CC BY
0JWPR
Journal of World's Poultry Research
2017, Scienceline Publication
J. World Poult. Res. 7(3): 94-103, Sept 25, 2017
Review, PII: S2322455X1700012-7 License: CC BY 4.0
Use of Mannan- Oligosaccharides (MOS) As a Feed Additive in
Poultry Nutrition
Muhammad Saeed1*, Fawwad Ahmad2, Muhammad Asif Aram1'3*, Mohamed E. Abd El-Hack4, Mohamed Emam5, Zohaib
Ahmed Bhutto3 and Arman Moshaveri6
1Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China 2Department of Poultry Science, Institute of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan 3Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lasbela University of Agriculture, Water and Marine Sciences, 3800, Uthal, Balochistan, Pakistan 4Department of Poultry, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, 44511, Zagazig, Egypt 5Department of Nutrition and Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt
6Department of Veterinary Medicine, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran
*
Corresponding author's Email: muhammad.saeed@nwafu.edu.cn
Received: 09 Jul 2017 Accepted: 14 Aug 2017
ABSTRACT
The European Union banned using all prophylactic antibiotics as growth promoters in poultry nutrition. As a result, the poultry nutritionist is now forced to look for growth promoting antibiotic alternatives, or at least considerably demote the amount of antibiotics used to sustain efficient broiler meat production and to be able to produce safe poultry egg and meat products. The Mannan-oligosaccharides (MOS), is a type of probiotics originated from the yeast cell wall (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) has gained more prominent attention, mainly due to its ability to bind the threadlike fimbriae on pathogenic bacteria preventing them from attaching to the gut wall, thereby averting their stabilization and the resulting colonization and multiplication, up to the disease level, so it had been showed to be a most capable solution for antibiotic-free diets, as well as furnishing effective support for digestion and immunity in poultry. Several investigations confirmed that using MOS as a feed supplement in poultry diets allowed birds to achieve a similar trend as when they were fed a diet enriched with antibiotic growth promoters. In addition, MOS has also shown to have a positive affection on bodyweight gain, feed conversion ratio, egg weight, egg production, fertility, and hatchability thus ameliorating well-being, energy levels and performance of avian species. Furthermore, it is also thought that it plays a role as an antioxidant, helping with mineral retention, improving bone mineralization and subsequently the overall improvement the performance of poultry birds. This review article has aimed to illuminate its sources, mode of action and beneficial applications of MOS in poultry diet for improving, production, immunity, safeguarding health among consumers and it ought to be used as a natural growth promoter on a commercial level in order to replace synthetic antibiotics in the poultry industry.
Key words: Antioxidant, Feed additive, Gastrointestinal health, Mannan-oligosaccharides (MOS), Performance, Poultry
In the past decades, a variety of feed accretive had been employed in poultry diet. These feed accretive led to an improved rendition and effective utilization of feed in poultry birds (Chand et al., 2016a; Shah et al., 2016; Xing et al., 2017; Saeed et al., 2017a, b). Routinely being
utilized in accretive of feed as: emulsifiers, antimicrobials, antioxidants, biological products, herbs, pH control agents binders and enzymes as well (Vahdatpour and Babazadeh, 2016; Siyal et al., 2017; Tareen et al., 2017; Saeed et al., 2017c, d, e).
Growth promoting is not the only use of feed additives but they have used also for stabilizing the
To cite this paper: Saeed M, Ahmad F, Asif Arain M, Abd El-Hack M-E, Poultry Nutrition. J. World Poult. Res., 7 (3): 94-103.
Emam M and Ahmed Bhutto Z (2017). Use of Mannan- Oligosaccharides (MOS) As a Feed Additive in
beneficial gut microflora by forestalling beneficial microorganisms (Hashemi and Dawoodi, 2011; Abudabos et al., 2017). In the last decades, antibiotics that are used as growth promoters in animal feed have been under severe attention, since they pose a potential threat to consumers by generating resistance in the host against the bacteria (Sultan et al., 2015). Conclusively, the European Union had banned the supplementation of growth promoting antibiotics in the animal diet since 2006 (Khan et al., 2016). Now, it is most important for the poultry researcher to find alternatives to antibiotic growth promoters to boost the health andproduction performanceof poultry birds (Janardhana et al., 2009; Babazadeh et al., 2011; Vahdatpour et al., 2011). Feed additives of plant origin have gained a great interest in the poultry industry as they are safer, with wide dose range and so rare adverse effects (Alzawqari et al., 2016; Abudabos et al., 2016). Recently, many experiments had shown a number of significant effects on growth parameters, immune response and gut health status in birds fed diets contain phytogens (Tanweer et al., 2014; Saeed et al., 2015; El-Hack et al., 2016, Saeed et al., 2017f, g , h). These studies have shown that the small intestine with the main role in the absorption of nutrients; it then proves that, both the proper structure and the proper function of the intestine is efficient in improving poultry performance and health (Sultan et al., 2014). It has been suggested that intestinal digestion and absorption of the nutrients is higher if the surface area of the villi is increased (Chand et al., 2016b). The beneficial microflora of young birds gut's are counted to be somewhat irregular and can easily be disturbed by several external factors. The subclinical infection is one of these external factors which posed by the pathogenic challenge. So, the ability to preserve an optimal or normal level of beneficial microflora in the gut becomes one of the main factors in the determination of the ultimate health status and consequently the genetic growth expression of poultry. At commercial basis, available mannan-oligosaccharide has exhibited to enhance the bird growth parameters including feed intake and feed utilization (Hooge, 2004a; Rosen, 2007a, b; Nikpiran et al., 2013). The beneficial impacts of MOS on the development gut microflora were also revealed by Kocher et al. (2005) and Yang et al. (2008). The addition of MOS constantly elevates the caecal beneficial populations like Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus spp. (Sadeghi et al., 2013). Decreasing the pathogenic bacteria and the increasing the beneficial bacteria could be belonged to the receptor sites competition and producing volatile fatty acids by bacteriocins along with IgA antibodies by the host immune system (Kim et al., 2009).
