetrated into the Sephadex granules and, after washing with hot water (40 °C), formed the following fractions. The selection of fractions was carried out according to the volume of the outflowing liquid (no more than 15-20 ml) into replaceable receivers. After analyzing all the selected fractions by the UV method at a wavelength of 280 nm, we combined those fractions where there were no peaks characteristic for aromatic alcohols in the spectra. In percentage terms, this volume was about 30-32%;
3. preparation of a pentosan sample:
the obtained fractions of pentosans were mixed, quartered, there was taken a sample weighed 5 g (accurate to 0.01 g) and dissolved in 250 ml of water at room temperature in a 500 ml heat-resistant conical flask (flask 1);
4. hydrolysis of pentosans to pentoses (xylose) was carried out in flask 1 with heating to 200 °C for 1.5 h to a volume of 150 ml;
5. stage of separation and dehydration:
the hydrolysis product was placed into 500 ml separating funnel, in the case of the appearance of a phase boundary, the lower layer, after settling, was removed; the upper layer was poured into a 500 ml heat-resistant conical flask 2, and then xylose was dehydrated with 15 ml sulfuric acid on iron III chloride catalyst for 7-10 minutes at room temperature until the smell of rye bread characteristic of furfural appeared [12, 15];
6. extraction stage:
the formed furfural was extracted into the organic layer in flask 2 by adding 100 ml of toluene. Two layers were obtained: organic and aqueous, where there furfural was too. The aqueous layer was returned to stage 3 (recycling), preliminary qualitative reactions for furfural were carried out [17-20];
7. stage of separation of furfural:
the volume of the organic layer was measured and transferred to a round-bottom flask 3 and distillation was carried out at boiling points with the selection of fractions of furfural and related products, taking into account that the boiling points are, respectively: furan - 31.4 °C, tetrahydrofuran - 66 °C, toluene - 110 °C. Furfural, the boiling point of which is 161 °C remained in the residue in flask 3.
Thus, the basic block diagram of the isolation of furan derivatives from the pentosan-containing fraction of neutral LSTs is (Fig. 4).
Fig. 4. Basic technological scheme for obtaining neutral LST from the pentosan-containing fraction Рис. 4. Принципиальная технологическая схема получения из пентозансодержащей фракции нейтральных ЛСТ
Table
Material balance of the dehydration process of pentosan-
containing fraction in the composition of neutral LST Таблица. Материальный баланс процесса дегидра-тациии пентозансодержащей фракции в составе
Based on the experiments, the material balance of the process was compiled (Table).
Thus, totally 80 g of useful products - furan, THF and furfural have been isolated from 155 g of xylose solution, it makes 57% of the products in relation to the raw material. Despite such poor results, we believe that this allows us to successfully solve the problem of increasing the level of demand and the use of neutral LSTs, which today have become a low-demand stockpiled waste of the pulp and paper industry. This result can be considered quite acceptable and it transforms neutral LSTs into the resource base of the domestic pentosan-containing raw material component for obtaining useful products.
However, in our opinion, the effect of terpenes (wood extractives), which reduce the quality of furan derivatives is promising, but not taken into account in this study.
Thus, we have considered the possibility of obtaining furan from the carbohydrate fraction of neutral LST. This can expand the scope of application of LSTs and reduce environmental risks resulting from the low demand for inactive neutral LST, which, as shown above, is a valuable domestic pentosan-containing raw materials.
CONCLUSIONS
It has been shown that the content of xylose in neutral LSTs reaches 80% or more, which is almost four times more than their content in sulfite LST, which gives reason to consider neutral LSTs pentosan-containing raw materials.
By the method of gel filtration fractionation of neutral LSTs with a ratio of aromatic and carbohydrate components of 48:30, respectively, has been implemented, the loss (mixture of fractions) is about 2527%. There is observed increase in aromatic content and decrease in carbohydrate content of sulfite LSTs.
By the method of laboratory experiment the possibility of isolating furan derivatives from the pen-tosan-containing (xylose) fraction of neutral LSTs with a yield of 57% has been established.
The laboratory-technological cycle has been carried out and the working conditions for obtaining furan and its derivatives have been selected.
нейтральных лигносульфонатов
Input m, г w, % mass Output m, г w, % mass
Stage 2. Fractionation of raw material by gel-filtration method
l.Neutral so- 100 100
dium LST
2. Fraction 1 50 50
Aromatic
3.Fraction 2
polysaccharide (pentosan-containing) 30 30
4.Loss 20 20
Total 100 100 Total 100 100
Stage 4. Pentosan-containing fraction hydrolysis
Pentosan 5 2
(xylan)
Water 250 1.Xylose 150 65,4
98 3.Loss 105 34,6
(evaporation)
Total 255 100 Total 255 100
Stage 5. Separation and dehydration
1.Hydrolized product (xylose) 150 91 1.Solid phase 10 6
2.Sulfuric acid 15 9 Liquid phase 150 91
3.Loss 5 3
Total 165 100 Total 165 100
Stage 6. Extraction of furfural by toluene
l.Liquid phase after separation 155 60,8
2. Toluene 100 39,2 1.Organic layer 155 60,8
2.Aqua layer (recycling) 100 39,2
3.Loss 0 0
Total 255 100 Total 255 100
Stage7. Extraction of furfural and intermediate products by the method of distillation by boiling temperature
Organic Layer 140 100 l.Fraction 1 Furan (31 °С) 15 10,7
2.Fraction 15 10,7
THF (66 °С)
3.Fraction 3
Toluene (110 50 35,7
°С)
4.Fraction 4
Furfural 50 35,7
(161 °С)
5.Loss 10 7,2
Total 140 100 Total 140 100
In all 915 100 In all 915 100
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Поступила в редакцию 06.08.2020 Принята к опубликованию 28.12.2020
Received 06.08.2020 Accepted 28.12.2020
