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UDK: 633.511:575.22.2.
USE OF COTTON SPECIES BASED ON THE DETERMINATION OF PHY-
LOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS
Kh.A.Muminov
Faculty of Natural Sciences, Chirchik State Pedagogical University, Chirchik,
Uzbekistan
* Corresponding author email: [email protected] Annotation. The article presents the data on the systematic position and phylogenetic relationships and breeding capability of the wild, ruderal, tropical and
subtropical varieties and forms of the diploid polymorphic species G.herbaceum L. and G.arboreum L. of the genus Gossypium L. in practical breeding. Obtained the transgressive intra and interspecies hybrid forms can be used in breeding as donors economically valuable traits that will appreciably enrich the potential of the cotton genepool with a new germplasm.
Keywords: cotton, genepool, species, subspecies, varieties, forms, morphologic and biologic traits, intra- and interspecific hybrids, phylogenetic relationships.
ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕ ВИДОВ ХЛОПЧАТНИКА НА ОСНОВЕ ОПРЕДЕЛЕНИЯ
ФИЛОГЕНЕТИЧЕСКИХ СВЯЗЕЙ
Х.А.Муминов
Факультет естественных наук, Чирчикский государственный педагогический
университет, Чирчик, Узбекистан Соответствующий автор email: [email protected]
Аннотация. В статье приведены данные о систематическом положении и филогенетических взаимоотношениях, а также селекционных возможностей в практической селекции диких, рудералъных, тропических и субтропических разновидностей и форм диплоидных полиморфных видов G.herbaceum L. и G.arboreum L. рода Gossypium L. Полученные внутри -и межвидовые трансгрессивные гибридные формы могут быть использованы в селекции в качестве доноров хозяйственно ценных признаков, которые существенно пополнят и обо-гатят потенциал генофонда хлопчатника новой гермоплазмой.
Ключевые слова: хлопчатник, генофонд, виды, подвиды, разновидности, формы, морфологические и биологические признаки, внутри- и межвидовые гибриды, филогенетические связи.
Rational and purposeful use of drouSht' soil salinity absolute
the unique world of the cotton gene- humidity. Using these properties to
pool of the genus Gossypium L. is stored create &reat °PPortunities resolve some
in in-situ, plays an important role to ur&ent Problems & 10' П'12'13' 14i'
meet the requirements of modem DesPite the existence of тапУ
agriculture, increasing the potential taxonomic research [1-3, 7-9] valuable
stability of the cotton cultivars to abiotic information about phylogenetic rela-
and biotic factors of the environment tionships of the subspecies and forms to
and to ensure economic efficiency. biologic and morphologic polymor-
Intraspecific diversity of the РЫзт' evolutionary development,
cultivated diploid cotton species systematic role of the diploid cotton
G.herbaceum L., G.arboreum L. has the sPecies is sti11 dubious and data about genetic potential such as earliness, high the heredity' the generation of the
yield, tolerance to the pest and insects, 8УтЬо13 is almost there" To find theo" stress factors of the external retical ^ Practical solutions of cate" environment, high temperature, §огУ for the diPloid sPecies to the is"
sues listed above is the effective use of their genetic potential prospects.
The aim of this research is to clarify the systematic position and phylogenetic relationships, as well as the selection possibilities in practical selection of wild, ruderal, tropical and subtropical varieties and forms of polymorphic species (G.herbaceum L. and G.arboreum L.) of the genus Gossypium L.
For the first time, as a result of studies using complex methods, new data on the phylogenetic relationship of intraspecific genetic diversity of the polymorphic species G.herbaceum L. and G.arboreum L. were obtained, and their systematic position was clarified. Based on the geographical distribution of the results of intra- and interspecific hybridization, as well as differences in morphobiological traits, it was proposed to elevate the forms f. harga (G.herbaceum subsp. pseudoarboreum) and f. sanguineum (G.arboreum subsp. neglectum) to the rank of subspecies. For the first time, the nature of inheritance, as well as the degree of correlation between the studied morphobiological and economically valuable traits in intra- and interspecific hybrids Fi and F2 were revealed. A scheme of phylogenetic relationship of intra- and interspecific varieties of the species G.herbaceum L. and G.arboreum L. was developed.