Owing to these changes in the beneficial microflora, the goblet cells number and intestinal villi length increase as well, which ultimately promotes functions and health of the host GIT (Bonos et al., 2010). The diet supplemented with MOS has been reported to have a positive effect regarding body weight, feed efficiency, egg yield, fertility, egg mass and egg hatchability in various poultry species (Guclu, 2011; El-Samee et al., 2012). In another study by Iqbal et al. (2017) who had fed birds with MOS that had significant effects on body and egg mass, egg weight, and egg number and it has shown that feeding MOS as a substitute for antibiotics, as growth enhancer, can positively impact productive traits as well as health aspects in breeders of quail. This can also improve the manifest utilization of energy in feed and improvethe birds feed efficiency that could partially belong to the modulatory impacts of mannan-oligosaccharide on the GIT microflorain broilers (Yang et al., 2008). The current review article discusses the potential aspects of using MOS; including its sources, mode of action and beneficial applications of MOS and its practical uses in the nutrition and production of poultry industry for improving, production, immunity and safeguarding health, among consumers and to prioritize this natural growth promoter as opposed to synthetic antibiotics to cope the medicinal cost in poultry.
Chemical traits and source of mannan-oligosaccharides
Mannan-oligosaccharides originated from the mannose blocks that exist in the yeast cell wall as it is mostly non-digestible carbohydrates (Saccharomyces cerevisiaeis). The cell wall consists of up to 25-30% of cell dry weight. The Saccharomyces cerevisiae is known yeast in the brewery and bakery industries. The MOS product which is a derivative of the yeast is used in animal nutrition. Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell wall involves both a-glucans and mannan-proteins. The essential building block for yeast cell wall are polymers of mannan with a (1-2) and a (1-6) bonds and to a less extent a (1-3) bounded side chains (Kogan and Kocher, 2007). The host enzymes or the intestinal bacteria enzymes cannot break these bonds apart and as a result carbohydrates (MOS) have no direct nutritive value, but it has benefits in keeping the gut health. It can be theorized from the several scientific research work that although mannan as a derivate from yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) is attributed to production and processing technologies, it might have different chemical formation and biological efficiency as reported by Spring (1999).
Mode of action
The beneficial microbiota development and the sustainment of eubiosis act an important role in the mechanisms of defense in the body and health of gut as well. There is elevating evidence confirming that the composition of microflora in the gastro intestinal tract in an adult healthy host remains statistically stable as theorized by Williams et al. (2001). Results of current studies suggesting that the supplementation of MOS to poultry diets can minimize the count of hind gut pathogenic bacteria during the high exposure to the pathogen (White et al., 2002; Castillo et al., 2008). The MOS supplementation was indeed accompanied with increasing beneficial flora, especially Lactobacilli (Rekiel et al., 2007). Another experiment has also confirmed the
beneficial impact of MOS, however, it has been also found to decline animal gut concentration of ammonia (Juskiewicz et al., 2003). Literature documented data indicated that dietary MOS fed diets can greatly lower the number of pathogens. In some studies on poultry, proves found that if the dietis supplemented with MOS a considerable positive effect on gut histological structure in broilers chicken (Iji et al., 2001a). Similarly, it is reported that dietary supplementation of mannan products had the effect of increases the ratio of villous height/crypt depth in young broilers (Iji et al., 2001a; Yan et al., 2008) and in turkeys as well (Ferket, 2002) (Figure 1). Nochta et al. (2010) found that the addition of mannan as feed supplement remarkably enhanced the nutrients apparent digestibility.
Figure 1. How do Mannan-Oligosaccharides (MOS) affect intestinal structure (MOS could prevent the colonization and attachment of pathogenic bacteria and thus reduce the adverse effects of microflora and metabolites)
Beneficial effects of mannan-oligosccharides in poultry
Broiler Farming
Effect on growth performance and blood biochemistry. Mannan-oligosaccharide that is one of the best alternatives to antibiotic growth advancers in the poultry industry diets and which are originated from yeast outer cell wall that known as Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Eseceli et al . , 2012). The use of MOS in broiler diets had
shown to positively impacts on performance criteria (Rosen, 2007a; Fritts and Waldroup, 2003). The range of dietary inclusion of the MOS averaged from 0.5 to 5 g /kg diet. The dose-response of MOS in different research work had showed the best dosage of MOS for optimal growth is around 2 g /kg diet as reported by Tucker et al. (2003). Iji et al. (2001b) studied the influences of different doses of MOS (0, 1, 3 and 5 g /kg diet) on the structure and function of the intestine of poultry birds within the starter
period (21-day). Results proved that poultry birds gave a high response by increasing the addition of MOS from 1 to 21 d compared to the 21-42 d period (Tucker et al., 2003). Nikpiran et al. (2014) reported that adding the MOS to the diets of poultry improved the growth performance values by enhancing the feed intake and stimulating the growth hormone and insulin release.
In a study had reported a significant decrease in the total cholesterol concentration in broiler chickens which had been supplemented with MOS @ 0.05% when compared to a control diet (Juskiewicz et al., 2003). Also, another experiment had shown that MOS could promote caecal Lactobacillus spp. and Bifidobacterium spp. growth and also elevated the height of villus and the number of goblet cells in poultry jejunum and ileum (Mohsen et al., 2014).
Effect on immune response. It is found that MOS had proved to be much more effective on antibody production against Avian Influenza Virus (AIV) in broiler chickens than Humate (HU). The immune function could be augmented with dietary Humate and MOS supplementation (Tohid et al., 2010). The innate immune system recognizes key molecular formations of the invading bacteria involving peptidoglycans, lipopolysaccharides, and possibly the structures of mannose in the cell walls of yeasts. Oligosaccharides which have mannose have been reported to impact on immune system through activating mannose-binding protein secretion from the liver. The aforementioned protein, as a result can enchain to bacteria and trigger the complement cascade of the immune system of the host as described by Newman (1994). MOS was indicated of having a beneficial effect on both immunoglobulin status and humoral immunity in general. Savage (1996) described an increase in IgG of the plasma and bile IgA in poultry grown up on diets supplemented with 0.11% MOS. The diet fed with MOS may constitute a novel and most effective plausible alternative that could reduce the spread of disease by decreasing the virus shedding and the contamination of the environment from AIV (H9N2) infection in poultry birds (Akhtar et al., 2016). Both Saccharomyces cerevisiae and its derived product is known as MOS that supplementation in poultry feed has a clear effect on the attenuation of Escherichia coli (E. coli) which induces intestinal cells disruption by reducing the intestinal inflammation and barrier dysfunction in broilers chicken. In addition to that, yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) addition could also improved the intestinal microbiota and feed efficiency of in avian species (Wang
et al., 2016) and MOS could improve the absorption of trace minerals (Sohail et al., 2011).
Layer farming
The feed supplementation with MOS has shown to entail positive effects by improving (P < 0.01) the liver antioxidant status and mitigating the significant increase in the cecal pathogenic bacterial load after molt in layer birds which shows the benefits of which can be improved with MOS supplementation (Bozkurt et al., 2016). The prebiotic (mannan-oligosaccharide) supplementation can positively alter the intestinal microenvironment (Hutsko et al., 2016). In another study by Jahanian and Ashnagar (2015) found that MOS supplementation to laying hens feed under bacterial infection could improve their productive performance probably through modification in the gut's bacterial populations and improving nutrient digestibility. As described by Bozkurt et al. (2012) who had shown that egg production had efficiently improved by MOS also showed that a stimulating humeral immune response in laying hens in different climate conditions.
Turkey farming
After the broiler production industry, the turkey industry considered as the second source of poultry meat across the globe. In turkeys, 76 numbers of comparisons showed the same responses to MOS as in broilers (Hooge, 2004b; Rosen, 2007b). Hooge (2004b) claimed that MOS addition to turkey rations revealed an average increase in body weight by2% and reductionmortality by about25%.
So, organic enteric conditioners, such as dietary MOS, are of great importance for the turkey farming industry. Recently, antibiotic resistance had been raised in the Escherichia coli exist in the field which had been isolated from commercial turkey farms in North Carolina. In addition to that, a resistance to the Enrofloxacin had been showed (Bernick et al., 1999). There is no specific proof that that growth promoting doses of antibiotics control disease (Gustafson and Bowen, 1997), the debate over the Gram-negative bacteria that had been showing some resistance, as shown by Salmonella and E. coli, which caused the strongest objection to the use of antibiotic as growth promoters (Scioli et al., 1983). MOS improves the performance of turkey poults, especially during the E. coli challenge like antibiotics which were traditionally used (Ferket et al., 2002). An improvement in growth performance was also observed in turkeys fed diets enriched with MOS (Savage and Zakrzewska, 1996) also authors found a statistical increase in body weight gain in large white male poults which fed a diet supplemented with 0.11% MOS. Cetin et al. (2005) reported that MOS
enhanced immunoglobulin levels and caused more positive effects on growth performance, production and the turkeys' ability to resist diseases. As a result of the previous finding, it can be concluded that MOS is an interesting alternative to antibiotic growth promoters to improve performance in turkey (Parks et al., 2001) and also it has a clear effect on improving body weight gain and lowering mortality in poults (Hooge 2004a).
yeast cell preparations (Saccharomyces cerevisiae, NCYC 1026). Which showed that the inclusion of MOS in the diet can improve the poultry birds' performance, especially during challenging with E. coli, as well as being used as growth promoter antibiotics in poultry industry? A comparison of some attributes with dietary mannan-oligosaccharides and antibiotics is shown in table 1, (Ferket et al., 2002).