As a result of the conducted studies using the methods of comparative morphology, as well as intra- and interspecific hybridization, morphobi-
ological features and economically valuable traits of wild, ruderal and cultural-tropical forms of the species G.herbaceum L. and G.arboreum L. and their varieties, as well as new intra- and interspecific hybrids were revealed. The degree of compatibility of various forms of the species G.herbaceum L. and G.arboreum L., their specific features in intra- and interspecific hybridization were established. The features of inheritance of some morphological and economically valuable traits in intraspecific hybrids Fi and F2 were revealed.
As a result of intraspecific hybridization, it was established that the studied wild, ruderal, cultural-tropical and subtropical varieties of the species G.herbaceum L. and G.arboreum L. also cross well with each other and produce fertile offspring. As a result of crossing, it was possible to obtain a number of intraspecific hybrids Fo with different degrees of fertility.
The following features were revealed during intraspecific hybridization of varieties and forms of the species G.herbaceum L.:
• basically all the studied intraspecific varieties and forms are crossed, the setting of hybrid capsules and the setting of full-fledged seeds in them is 4.7-53.3%, 55.0-92.1%;
• in hybrid combinations in which subsp. pseudoarboreum f. harga is used as the maternal form, low setting of hybrid capsules was revealed (4.7-5.5%), which may be due to the features
of the morphological structure of flowers;
• when crossing ruderal forms in the hybrid combination subsp. pseu-doarboreum x subsp. pseudoarboreum f. harga, hybrid capsules are formed, but all seeds are ulichny.
During intraspecific hybridization of varieties and forms of the species G.arboreum L., various results were obtained, the following features were revealed:
• the indicators of setting of hybrid capsules are mainly average (22.2-50.0%) or below average (1.4-10.0%), and the setting of seeds in hybrid capsules is high (72.0-96.9%);
• it was not possible to obtain full-fledged hybrid capsules when crossing wild-growing subsp. obtusifo-lium with the ruderal form subsp. perenne, which indicates their isolation.
As a result of hybridization, varieties and forms of Indo-Chinese (G.arboreum L.) and Afro-Asian (G.herbaceum L.) species, low seed set rate of hybrid capsules was mainly revealed, with the exception of some combinations, which is possibly due to the flowering characteristics and pollen maturation at different times. Seed set rate of hybrid capsules is generally high, indicating their close phylogenetic relationship and genetic compatibility.
It has been established that the closest in phylogenetic terms among the wild and ruderal varieties of the species G.herbaceum L. and G.arboreum L. are subsp. africanum and subsp. perenne,
and among the ruderal and cultivated-tropical forms subsp. pseudoarboreum f. harga and subsp. neglectum.
The morphobiological description of interspecific hybrids obtained by crossing intraspecific varieties of the species G.herbaceum L. and G.arboreum L. showed that, in general, the morphobiological characteristics of intra- and interspecific hybrids are inherited intermediately, or with a bias towards one of the parents.
When studying the inheritance characteristics of the length of the vegetation period in intraspecific hybrids Fi (G.arboreum L.), dominant, super-dominant and intermediate inheritance of the studied trait is observed. The length of the vegetation period for them is 102-125 days. The earliest hybrid forms were obtained by crossing ruderal forms with tropical ones and cultural forms with each other. Super-dominance of early maturity is observed, the dominance coefficient of the variety is hp = 9.2; 16.0.
In interspecific Fi hybrids obtained by crossing intraspecific varieties of the species G.herbaceum L. and G.arboreum L., dominant, superdominant or intermediate inheritance of the studied trait is also observed.
High rates of early maturity were obtained by crossing ruderal and tropical forms. The earliest hybrid forms of this group have a vegetation period of 105-111 days, the dominance coefficient hp = 10.2; 1.57.
In the second generation, intra-and interspecific hybrids show a clear decline in early maturity indicators. The average value of indicators was 127-153 days. The heritability coefficient is high, equal to 0.95 and 0.98, respectively.