An alternative to antibiotic
In contrast, regarding the action mode of the chemical growth promoters (antibiotics) fermentable carbohydrates sources, oligosaccharides especially MOS, act as one of the best alternatives to the Gram-negative pathogens attachment sites, so they prevent the attachment to the enterocytes and subsequently prevents the enteric infection. The adherence step of the pathogenic microbe to the intestinal cell wall is known to be the prerequisite step to the infection (Gibbons and Houte, 1975). This can be more clarified as in Vibrio cholera which is incapable of starting their disease signs without the attachment step to the enterocyte, even with large numbers of bacteria present (Freter, 1969). The adhesion step causes the bacterial entrapment and colonizing. The entrapment of nutrients for growth, the concentration of the digestive enzymes and the toxins onto intestinal cell wall, and the possible prevention of antibody attachment to the pathogenic cell (Costerton et al., 1978). The cell wall of the yeast organism is mostly carbohydrates and proteins in the form of mannose, glucose, and N-acetylglucosamine that are branched and chained together (Ballou, 1970). Mannan-oligosaccharides that are derived from mannans on yeast cell surfaces are acting effective binder to the bacterial binding sites (Ofek et al., 1977). Pathogens that are mannose-specific Type-1 fimbriae are confused and adsorbed to the MOS, leaving the enterocytes without colonization. In the study of Newman (1994), that had shown that the presence of dietary mannan-oligosaccharides in the intestine had successfully discarded some pathogenic bacteria that had the possibility of attachment to the lumen of the intestine. Mannose was shown by (Oyofo et al., 1989a) to inhibit the in vitro attachment of Salmonella Typhimurium to intestinal cells of the day old broilers chicken. A study by (Oyofo et al., 1989b) had shown that dietary mannose had a successful effect on inhibiting Salmonella Typhimurium in intestinal colonization in broilers. (Spring et al., 2000) had shown an effort in screening different bacterial strains to examine their ability to agglutinate mannan-oligosaccharides in
Table 1. Comparison of some attributes with dietary mannan-oligosaccharides and antibiotics.
Antibiotics
Mannan-oligosaccharides
It reduces the non-specific It can increases non-specific
immunological protection in the mucosal immunological
mucosa as a result of reducing protection by increasing
both beneficial and non- relatively the goblet cell
beneficial bacteria (i.e. numbers and consequently
lactobacilli) the mucus secretion and it
increases the colonization of beneficial bacteria in the gut.
It improves AME and reduces It improves net energy
the energy needed for available for production by
maintenance which improving dietary AME consequently improves the net energy availability
It improves growth Improves growth
performance parameters under performance parameters
various environmental mainly when challenged
conditions with enteric pathogens
By suppressing enteric It improves the brush border
microflora it suppresses the health so it enhances the
competition for the nutrients. absorption process.
prolonged or Improper usage It will not produce bacterial
can produce antibiotic resistant resistance
pathogens
Reduces immunological stress It's important role to
via lowering enteric microbial stimulate gut-associated
load system immunity by acting
as a non-pathogenic microbial antigen
Decreases adverse effects of Decreases the adverse effects
microflora metabolites by of microflora metabolites by
decreasing the microflora changing microflora profile
It inhibits both the viability and It acts as a barrier against the
proliferation of some pathogens attachment and consequent
and beneficial enteric colonization of some enteric
microflora bacteria, but it is not
bactericidal.
Figure 2. A flow diagram illustrating a large surface area is vital for optimal digestive function and nutrient absorption in poultry birds.
CONCLUSION
After reviewing the compiled literature it can be fully clarified that MOSs can be considered as a potential alternative to antibiotic growth promoters, and even at trace amounts @ 0.1%-0.4% practically usage as commercial feed additive in poultry nutrition would be quite effective in improving the health status and production performance of poultry. Among consumer concerns about danger increasing of antibiotic-resistant pathogens has urged the poultry nutritionist to consider "biologically safer" alternatives. After studying the published literature it is clear now that MOS is considered one of the best alternatives to antibiotic growth promoters. These mannan-oligosaccharides are non-digestible carbohydrates that may have greater benefits than antibiotics if it is used in a synergic way with other non-pharmaceutical enteric conditioners, such as fructo-oligosaccharides, probiotics, bioactive peptides, and some herbs and it would, in this manner, be a helpful additive to reduce feed cost in the poultry industry.
Acknowledgements
All the authors of the manuscript thank and acknowledge their respective Universities and Institutes.
Competing interests
Authors declared that they have no conflict of interest.
Authors contributions
All the authors significantly contributed to compile and revise this manuscript. MS, MAA, reviewed the literature and initiated the review compilation. MEAEH, ZAB and ME, critically revise the manuscript. FA and MEAEH check the English language accuracy. Finally all authors read and approve the manuscript for publication.
REFERENCES
Abudabos AM, Alyemni AH, Dafalla YM and Khan RU
(2016). The effect of phytogenic feed additives to substitute in-feed antibiotics on growth traits and blood biochemical parameters in broiler chicks challenged with Salmonella Typhimurium. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 23: 24151-24157. DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7665-2
Abudabos AM, Alyemni AH, Dafalla YM and Khan RU
(2017). Effect of organic acid blend and Bacillus subtilis alone or in combination on growth traits, blood biochemical and antioxidant status in broilers exposed to Salmonella Typhimurium challenge during the starter phase. Journal of Applied Animal Research, 45: 538-542. DOI:10.1080/09712119.2016.1219665
Akhtar T, Ara G, Ali N, Ud DMF and Imran KM (2016). Effects of dietary supplementation of mannan-oligosaccharide on virus shedding in avian influenza (H9N2) challenged broilers. Iranian Journal of Veterinary Research, 17: 268-272.
DOI:10.22099/IJVR.2016.3914
Alzawqari M, Al-Baddany A, Al-Baadani H, Alhidary I, Khan RU, Aqil G and Abdurab A (2016). Effect of feeding dried sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) peel and lemon grass (Cymbopogon citratus) leaves on growth performance, carcass traits, serum metabolites and antioxidant status in broiler during the finisher phase. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 23: 17077-17082.
Babazadeh D, Vahdatpour T, Nikpiran H, Jafargholipour MA and Vahdatpour S (2011). Effects of probiotic, prebiotic and synbiotic intake on blood enzymes and performance of Japanese quails (Coturnix japonica). Indian Journal of Animal Sciences, 81: 870-874.
Ballou CE, (1970). A study of the immunochemistry of three yeast mannans. Journal of Biological Chemistry 245: 1197-1203.
Bernick J (1999). Resisting Resistance. Dairy Today, Farm Journal, Inc. Philadelphia, PA, Mar Fairchild, A.S., J.L.
Bonos E, Christaki E and Paneri P (2010). Performance and carcass characteristics of Japanese quail as affected by sex or mannan-oligosaccharides and calcium propionate. South African Journal of Animal Science, 40: 173-184.
Bozkurt M, BintaS E, Kirkan S , Aksit H, Kucukyilmaz K and Erbas G, Cabuk M, Aksit D , Parin U and Ege G (2016). Comparative evaluation of dietary supplementation with mannan-oligosaccharide and oregano essential oil in forced molted and fully fed laying hens between 82 and 106 weeks of age. Poultry Science, 95: 2576-2591.DOI: 10.33 82/ps/pew 140
Bozkurt M, Kucukyilmaz K, Catli AU, Cinar M, Bintas E and Coven F (2012). Performance, egg quality, and immune response of laying hens fed diets supplemented with mannan-oligosaccharide or an essential oil mixture under moderate and hot environmental conditions. Poultry Science, 91: 13791386. DOI: 10.3382/ps.2011-02023
Castillo M, Martin-Orue S, Taylor-Pickard J, Perez J and Gasa J (2008). Use of mannan-oligosaccharides and zinc chelate as growth promoters and diarrhea preventative in weaning pigs: Effects on microbiota and gut function. Journal of animal science, 86: 94101. DOI: 10.2527/JAS.2005-686
Cetin N, Guglu BK and Cetin E (2005). The Effects of Probiotic and Mannan-oligosaccharide on some Haematological and Immunological Parameters in Turkeys. Transboundary & Emerging Diseases, 52: 263-267. DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0442.2005.00736.x
Chand N, Faheem H, Khan RU, Qureshi MS, Alhidary IA and Abudabos AM (2016b). Anticoccidial effect of mananoligosacharide against experimentally induced coccidiosis in broiler. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 23: 14414-14421.
Chand N, Muhammad S, Khan RU, Alhidary IA and Rehman ZU (2016a). Ameliorative effect of synthetic y-aminobutyric acid (GABA) on performance traits, antioxidant status and immune response in
broiler exposed to cyclic heat stress. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 23: 23930-23935. DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7604-2
Costerton JW, Geesey GG and Cheng KJ (1978). How bacteria stick. Scientific American 238: 86-95.
El-Hack MEA, Alagawany M, Farag MR, Tiwari R, Karthik K, Dhama K, Zorriehzahra J and Adel M (2016). Beneficial impacts of thymol essential oil on health and production of animals, fish and poultry: a review. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 28: 365382. DOI: 10.1080/10412905.2016.1153002
El-Samee LDA, El-Wardany I, Ali NG and Abo-El-Azab O (2012). Egg quality, fertility and hatchability of laying quails fed diets supplemented with organic zinc, chromium yeast or mannan-oligosaccharides. International Journal of Poultry Science, 11: 221224. DOI: 10.3923/IJPS.2012.221.224
Esecel H Dem E Deg menc glu and B g C M (2012). The effects of bio-mos® mannan-oligosaccharide and antibiotic growth promoter performance of broilers. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances, 9: 392-395.
DOI:10.3923/javaa.2010.392.395
Ferket PR (2002). Use of oligosaccharides and gut modifiers as replacements for dietary antibiotics. In Proceedings of 63rd Minnesota Nutrition Conference, Eagan, MN, USA, 17-18 September 2002; pp. 169-182.
Ferket PR, Parks CW and Grimes JL (2002). Benefits of dietary antibiotic and mannan-oligosaccharide supplementation for poultry. Multi-State Poultry Meeting. May 14-16.
Freter R (1969). Studies of the mechanism of action of intestinal antibody in experimental cholerae. Texas reports on biology and medicine, 27:299-316.
Fritts C and Waldroup P (2003). Evaluation of Bio-Mos mannan-oligosaccharide as a replacement for growth promoting antibiotics in diets for turkeys. International Journal of Poultry Science, 2: 19-22. DOI: 10.3923/IJPS.2003.19.22
Gibbons RJ and Houte JV (1975). Bacterial adherance in oral microbial ecology. Annual Reviews in Microbiol, 29: 19-42.
Guclu BK (2011). Effects of probiotic and prebiotic (mannan-oligosaccharide) supplementation on performance, egg quality and hatchability in quail breeders. Ankara University Veteriner Fakultesi Dergisi, 58: 27-32. DOI:
10.1501/vetfak 0000002445
Gustafson RH and Bowen RE (1997). Antibiotic use in animal agriculture. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 83: 531-541.