It should be noted that among the hybrid combinations F2 subsp. eu-herbaceum "variety 377" x subsp. pseu-doarboreum, introgressive forms with high rates of early maturity (109 days) were identified, compared with the original and hybrid forms Fi. Some pattern of inheritance of the length of the vegetation period is observed, and in the Fi and F2 generations, the indicators of the maternal forms dominate, with the exception of some cases.
We have studied the features of inheritance of the length and yield of fiber in intraspecific varieties of the species G.herbaceum L. and G.arboreum L. The original parental forms of these species are characterized by short fiber: in wild, ruderal tropical and cultivated forms of the species G.herbaceum L. (19.6-25.0 mm), in representatives of G.arboreum L. (21.3-25.0 mm).
In intra- and interspecific hybrids obtained by crossing intraspecific varieties of the species G.herbaceum L. and G.arboreum L., fiber length is inherited dominantly and super dominantly; in all hybrid combinations, the effect of heterosis is observed.
In the second generation, a decrease in the indicators for the studied trait is observed, but in the hybrid combinations F2 (subsp. neglectum f.
sanguineum x subsp. obtusifolium var. indicum) and F2 (subsp. obtusifolium var. indicum x subsp. pseudoarboreum) the average value of the fiber length indicators of the Fi hybrids and the original forms is preserved. The heritability coefficient in intra- and interspecific F2 hybrids is high, within 0.64-0.87. Relatively high heritability indicators indicate a significant influence of the hybrid genotype on the inheritance of the trait.
The fiber yield indices of the original forms and intra- and interspecific Fi hybrids are different. The trait is inherited intermediately, dominantly and super dominantly with the effect of positive or negative heterosis.
In the second generation, intra-and interspecific hybrids show high variability of fiber yield indices, with the exception of the combination subsp. euherbaceum (variety 377) x subsp. pseudoarboreum. In other cases, a high average value of the index (32.6-33.8%) and a very high heritability coefficient of 0.99 are observed. High heritability indices indicate a significant influence of the hybrid genotype on the inheritance of the studied trait. Thus, in the second generation, ultra-high yield, transgressive forms were isolated from the studied hybrids, the indices of which are significantly higher than those of the original forms and Fi hybrids, the fiber yield was 38.0-40.0%. As a result of studying the characteristics of inheritance in intra- and interspecific hybrids Fi and F2, obtained by crossing
intraspecific varieties of G.herbaceum L. and G.arboreum L., a number of transgressive forms with high fiber length and yield were obtained, which will undoubtedly serve as donors in the creation of long fiber and high yield varieties of cotton.
Intraspecific varieties of the species G.herbaceum L. and G.arboreum L. are characterized by low weight of raw cotton of one boll and weight of 1000 seeds. Weight of raw cotton of one boll in varieties of the species G.herbaceum L. is 0.9-1.7 g and weight of 1000 seeds is 42.0-61.0 g, and in varieties of the species G.arboreum L. - 1.0-2.1 g, weight of 1000 seeds is 55.0-83.0 g, respectively. In intraspecific hybrids obtained by crossing varieties of the species G.herbaceum L. weight of raw cotton is inherited semi-dominantly or domi-nantly, and weight of 1000 seeds is su-perdominant. When inheriting these traits in intraspecific hybrids of the species G.arboreum L. the effect of negative heterosis is also noted. In interspecific hybrids, dominant, superdom-inant, and in rare cases semidominant inheritance is observed for the studied traits. It was revealed that strong heterosis is observed in the mass of 1000 seeds in interspecific Fi hybrids.
In the second generation, the intraspecific hybrids show a slight variability and a decrease in the average indicator of the trait in terms of the weight of raw cotton per boll. Transgressive forms with high indicators of raw cotton weight (2.3-2.5 g) were iso-
lated from this hybrid population. The intra- and interspecific hybrids showed average, low and relatively high levels of heritability of this trait (0.37-0.75). This indicates a different influence of the hybrid genotype and the external environment on this trait. In terms of the weight of 1000 seeds, the intra- and interspecific F2 hybrids show high variability and preservation of heterosis, a very high level of heritability coefficient is observed, 0.97-0.99. Accordingly, this indicates a significant influence of the hybrid genotype on the inheritance of the trait. Transgressive forms with high raw cotton weight and 1000 seeds isolated from the population of F2 hybrids are donors of yield and will be used in genetic selection processes to increase cotton productivity.