Hashemi SR and Davoodi H (2011). Herbal plants and their derivatives as growth and health promoters in animal nutrition. Veterinary research communications, 35: 169-180.DOI: 10.1007/S11259-010-9458-2
Hooge DM (2004a). Meta-analysis of broiler chicken pen trials evaluating dietary mannan-oligosaccharide 1993-2003. International Journal of Poultry Science 3:163-174. DOI: 10.3923/ijps.2004.163.174
Hooge DM (2004b). "Turkey pen trials with dietary mannan-oligosaccharide: meta-analysis, 19932003." International Journal of Poultry Science, 3: 179-188. DOI: 10.3923/ijps.2004.179.188^^B
Hutsko SL, Meizlisch K, Wick M and Lilburn MS (2016). Early intestinal development and mucin transcription in the young poult with probiotic and mannan oligosaccharide prebiotic supplementation. Poultry Science, 95: 1173-1178. DOI: 10.3382/ps/pew019
Iji PA, Saki AA and Tivey DR (2001a). Intestinal structure and function of broiler chickens on diets supplemented with a mannan oligosaccharide. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 81: 1186-1192. DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.925
Iji PA, Saki AA and Tivey DR (2001b). Intestinal structure and function of broiler chickens on diets supplemented with a mannan oligosaccharide. Journal of Science Food and Agriculture, 81: 11861192. DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.925
Iqbal M, Hussain A, Roohi N, Arshad M and Khan O (2017). Effects of mannan oligosaccharides supplemented diets on production performance of four close-bred flocks of Japanese quail
breeders. South African Journal of Animal Science, 47: 290-297. DOI: 10.4314/sajas.v47i3.5
Jahanian R and Ashnagar M (2015). Effect of dietary supplementation of mannan oligosaccharides on performance, blood metabolites, ileal nutrient digestibility, and gut microflora in Escherichia coli-challenged laying hens. Poultry Science, 94: 21652172. DOI: 10.3382/ps/pev180
Janardhana V, Broadway MM, Bruce MP, Lowenthal JW, Geier MS, Hughes RJ and Bean AG (2009). Prebiotics modulate immune responses in the gut-associated lymphoid tissue of chickens. The Journal of nutrition, 139: 1404-1409. DOI: 10.3945/ jn.109.105007
Juskiewicz J, Zdunczyk Z and Jankowski J (2003). Effect of adding mannan oligosaccharide to the diet on the performance, weight of digestive tract segments, and caecal digesta parameters in young turkeys. Journal of Animal and Feed Sciences, 12: 133-142. DOI: 10.22358/jafs/67690/2003
Khan RU, Naz S, Dhama K, Karthik K, Tiwari R, Abdelrahman MM, Alhidary IA and Zahoor A (2016). Direct-fed microbial: beneficial applications, modes of action and prospects as a safe tool for enhancing ruminant production and safeguarding health. International Journal of Pharmacology, 12: 220-231. DOI: 10.3923/ijp.2016.220.231
Kim C, Shin K, Woo K and Paik I (2009). Effect of dietary oligosaccharides on the performance, intestinal microflora and serum immunoglobulin contents in laying hens. Korean Journal of
Poultry Science, 36: 125-131. DOI: 10.5536/KJPS.2009.36.2.125
Kocher A, Denev S, Dinev I, Nikiforov I and Scheidemann C, (2005). Effects of mannan oligosaccharides on composition of the cecal microflora and performance of broiler
chickens, Proc. 4 BOKU-Symp. Tierernähr., Tierernähr. ohne antibiotische
Leistingsförderer. Univ. Bodenkunde Wien., Vienna, Austria, pp. 216-220.
Kogan G and Kocher A (2007). Role of yeast cell wall polysaccharides in pig nutrition and health protection. Livestock Science, 109: 161-165. DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2007.01.134
Mohsen P, Zhengxin X, Bushansingh B, Eric C and Xin Z (2014). Effects of mannan oligosaccharide and virginiamycin on the cecal microbial community and intestinal morphology of chickens raised under suboptimal conditions. Canadian Journal of Microbiology, 60: 255-266. DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2013-0899
Newman K (1994). Mannan-oligosaccharides: Natural polymers with significant impact on the Gastrointestinal Microflora and the Immune System. In: Lyons, T.P. and Jacques, K.A., Eds., Biotechnology in the Feed Industry. Proceeding of Alltech's Tenth Annual Symposium, Nottingham University Press, Nottingham, 167-175.
Nikpiran H, Vahdatpour T, Babazadeh D and Vahdatpour S (2013). Effects of saccharomyces cerevisiae thepax and their combination on blood enzymes and performance of Japanese quails (Coturnix japonica) Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences, 23: 369-375.
Nikpiran H, Vahdatpour T, Babazadeh D, Tabatabaei SM and Vahdatpour S (2014). Effects of functional feed additives on growth influenced hormones and performance of Japanese quails (Coturnix japonica). Greener Journal of Biological Sciences, 4: 039-044.
Nochta I, Halas V, Tossenberger J and Babinszky L (2010). Effect of different levels of mannan-oligosaccharide supplementation on the apparent ileal digestibility of nutrients, N-balance and growth performance of weaned piglets. J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr. 94:747-756.
Ofek I, Mirelman D and Sharon N (1977). Adherance of Escherichia coli to human mucosal cells oligosaccharide supplementation on the apparent ileal digestibility of nutrients, N-balance and growth performance of weaned piglets. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition, 94: 747-756.
Oyofo BA, Droleskey RE, Norman JO, Mollenhauer HH, Ziprin RL, Corrier DE and DeLoach JR (1989a). Inhibition by mannose of in vitrocolonization of chicken small intestine by Salmonella Typhimurium. Poultry Science, 68: 1351-1356.