The conducted morphological and anatomical studies have shown that the plan of the structure of the ovule integuments and the coat of mature seeds in the studied representatives and the patterns of growth and development of the integuments are common. The nature of agerelated changes occurring in the structure during the transformation of the ovule integuments into the coat of mature seeds in the studied varieties and samples of the species G.herbaceum L. and G.arboreum L. is somewhat different. The differences are manifested in the rates and duration of growth and development of cells and tissues, as well as biometric indicators of structural features: the thickness of the integuments and the layers that
compose them, the number of rows of parenchymatous cells, the percentage of tis-sues at all stages of development, the intensity of the process of destruction of parenchymatous cells. The growth of cells of individual integumental layers and the rate of their development are characteristic of representatives of one or a group of species. The early ripening sample of the species G.arboreum L. (A-352) differs from the late ripening ones (A-2802, A-2845) only by a smaller thickness of the parenchymatous layer of the inner integument and a greater height of the cells of the palisade layer. The thickness of the seed coat of mature cotton seeds is not always an indicator of early ripening. This indicator depends to a greater extent on the speed and duration of growth of the cells of the integument layers. Varieties and accessions of tetraploid species (G.hirsutum L. and G.barbadense L.) differ from those of diploid species (G.herbaceum L. and G.arboreum L.) by larger sizes of ovaries, ovules and seeds, as well as by their high growth rates.
The analysis of the results of phenological observations showed that the studied varieties and samples of the cultivated species G.herbaceum L. and G.arboreum L. differ significantly in the timing of the onset and duration of all development phases. The early maturing varieties of the species G.herbaceum L. and G.arboreum L. have a higher rate of passing through the development phases, with the exception of the flowering phase. There are no
significant differences in the duration of the flowering phase between the studied early maturing representatives of the species G.herbaceum L. and G.arboreum L.
The obtained hybrids are of practical interest, as already mentioned, for selection, since the hybrid offspring are given traits that are ab-sent in the hybridization partner, and this expands the possibilities of selecting valuable forms for selection. The results of the research may also be of interest for further discussion of issues related to the taxonomy and evolution of the genus Gossypium L.
The conducted cytogenetic analysis of the first generation hybrids from intra- and interspecific crossings of two species of the A-genome group, G.herbaceum L. and G.arboreum L., revealed the presence of interchromo-somal exchanges in some of them, which indicated the structural heterozygosity of the original forms, as well as the existence of differences in the chromosome structure between the two A-genome species. The low frequency of quadrivalent associations indicated a small value of translocated segments. The decrease in pollen fertility in forms with reconstructed karyotypes indicated the influence of the identified exchange chromosome rearrangements on the process of formation of fertile male gametes.
Thus, as a result of complex studies, new data were obtained on the phylogeny, morphology, anatomy, as well as the nature of inheritance of some
morphological and economically valuable traits in intra- and interspecific hybridization of wild, ruderal and cultural-tropical forms of the species G.herbaceum L. and G.arboreum L. The family relationships between the studied species and their varieties were clarified, new schemes of phylogenetic relationship of intra- and interspecific varieties of the species G.herbaceum L. and G.arboreum L. were proposed.
It should be noted that intra- and interspecific transgressive hybrid forms can be used in selection as do-nors of economically valuable traits; the obtained forms will significantly replenish and enrich the potential of the cotton gene pool with new germplasm. Consequently, the new scheme of phylogenetic relationship of intra- and interspecific varieties of the species G.herbaceum L. and G.arboreum L. will facilitate the selection of source material and increase the efficiency of obtaining new hybrid forms for genetic and selection research, which will allow creating competitive cotton varieties on the world market.
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