Oyofo BA, DeLoach JR, Corrier DE, Norman JO, Ziprin RL and Molenhauer HH (1989b). Prevention of Salmonella Typhimurium colonization of broilers with D-mannose. Poultry Science, 68: 1357-1360.
Parks CW, Grimes JL, Ferket PR and Fairchild AS (2001). The effect of mannan oligosaccharides, bambermycins, and virginiamycin on performance of large white male market turkeys. Poultry Science, 80: 718-723.
Rekiel A, Bielecki W, Gajewska J, Cichowicz M, Kulisiewicz J, Batorska M, Roszkowski T and Beyga K (2007). Effect of addition of feed antibiotic flavomycin or prebiotic BIO-MOSS on production results of fatteners, blood biochemical parameters, morphometric indices of intestine and composition of microflora. Arch. Tierz. Dummerstorf, 50: 172-180.
Rosen GD (2007a). Holo-analysis of the efficacy of Bio-Mos® in broiler nutrition. British Poultry Science, 48: 21-26. D0I:10.1080/00071660601050755
Rosen GD (2007b). Holo-analysis of the efficacy of Bio-Mos® in turkey nutrition. British Poultry Science, 48: 27-32. D0I:10.1080/00071660601050755
Sadeghi AA, Mohammdi A, Shawrang P and Aminafshar M (2013). Immune responses to dietary inclusion of prebioticbased mannan oligosaccharide and ß-glucan in broiler chicks challenged with Salmonella Enteritidis. Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, 37: 206-213. DOI: :10.3906/vet-1203-9
Saeed M, Baloch AR, Wang M, Soomro RN, Baloch AM, Baloch AB. Arian MA, Faraz SS and Zakriya HM (2015). Use of Cichorium Intybus Leaf extract as growth promoter, hepatoprotectant and immune modulent in broilers. Journal of Animal Production Advances, 5: 585-591. DOI:
10.5455/japa.20150118041009
Saeed M, Babazadeh D, Naveed M, Arain MA, Hassan FU and Chao S (2017a). Reconsidering betaine as a natural anti-heat stress agent in poultry industry: a review. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 1-10.DOI: 10.1007/s11250-017-1355-z
Saeed M, Abd El-Hac ME, Alagawany M, Naveed M, Arain MA, Arif M, Soomro RN, Kakar M, Manzoor R, Tiwari R, Khandia R, Munjal A, Karthik K, Dhama K, Iqbal HMN and Sun C (2017b).
Phytochemistry, Modes of Action and Beneficial Health Applications of Green Tea (Camellia sinensis) in Humans and Animals. International Journal of Pharmacology, 13: 698-708. DOI: 10.1007/s11250-017-1355-z
Saeed M, Abd El-Hac ME, Alagawany M, Arain MA. Arif M, Mirza MA, Naveed M, Sarwar M, Sayab M, Dhama K and Chao S (2017c). Chicory (Cichorium intybus) Herb: Chemical Composition, Pharmacology, Nutritional and Healthical Applications. International Journal of Pharmacology, 13: 351-360. DOI: 10.1007/s11250-017-1355-z
Saeed M, Abd Elhack ME, Arif M, Elhindawy MM, Attia AI, Mahrose KM, Bashir I, Siyal FA, Arain MA and Fazlani SA (2017d) . Impacts of distiller's dried grains with solubles as replacement of soybean meal plus vitamin e supplementation on production, egg quality and blood chemistry of laying hens. Annals of Animal Science, 17: 849-862. DOI: 10.1007/s11250-017-1355-z
Saeed M, Naveed M, Arain MA, Arif M, Abd El-Hack ME, Alagawany M, Siyal FA, Soomro RN and Sun C (2017e). Quercetin: Nutritional and beneficial effects in poultry. World's Poultry Science Journa, l 73: 355364. DOI: 10.1007/s11250-017-1355-z
Saeed M, Arain MA, Arif M, Alagawany M, Abd El-Hack ME, Kakar MU, Manzoor R, Erdenee S And Chao S (2017f). Jatropha (Jatropha curcas) meal is an alternative protein source in poultry nutrition. World's Poultry Science Journal, (Accepted). DOI: 10.1007/s11250-017-1355-z
Saeed M, Babazadeh D, Arif M, Arain MA, Bhutto ZA, Shar AH, Kakar MU, Manzoor R and Chao S (2017g). Silymarin: a potent hepatoprotective agent in poultry industry. World's Poultry Science Journal, 73: 483-492.DOI: 10.1007/s11250-017-1355-z
Saeed M, Yatao X, Rehman ZU, Arain MA, Soom RN, Abd El-Hac, ME, Bhutto ZA, Abbasi B, Dhama K, Sarwar M and Chao S (2017h). Nutritional and Healthical Aspects of Yacon (Smallanthus sonchifolius) for Human, Animals and Poultry. International Journal of Pharmacology, 13: 361-369. DOI: 10.1007/s11250-017-1355-z
Savage TF (1996). The effects of feeding a mannan oligosaccharide on immunoglobulins, plasma IgG and bile IgA, of Wrolstad MW male turkeys. Poultry Science, 75:143-148.
Savage TF and Zakrzewska EI (1996). The performance of male turkeys fed a starter diet containing a mannan oligosaccharide (Bio-Mos) from day old to eight weeks of age." Proceedings Alltech's 12th Annual Symposium on the Biotechnological Feed Industry. Pp. 47-54.
Scioli C, Esposito S, Anzilotti G, Pavone A and Pennucci C (1983). Transferable drug resistance in Escherichia
coli isolated from antibiotic-fed chickens. Poultry Science, 62: 382-384. DOI: 10.3382/ps.0620382
Shah AA, Khan MS, Khan S, Ahmad N, Alhidary IA, Khan RU and Shao T (2016). Effect of different levels of alpha tocopherol on performance traits, serum antioxidant enzymes, and trace elements in Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) under low ambient temperature. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 45: 622-626. DOI: 10.1590/S1806-92902016001000007
Siyal FA, Babazadeh D, Wang C, Arain MA, Aysan T, Zhang L, Wang T and Saeed (2017) . Emulsifiers in the poultry industry. World's Poultry Science Journal, 73(3): 611-620. DOI: 10.1017/S0043933917000502
Sohail MU, Rahman ZU, Ijaz A, Yousaf MS, Ashraf K and Yaqub T, Zaneb H, Anwar H and Rehman H (2011). Single or combined effects of mannan oligosaccharides and probiotic supplements on the total oxidants, total antioxidants, enzymatic antioxidants, liver enzymes, and serum trace minerals in cyclic heat-stressed broilers. Poultry Science, 90: 2573-2577. DOI: 10.3382/ps.2011-01502.
Spring P (1999). Mannan oligosaccharides as an alternative to antibiotic use in Europe. Zootecnica International, 22: 38-41.
Spring P, Wenk C, Dawson KA and Newman KE (2000). The effects of dietary mannan oligosaccharides on cecal parameters and the concentrations of enteric bacteria in the ceca of Salmonella-challenged broiler chicks. Poultry Science, 79: 205-211. DOI: 10.1093/ps/79.2.205
Sultan A, Ullah I, Khan S, Khan RU and Hassan Z (2014). Impact of chlorine dioxide as water acidifying agent on the performance, ileal microflora and intestinal histology in quails. Archiv Tierzucht, 31: 1-9. DOI: 10.7482/0003-9438-57-031
Sultan A, Ullah T, Khan S and Khan RU (2015). Effect of organic acid supplementation on the performance and ileal microflora of broiler during finishing period. Pakistan Journal of Zoology, 47: 635-639.
Tanweer AJ, Saddique U, Bailey C and Khan R (2014). Antiparasitic effect of wild rue (Peganum
harmala L.) against experimentally induced coccidiosis in broiler chicks. Parasitology Research, 113: 2951-2960. DOI: 10.1007/s00436-014-3957-y
Tareen MH, Wagan R, Siyal FA, Babazadeh D, Bhutto ZA, Arain MA and Saeed M (2017). Effect of various levels of date palm kernel on growth performance of broilers. Veterinary World, 10: 227232. DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2017.227-232
Tohid T, Hasan G and Alireza T (2010). Efficacy of mannan oligosaccharides and humate on immune response to avian influenza (h9) disease vaccination
in broiler chickens. Veterinary Research Communications, 34: 709-717. DOI: 10.1007/s11259-010-9444-8
Tucker L, Esteve-Garcia E and Connolly A (2003). Dose response of commercial mannan oligosaccharides in broiler chickens, WPSA 14th European Symposium on Poultry Nutrition. Lillehammer, Norway.
Vahdatpour T and Babazadeh D (2016). The effects of kefir rich in probiotic administration on serum enzymes and performance in male Japanese quails. The Journal of Animal and Plant Science, 26: 3439.
Vahdatpour T, Nikpiran H, Babazadeh D, Vahdatpour S and Jafargholipour MA (2011). Effects of Protexin®, Fermacto® and combination of them on blood enzymes and performance of Japanese quails (Coturnix Japonica). Annals of Biological Research, 2: 283-291.
Wang W, Li Z, Han Q, Guo Y, Zhang B and D'Inca R (2016). Dietary live yeast and mannan oligosaccharide supplementation attenuate intestinal inflammation and barrier dysfunction induced by Escherichia coli in broilers. British Journal of Nutrition, 116: 1878-1888. DOI:
10.1017/S0007114516004116
White L, Newman M, Cromwell G and Lindemann M (2002). Brewers dried yeast as a source of mannan oligosaccharides for weanling pigs. Journal of Animal Science, 80: 2619-2628.
Williams BA, Verstegen MW and Tamminga S (2001). Fermentation in the large intestine of single-stomached animals and its relationship to animal health. Nutrition Research Reviews, 14: 207-228. DOI: 10.1079/NRR200127.
Xing LC, Santhi D, Shar AG, Saeed M, Arain MA, Shar, AH, Bhutto ZA, Kakar MU, Manzoor R, El-Hack MEA, Alagawany M, Dhama K and ling MC (2017). Psyllium Husk (Plantago ovata) as a Potent Hypocholesterolemic Agent in Animal, Human and Poultry. International Journal of Pharmacology, 13: 690-697. DOI: 10.3923/ijp.2017.690.697^B|l
Yan GL, Yuan JM, Guo YM, Wang Z and Liu D (2008). Effect of saccharomyces cerevisiae mannan oligosaccharides on intestinal microflora and immunity in broilers. Journal of China Agricultural University, 13: 85-90.
Yang Y, Iji P, Kocher A, Thomson E, Mikkelsen L and Choct M (2008). Effects of mannanoligosaccharide in broiler chicken diets on growth performance, energy utilisation, nutrient digestibility and intestinal microflora. British poultry science, 49: 186-194. DOI:10.1080/00071660801998613
